• 대한본초학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.33-38
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• 2017

Objectives : Termitomyces albuminosus (Berk.) Heim is one of the famous wild edible mushrooms in the southern part of China. It is known that Termitomyces albuminosus, like Aconitum koreanum used in Korean traditional medicine, contains a kind of cerebroside, termitomycesphin, causing a pharmacologic effect on the neuron system. The pharmacologic effect of Termitomyces albuminosus can be used to possibly replace Aconitum koreanum. However, It needs to be certified as safe before it can be used. Here, a single-oral toxicity test and safety classification was conducted to obtain acute information of the toxicity of dried-Termitomyces albuminosus powder and to secure its safety in clinical applications. Methods : In order to calculate approximate lethal dose(ALD), test substance was orally administered to male and female SD-rat at dose levels of 5,000 and 0 (vehicle control) mg/kg (body weight). Based on the result of this toxicity, also the estimation of safety classification was calculated using the HED-based (human equivalent dose) MOS (margin of safety). Results : There were no mortalities, test substances treatment-related clinical signs, no changes in the body or organ weights, and no gross or histopathological findings at 14 days after treatment with test substance. Thus, the approximate lethal dose of dried-Termitomyces albuminosus powder was considered over 5,000 mg/kg in both female and male mice. Conclusions : Based on the limit dose, 5000 mg/kg, it was estimated that dried-Termitomyces albuminosus powder is classified as "Specified class B" indicating that clinical dose is not limited to patients as safe as food.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.119-130
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• 2010

Pulmonary toxicity of talc containing tremolite asbestos (TCT) has been studied in term sequential in Sprague-Dawely rats. UICC chrysotile(average diameter 0.03${\mu}m$, average length 2.93${\mu}m$) was applied as the positive control. TCT was analyzed for its physicochemical properties by transmission electron microscope equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer(TEM-EDS). The effects of 2mg TCT(talc average diameter 9.7${\pm}$8.4${\mu}m$; tremolite average diameter 1.6${\pm}$1.6${\mu}m$, average length 10.8${\pm}$7.0${\mu}m$) on pathological changes were evaluated after 1, 8 weeks instilled into rat lungs. 2mg Chrysotile continuously affected lung pathological changes. Inflammation and granuloma response broke out from 1 week after instilled with chrysotile and the pathological examination further showed increased legions of lung after 8 weeks. But TCT did not showed lung pathological changes. The biopersistence of TCT and chrysotile was evaluated by TEM- EDS. Whereas chrysotile continuously have retained to 8 weeks instilled into rat lungs, talc of TCT showed statistically significant decrease of diameter from 1 weeks and statistically significant change in Si atomic % compositions at 8 weeks instilled into rat lungs. Physicochemical properties of tremolite of TCT were not affected until 8 weeks instilled into rat lungs. This study showed that the durability of TCT in the lungs is much weaker than chrysotile.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.53-60
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• 2016

Objectives: Preservatives are commonly used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and other products to extend the expiration date and prevent the growth of microorganisms. Preservatives are generally effective in controlling mold and inhibiting yeast growth, and against a wide range of bacterial attacks as well. They also adversely affect the quality of sperm and cause precocious puberty in children. This study was performed to analyze seven preservatives used in pharmaceuticals and personal care products. Methods: Five kinds of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) were examined for analysis with a high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector. Each sample was homogenized and the targeted compounds were extracted with methanol. The suspended particulate was removed by syringe filter. Next, the sample was injected into an HPLC system. The separation of the seven preservatives was achieved with a C18 column and gradient mode. The accuracies were between 73% and 120% and precision was lower than 11.58% (RSD). Results: All of the calibration curves showed good linearity with a coefficient of determination ($r^2$) over 0.999. Among the PPCP samples, the detection rate of preservatives was 32.5% for pharmaceuticals, 44.8% for toothpaste, 76.9% for mouthwash, 40.0% for body lotion and 56.0% for wet tissues. The average concentrations of the preservatives in PPCPs were BA 1141.0 mg/kg, MP 709.8 mg/kg, EP 624.9 mg/kg, PP 216.9 mg/kg, BP 167.8 mg/kg, and TCS 538.2 mg/kg. The most frequently detected preservatives in pharmaceuticals and personal care products were BA, MP and PP. The concentrations of preservatives exceeded Korean regulatory standards in 11 samples of medicines, three of mouthwash and two of body lotion. Conclusion: We found that most of the PPCP samples contained various preservatives. It is necessary to identify which preservatives were used and to determine the level of preservatives in PPCPs and to assess the health risk to susceptible populations such as children.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.413-418
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• 2011

