• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.109-120
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• 2004

Purpose: The purposes of this study are; to classify executive organizations engaged in MCH programs at 23 advanced public health centers according to each characteristic; evaluate the effectiveness of organizations engaged in MCH programs. Method: This study analyzes me data on the present conditions and evaluates the organizational effectiveness of MCH workers at 23 advanced public health centers. The organizational effectiveness of MCH organization is assessed by both MCH workers and clients who have received MCH services at the three health centers selected from me 23 advanced public health centers. Finally, this study seeks to obtain consensus among experts in the field of MCH. Results: The results are as follows. The executive organizational systems for MCH services are classified into three types: Type I (provides MCH and HP services by MCH org.); Type II(provides MCH and HP Services by HP org); and Type III(provides MCH Services by MCH org. and HP services by HP org.) at leading MCH Health Centers. The evaluation of the organizational effectiveness of MCH org. shows that Type II is the most effective in terms of teamwork, autonomy, service quality, and resource utilization. According to clients' evaluation of organizational system in the field of MCH, Type II is also me most effective. Conclusion: This study suggests that the executive organization for the MCH and HP services for maternity and children should be established in accordance with lifetime health programs in order to efficiently utilize the limited MCH and HP resources at public health centers.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.1911-1914
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• 2008

Second-order rate constants (kN) have been measured for Michael-type addition reactions of a series of alicyclic secondary amines to 1-phenyl-2-propyn-1-one (2) in MeCN at 25.0 ${\pm}$ 0.1 ${^{\circ}C}$. All the amines studied are less reactive in MeCN than in $H_2O$ although they are more basic in the aprotic solvent by 7-9 p$K_a$ units. The Bronsted-type plot is linear with $\beta_{nuc}$ = 0.40, which is slightly larger than that reported previously for the corresponding reactions in $H_2O$ ($\beta_{nuc}$ = 0.27). Product analysis has shown that only E-isomer is produced. Kinetic isotope effect is absent for the reactions of 2 with morpholine and deuterated morpholine (i.e., $k^H/k^D$ = 1.0). Thus, the reaction has been concluded to proceed through a stepwise mechanism, in which proton transfer occurs after the rate-determining step. The reaction has been suggested to proceed through a tighter transition state in MeCN than in H2O on the basis of the larger $\beta_{nuc}$ in the aprotic solvent. The nature of the transition state has been proposed to be responsible for the decreased reactivity in the aprotic solvent.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.366-373
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• 1984

Methanolysis rates of benzylbenzenesulfonates, substituted both on the substrate (Y) and on the leaving group (Z), were determined in MeOH-MeCN mixtures. The results showed that the reaction proceeds via the dissociative $S_N2$ mechanism, in which bond breaking proceeds in greater degree compared to bond formation at the transition state(TS). Multiple Hammett correlation analysis showed that the cross term, ${\rho}_{YZ}$, is very small and hence the cross interaction of two substituents, Y and Z, at the TS is not important, supporting the dissociative $S_N2 $ type mechanism. While transition state variations predicted by the quantum mechanical model is shown to agree in general with the experimental results, those predicted by the potential energy surface model failed to account for the leaving group effect properly.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2009.06a
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• pp.319-320
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• 2009

In this study, high-quality Al-N doped p-type ZnO thin films were deposited on n-type Si (100) wafer or Si coated with buffer layer by DC magnetron sputtering in the mixture of $N_2$ and $O_2$ gas. The target was ceramic ZnO mixed with $Al_2O_3$ (2 wt%). The p-type ZnO thin film showed higher carrier concentration $2.93\times10^{17}cm^{-3}$, lower resistivity of $5.349\;{\Omega}cm$ and mobility of $3.99\;cm^2V^{-1}S^{-1}$, respectively. According to PL spectrum, the Al donor energy level depth ($E_d$) of Al-N codoped p-type ZnO film was reduced to about 51 meV, and the N acceptor energy level depth ($E_a$) was reduced to 63 meV, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.333-341
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• 2022

Magnetoelectric (ME) composites are comprised of magnetostrictive and piezoelectric phases. Lots of theoretical and experimental works have been done on ME composites in the last couple of decades. The output performance of ME composites has been enhanced by optimizing the constituent phases, interface layer, dimensions of the ME composites, different operating modes, etc. However, the detailed information about the characterization of ME coupling in ME composites is not provided yet. Therefore, in this tutorial paper, we are giving an insight into the details of measurements of ME voltage coefficient of ME composites both at off-resonance and resonance conditions. A symmetric type Gelfenol/PMN-PZT/Gelfenol ME composites were fabricated by sandwiching (011) 32-mode PMN-PZT single crystal between two Galfenol plates by epoxy bonding are used for the example of ME coupling measurement. The details about the experimental setup used for the measurement of ME voltage coefficient are provided. Furthermore, a step-by-step measurement of ME voltage coefficient using computerized program is demonstrated. We believe the present experimental measurement details can help readers to understand the concept of ME coupling and its analysis.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.2315-2320
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• 2016

