• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2015

Beginning of the human ecology in 1920s, the efforts for applying the environmental values to a policy have been embodied by the enactments of international agreement and relevant laws. The government has been struggling to adopt the environmental values for the policy by enacting the relevant laws and establishing the environmental value evaluation information (environmental conservation value assessment map, eco-natural map, biotope map). In spite of the efforts to apply the environmental value assessment information for the habitat potential of wildlife, the application is being challenged by the discrepancy in methods and criteria. Thus this study intends to measure the potential of wildlife habitat and apply it to the spatial value classification for the application plan of wildlife habitat potential in policy. Maxent was used for the habitat potential and the land types were classified depending on the surface and land use pattern of cadastral map. As a result, the policy matrix including conservation strategy(CS), restoration strategy(RS), practical use strategy(PS) and development strategy(DS) has been deduced as CS $13.05km^2$(2.38%), RS $1.64km^2$(0.30%), PS $162.42km^2$(29.57%) and DS $8.56km^2$(1.56%). CS was emerged mostly on forest valleys and farmlands, and RS was appeared in the road area near the conservation strategy areas. Boryung downtown and Daecheon Beach were the center of DS, while the forest and farmlands were presented as PS. It is significant that this study suggest the new approaching method by comparing the wildlife habitat potential with the land type. Since this study evaluated the environmental value by one species of leopard cat (Prionailurusbengalensis) with Maxent model, it is necessary to apply the habitat potential measuring method for various target species as further research.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.85-96
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• 2020

The honeybee serves for most entomophilous flowers. They are a core species for maintaining the ecological system. Though the urban ecological system needs bees' mediation of pollination as well, we have little understanding on how the honeybee reacts to the physical environments of an urban city. This study is a basic research to enhance the potential environment for pollination in an urban area and aims to review the urban environmental variables which are highly linked to the pollination mediations by the honeybee. The study composed a Maxent model by adopting nine urban environmental variables and the locations of the Apis mellifera's appearances around 52 spots in Seoul. The variables reflect the ecology of the Apis mellifera. Of the urban environmental variables used for the model composition, six variables were found as not having meaningful correlations with the Apis mellifera's appearances and finally, building coverage, actual vegetation and land cover were selected as the appearance variables of the Apis mellifera. The AUC, the reliability indicator of the final model was 0.791 (sd=0.077). And the importance data of the variables used for the model were 55.6%, 27.9%, and 16.5% for building coverage, actual vegetation and land cover, respectively. The result of the study showed that the building coverage has the highest correlation with the appearance of the honeybee. And, as per the actual vegetation, the artificially tree planted area as well as the cultivated field and meadow in an urban area were functioning as the most important environmental conditions for the honeybee to be inhabitable. The study is expected to be utilized as the base material for the urban planning and park green area planning to enhance the potential environment for pollination in an urban area.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.23-29
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• 2019

While research findings suggest that the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is the leading cause of economic loss in Korean poultry industry with an estimated cumulative impact of $909 million since 2003, identifying the environmental and anthropogenic risk factors involved remains a challenge. The objective of this study was to identify areas at high risk for potential HPAI outbreaks according to the likelihood of HPAI virus detection in wild birds. This study integrates spatial information regarding HPAI surveillance with relevant demographic and environmental factors collected between 2003 and 2018. The Maximum Entropy (Maxent) species distribution modeling with presence-only data was used to model the spatial risk of HPAI virus. We used historical data on HPAI occurrence in wild birds during the period 2003-2018, collected by the National Quarantine Inspection Agency of Korea. The database contains a total of 1,065 HPAI cases (farms) tied to 168 unique locations for wild birds. Among the environmental variables, the most effective predictors of the potential distribution of HPAI in wild birds were (in order of importance) altitude, number of HPAI outbreaks at farm-level, daily amount of manure processed and number of wild birds migrated into Korea. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the 10 Maxent replicate runs of the model with twelve variables was 0.855 with a standard deviation of 0.012 which indicates that the model performance was excellent. Results revealed that geographic area at risk of HPAI is heterogeneously distributed throughout the country with higher likelihood in the west and coastal areas. The results may help biosecurity authority to design risk-based surveillance and implementation of control interventions optimized for the areas at highest risk of HPAI outbreak potentials.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.25-36
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• 2021

The honey bee has a crucial ecological status for maintaining the natural ecology system. Pollination mediations by honey bees are recognized as an efficient way to enhance the quality of biological diversity and green areas in the nature and the urban ecological system. However, the population of bee around the world is decreasing and we do not know exactly how bees react to the physical environment in the urban area. This study is a basic research for the improvement of pollination services in the Korean urban ecological system. It aims to induce and review environmental variables which have high relations with the activities of pollination mediation insects in the urban area. The study established a Maxent model using five urban environmental variables that reflect the ecology of Bombus ignitus and the place information where Bombus ignitus appears in 18 spots of Seoul city, and compared with previous research results on Apis millifera. Bombus ignitus preferred places with more natural environments such as mountain forest areas and vicinities of streams. They preferred Stratified Tree Area the most among the vegetation types existing in the urban area. Comparing chicken models, both species saw their response value drop as the building coverage rose. In the case of Apis millifera and Bombus ignitus variables, the response value of both species was high in 10 out of 20 types. The result of this study is expected to provide basic information for improving the pollination services in the Korean urban area and to be utilized as the basic materials for the future urban planning.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.189-200
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• 2016