최근 화석에너지의 남용으로 인한 지구온난화문제가 인류가 해결해야 할 지상과제로 대두되고 있으며, 본 연구는 이러한 에너지문제의 해결에 도움이 될 수 있는 고온축열탱크의 개발과 그 성능특성에 관한 내용이다. 지금까지 이에 관한 연구는 그다지 활발하지 않았으며, 특히 고온축열탱크에 관한 연구는 매우 드문 실정이다. 본 연구의 목적은 비교적 열물성이 양호하며 가격이 저렴한 물질인 MgO를 현열축열재로 사용하는 고온축열탱크의 개발이다. 이를 위하여 분말 상태의 MgO를 이용하여 축열벽돌을 제작하고, 실험적 방법을 통하여 MgO를 축열재로 사용하는 고온축열탱크의 성능특성에 관하여 연구하였다. 본 연구를 통하여 현열축열재인 MgO의 고온축열 및 방열성능을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.222-228
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• 2020

Background: 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg3 (C₄₂H₇₂O₁₃), a natural triterpenoid saponin, is extracted from red ginseng. The increasing use of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 has raised product safety concerns. Methods: In acute toxicity, 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 was singly and orally administrated to Kunming mice and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats at the maximum doses of 1600 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg, respectively. In the 26-week toxicity study, we used repeated oral administration of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 in SD rats over 26 weeks at doses of 0, 20, 60, or 180 mg/kg. Moreover, a 4-week recovery period was scheduled to observe the persistence, delayed occurrence, and reversibility of toxic effects. Results: The result of acute toxicity shows that oral administration of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 to mice and rats did not induce mortality or toxicity up to 1600 and 800 mg/kg, respectively. During a 26-week administration period and a 4-week withdrawal period (recovery period), there were no significant differences in clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, urinalysis parameters, biochemical and hematological values, or histopathological findings. Conclusion: The mean oral lethal dose (LD₅₀) of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3, in acute toxicity, is above 1600 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg in mice and rats, respectively. In a repeated-dose 26-week oral toxicity study, the no-observed-adverse-effect level for female and male SD rats was 180 mg/kg.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.235-241
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• 2019

본 연구는 농산물 중 잔류허용기준 신설 예정 농약인 가스가마이신의 안전 관리를 위한 공정 시험법을 개발하기 위하여 수행되었다. 가스가마이신은 단백질 합성과정 중 번역 개시 단계를 저해하여 균의 증식을 억제하는 작용기작을 가지고 있으며 특히 사상균인 Piricularia oryzae에 의해 발병하는 도열병을 예방하는 데 효과적이다. 현재 우리나라에는 농산물 중 가스가마이신의 잔류물의 정의가 설정되어 있지 않고 모화합물 만을 잔류물의 정의로 예정하고 있다. 또한 잔류허용기준이 설정된 농산물이 없기 때문에 모든 국내 재배 농산물 또는 수입 농산물 유통 시 실시하는 잔류농약 검사에서 농약 허용물질목록관리제도(Positive List System; PLS)에 의하여 잔류량이 0.01 mg/kg 이하가 되어야 한다. 이에 농산물 중 잔류농약 분석 및 검사를 위한 공정 시험법 마련이 시급하여 본 연구에서는 대표농산물 5종(현미, 감자, 대두, 감귤, 고추)을 대상으로 시험법을 개발하고자 하였다. 따라서 수용성 유기용매인 메탄올의 적용과 수산화나트륨을 이용한 pH 조절을 통한 추출법 및 HLB 카트리지를 이용한 정제법을 최적화하여 LC-MS/MS에 의한 분석법을 확립하였다. 가스가 마이신의 시험법 정량한계는 0.01 mg/kg이며 5종의 농산물에 0.01, 0.1 및 0.5 mg/kg의 처리농도로 회수율 실험을 한 결과 평균 회수율은 71.2~95.4%이었고, 상대표준 편차는 12.1% 이하로 조사되었다. 이러한 검증 결과는 국제식품규격위원회 가이드라인(CAC/GL 40-1993, 2003)의 잔류농약 분석 기준 및 식품의약품안전평가원의 '식품등 시험법 마련 표준절차에 관한 가이드라인(2016)'에 적합한 수준임을 확인하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서 개발한 시험법은 국내 및 수입 농산물 중 가스가마이신의 안전 관리를 위한 공정시험법으로 활용될 수 있으며 잔류물의 정의 및 잔류허용기준을 설정하는 데 기초자료로써 활용 가능할 것이다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.235-243
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• 2012