Background: This study investigated the influence of religious beliefs on the health of cancer patients and identified the factors contributing to the influence. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted using a convenient sampling method. A structured questionnaire was used to the samplings, and the data of 200 cancer patients were collected. Results: The effects of religion on the health of cancer patients achieved an average score of 3.58. The top five effects are presented as follows: (a) Religion provides me with mental support and strength, (b) religion enables me to gain confidence in health recovery, (c) religion motivates me to cope with disease-related stress positively and optimistically, (d) religion helps me reduce anxiety, and (e) religion gives me courage to face uncertainties regarding disease progression. Moreover, among the demographic variables, gender, type of religion, and experience of religious miracles contributed to the significantly different effects of religion on patients. Specifically, the effect of religion on the health of patients who were female and Christian and had miracle experiences was significantly (p< .01) higher than that on other patients. Conclusions: These results are helpful in understanding the influence of religious beliefs on the health of cancer patients and identified the factors contributing to the influence. The result can serve as a reference for nursing education and clinical nursing practice.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.91-101
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• 1969

Resistivity changes of n-type float-zone silicon crystals with 6.4$\times$10$^{14}$ to 1.25$\times$10$^{17}$ phosphorus atoms/㎤ due to irradiation by (1) 1 MeV electrons, (2) two types of research reactors, and (3) $Co^{60}$ ${\gamma}$-ray sources were investigated. The results were analyzed on the basis of a simple exponential formula derived by Buehler. While the formula gave a fair fit in the low fluence range in most cases, the deviation was quite appreciable in the case of 1 MeV electron irradiation, and a linear change gave better fit in some cases. The large change in the carrier removal rate in electron-irradiated samples in the high fluence range was analyzed in detail in terms of the Fermi level cross-over of the defect levels. Based on the damage constants evaluated from the initial portion of data where the formula was applicable, the relative effectiveness of various radiation sources in causing the resistivity change in n-type silicon was compared. The TRIGA Mark II reactor neutrons, for example, were found to be about 40 times more effective than 1 MeV electrons. The dependence of the damage constant on the initial carrier concentration was also examined. The physical basis of the exponential law and the effect of the Fermi level cross-over of the defect levels on the resistivity change in the high fluence ranges are discussed.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.70 no.5
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• pp.405-415
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• 2011

Background: In an effort to find alternative therapeutic agents to prevent excessive fibrosis as a sequela to complicated parapneumonic effusion or empyema, we examined the effect of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) as a fibrinolytic agent combined with talc or transforming growth factor (TGF)-${\beta}1$ in a human pleural mesothelial cell line, MeT-5A. Methods: MeT-5A cells were stimulated with various doses of talc, doxycycline or TGF-${\beta}1$ for 24 h and then were treated with tPA for an additional 24 h. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. The production of interleukin (IL)-8 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the culture supernatants was measured by ELISA. Real-time PCR was carried out for measurement of type I collagen mRNA. Results: MeT-5A cells treated with talc showed a dose-dependent increase in production of IL-8. Talc also increased production of type I collagen mRNA at low doses, but talc did not influence the induction of VEGF. Addition of tPA to talc-stimulated cells showed further increases in the production of IL-8, but tPA did not influence the production of VEGF or type I collagen mRNA. TGF-${\beta}1$ increased the production of both VEGF and collagen type I mRNA, both of which were effectively inhibited by additional tPA treatment in MeT-5A cells. Conclusion: TGF-${\beta}1$ is a potent inducer of collagen synthesis without induction of IL-8 in MeT-5A cells. Addition of tPA after TGF-${\beta}1$ stimulation inhibited further fibrosis by direct inhibition of collagen mRNA synthesis as well as by inhibition of VEGF production.

• Proceedings of the Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute Conference
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• 2006.09b
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• pp.1179-1180
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• 2006

Y-type barium ferrite ($Ba_2Me_2Fe_{12}O_{22};$ Me=Zn, Co, Cu) expected as an electromagnetic wave absorber were prepared by the glass-ceramic method. The glasses with composition of $0.1ZnO{\cdot}0.9(xB_2O_3{\cdot}yBaO{\cdot}(1-x-y)Fe_2O_3)$ were prepared. Single-phase powders of Y type barium ferrite were obtained with the composition $0.1ZnO{\cdot}0.9(0.2B_2O_3{\cdot}0.5BaO{\cdot}0.3Fe_2O_3)$. The shape of Y-type crystals depended strongly on the heating temperature and changed from a plate-like hexagon to a complex polyhedron with increasing heating temperature. Correlation was recognized between saturation magnetization and crystal shape. Electromagnetic wave absorption characteristics was affected by the saturation magnetization and crystal shape.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.89-92
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• 2009

High-quality Al-N doped p-type ZnO thin films were deposited on Si and buffer layer/Si by DC magnetron sputtering in a mixture of $N_2$ and $O_2$ gas. The target was ceramic ZnO mixed with $Al_2O_3$ (2 wt%). The p-type ZnO thin films showed a carrier concentration in the range of $1.5{\times}10^{15}{\sim}2.93{\times}10^{17}\;cm^{-3}$, resistivity in the range of 131.2${\sim}$2.864 ${\Omega}cm$, mobility in the range of 3.99${\sim}$31.6 $cm^2V^{-1}s^{-l}$, respectively. It was easier to dope p-type ZnO films on Si substrates than on buffer layer/Si. The film grown on Si showed the highest quality of photoluminescence (PL) characteristics. The Al donor energy level depth $(E_d)$ of Al-N codoped ZnO films was reduced to about 50 meV, and the N acceptor energy level depth $(E_a)$ was reduced to 63 meV.