Objectives: The purpose of this study is the work environment management method through risk assessment and investigation of the work place that deals with Ammonium nitrate, based on information in and outside the country. Methods: This study suggests method of work environment management through risk assessment and investigation of the work place that deals with Ammonium nitrate, and finds out cases of Ammonium nitrate causing hazard, danger and health risk, based on literature investigation. Results: Rats exposed repeatedly to $LD_{50}$ 2,217 mg/kg(rat), $LC_{50}$ 88.8 mg/L(rat, skin) which cause high level of skin irritation, reported 1 $mg/m^3$ of NOAEL, while LOAEL was less than 100 mg/kg for the rats orally administered with the $LD_{50}$ 2,217 mg/kg(rat), $LC_{50}$ 88.8 mg/L(rat, skin), for 13 weeks. Domestically 31,640 ton/y of ammonium nitrate has been used in 22 workplace and the result of workplace assessment was 0.0171-0.9983 $mg/m^3$. ADD was 8.77-59.63 ${\mu}g/kg-day$ according to the exposure scenario. In other words the result of the risk assessment goes beyond the 'standard 1'. Conclusions: Ammonium nitrate creates a high level of irritation and toxicity when coming in breathe it or contact with skin, and is classified as category3 of GHS and specific target organ toxicant (irritating respiratory system). Exposure level at work places needs to be maintained under $1mg/m^3$, to prevent workers from being damaged.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.171-177
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• 1992

To investigate a short term screening method for carcinogenic quinone compounds, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), an oxidative DNA damage, was determined in the kidney and liver DNA isolated from Sprague-Dawley rats after i.p.injection of 7 mg/kg adriamycin (AM), 7mg/kg tetrahydropyranyladriamycin (THP), and 10mg/kg daunomycin (DM) by HPLC-electrochemical detector system. 8-OHdG was also determined from rat hepatocvtes and calf thymus DNA exposed to AM, DM and THP. When rats were treated with DM and THP, 8-OHdG was significantly increased in the kidney compared to control group, and remained at high level (7.9~9.0, 8-OHdG/dG${\times}10^4$)at the end of experiments (48hr after treatment). 8-OHdG level in cultured hepatocyte exposed to AM, DM and THP was 1.5~2 fold higher than control at all time points. (1,2,3,4hr after treatment). From calf thymus DNA exposed to AM, DM and THP, 8-OHdG was 2.5 fold higher than of control. These results suggest that quantitation of 8-OHdG may provide a useful marker for identifying target organ in oxidative chemical carcinogenesis and for short term screening of free radical generating carcinogens.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.271-277
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• 1999

Safety evaluation of LB71350, a new HIV-1 protease inhibitor, was performed in mice, rats and dogs. For the general behavior of mice, LB71350 at an oral dose of 200 mg/kg did not show any significant effects on muscle tone and locomotor activity. In terms of central nervous system, at oral doses of 200 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg, LB71350 inhibited acetic acid-induced pain response approximately 41% and 83% of control. respectively. At oral doses of 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg, it reduced the rectal body temperature in rats. Pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure in mice was slightly potentiated by oral administration of LB71350 at doses ranging from 200 mg/kg to 1000 mg/Ag. Single or five day treatment of LB71350 doubled the hexobarbital- induced sleeping time in mice at oral doses ranging from 50 mg/kg to 500 mg/kg. It did not cause any effects on gastric secretion and acidity in rat at oral doses of 200 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg and also it did not change intestinal motility in mice up to 1000 mg/kg. Blood coagulation indices such as prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and thrombin time (TT) in rats were not affected by the treatment of LB71350 up to 500 mg/kg. LB71350 caused no significant effects on the cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, and mean blood pressure when infused intravenously to the anesthetized rats and dogs. Taken together, LB71350 at high oral doses caused significant pharmacological effects on the central nervous system and the hexobarbital-induced sleeping time.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.315-327
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• 1995

Diverse neurotoxic insults result in proliferation and hypertrophy of astrocytes, a subtype of glia in central nervous system. The hallmark of this response, often terms "reactive gliosis", is the enhanced expression of the major intermediate filament protein of castrocytes, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). These changes in the astrocytes suggest that GFAP may be a useful biochemical indicator of neurotoxicity. To investigate this possibility, we administered intra-peritoneally prototype nerotoxicants, metharnphetamine (MAP, 5 mg/kg), cocaine (30 mg/kg), N-buthyl benzenesulfonamide (NBBS, 300 mg/kg) and trimethytin (TMT, 8 mg/kg) to Wistar Rats and then assessed the effects of these agents on content of GFAP, which were determined by Sandwish ELISA and evaluated with neurotoxic symptoms, and quantitative changes of imrnunoreactivity of GFAP by light microscopic image analysis in specific regions. We found that assay of GFAP revealed time- and region-dependant patterns of neurotoxicity. The GFAP immunoreactivity of rat brain was increased in substantia nigra and hippocampus by MAP, NBBS and TMT; in roedial septal nucleus and nucleus accurnbens, it was also increased by RrBBS. Sandwich ELISA showed that GFAP levels of cerebrum in all groups on days 3 and 7 and that of brainstem(including cerebellum) in MAP, NBBS groups on day 1 and 3 were increased. A review of the background, design and results of these experiments are presented in this paper. Our findings indicate that GFAP is a sensitive and specific biomarker of neurotoxicity.otoxicity.