종분포 모델은 어떤 지역에서 침입외래종이 어떻게 확장되고 어떤 환경 요인이 이들의 분포에 영향을 미치는지를 이해하는데 매우 유용한 도구이다. 본 연구에서는 한반도에서 두 침입외래종인 돼지풀 (Ambrosia artemisiifolia)과 물참새피 (Paspalum distichum)의 분포에 대하여 연구하였다. 이 두 종의 현재의 분포지에서 기후환경 요인을 분석하고 이 두 종의 분포를 예측하기 위하여 Maxent (the maximum entropy) 모델을 이용하였다. 이 두 종의 출현 자료는 Global Biodiversity Information Facility와 우리나라의 식물종 데이터베이스에서, 생물기후 자료는 WorldClim 자료로부터 얻었다. 모델을 수행한 결과, 자생지 위치자료를 이용한 예측 결과보다 전지구 위치자료를 이용한 예측이 연구 대상종의 잠재적 분포지를 잘 설명하였다. 이들 종의 분포에 기여한 기후환경 요인으로서 돼지풀에서는 최건월의 강수량과 연평균온도가, 물참새피에서는 연평균온도와 최한사분기의 평균온도가 선정되었다. Maxent 종분포 모델은 외래종의 침입을 예측하고 이들의 확산을 관리하는데 유용한 도구가 될 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.111-117
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• 2011

This study attempts to facilitate climate change adaptation in conservation area by spatial planning of climate adaptation zone for endangered species. Spatial area is South Korea and select leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) as a target species of this study. In order to specify the climate adaptation zone, firstly, Maximum entropy method (Maxent) was used to identify suitable habitat, and then core habitat was selected for leopard cat. Secondly, land use resistance index was evaluated and least cost distance was analyzed for target species. In this step we choose dispersal capacity of leopard cat to reflect species ecological characteristic. Finally, climate adaptation zone is described and adaptation measures are suggested. The presented approach could be generalized for application into conservation planning and restoration process. Furthermore, spatial planning of climate adaptation zone could increase heterogeneity of habitat and improve adaptive capacity of species and habitat itself.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.379-392
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• 2014

이 연구는 국립생물자원에서 선정한 기후변화생물지표 중에서 남한의 설악산에 제한적으로 분포하는 눈잣나무의 기후변화에 의한 잠재 서식지 예측을 위해 시행되었다. 눈잣나무의 잠재서식지 예측을위해 IPCC(AR5)의 대표농도경로(RCP)를 기후변화 시나리오로 사용하였다. 종 분포 모형은 Maxent를 사용하였고, 환경변수는 고도, 연평균기온 등으로 총 8개이다. 남한이 눈잣나무 분포지역은 설악산이 유일한 지역으로 지리적 범위는 위도 $38^{\circ}7^{\prime}8^{{\prime}{\prime}}N{\sim}38^{\circ}7^{\prime}14^{{\prime}{\prime}}N$ 경도 $128^{\circ}28^{\prime}2^{{\prime}{\prime}}E{\sim}128^{\circ}27^{\prime}38^{{\prime}{\prime}}E$ 범위에 국지적으로 분포하며, 고도는 1,586m~1,688m 범위에 분포한다. 종 분포 모형의 모형 정확도는 0.978으로 매우 우수하였고 잠재서식지 예측에 기여도가 높은 환경변수는 고도로 나타났다. LPT를 기준으로 선정된 현재기후의 잠재 서식지는 $7,345km^2$이며 기후변화 시나리오를 적용한 미래의 잠재 서식지 면적은 감소하였고 감소폭은 RCP 4.5보다 RCP 8.5가 많았다. 설악산의 눈잣나무 개체군 분포 지역은 한반도의 남방 한계선으로 예상되며 기후변화에 의해 개체군의 축소 및 소실이 예상되므로 전략적인 유전자원 확보를 위한 대책이 필요하다.

• 대한공간정보학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.47-52
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• 2014

종분포모형은 생물다양성 평가, 보호지역 지정, 서식지 관리 및 복원, 기후변화 예측 등의 다양한 분야에 활용되고 있으나 공공이나 정책분야에서는 모형의 불확실성으로 인하여 활용이 제한적이었다. 최근에는 이러한 모형의 불확실성을 저감하기 위하여 앙상블이나 합의모형 등의 다중모형을 적용하는 연구가 증가하고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 히어리를 대상으로 단일모형과 앙상블(다중) 모형을 적용하고 이를 비교하는 연구를 수행하였다. 모형은 AUC와 kappa, TSS를 이용하여 적합도를 평가하였으며, 이 중 모형 간의 비교가 용이하고 이항형 지도로 바로 변환할 수 있는 TSS가 효과적이었다. 단일모형과 앙상블 모형 모두 높은 모형적합도를 나타내었으며, 다중 모형 중에서는 RF, Maxent, GBM이 높게, GAM, SRE는 비교적 낮게 평가되었다. 예측지도에서는 단일모형에 비해 다중모형의 예측범위가 과대 추정되는 경향이 있었다. 이는 여러 모형이 중첩된 결과로 현장전문가와 모형전문가들 간의 협력연구를 통하여 적절한 모형 선택과 가중치 부여 등을 통하여 문제를 해결할 수 있다. 앙상블모형을 공간의사결정이나 보호지역계획에 활용하기 위해서는 불확실성의 정도와 원인을 파악하고, 이를 저감하려는 개선작업과 함께 결과의 불확실성이나 위험성을 인지하고 의사결정을 해야 한다.

• 생태와환경
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.221-233
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• 2018

본 연구는 농업생태계 기후변화 지표식물의 현재와 미래의 분포 특성을 예측하고 분포에 영향을 미치는 요인을 파악하고자 수행되었다. 전국을 대상으로 총 108개 지점에서 지표식물 7종(광대나물, 꽃마리, 냉이, 서양민들레, 큰개불알풀, 큰망초, 서양금혼초)의 실제 분포 유무 자료를 수집하고 Maxent 모형을 적용하여 현재와 기후시나리오에 따른 미래의 잠재적 분포를 예측하였다. 기후변화에 따른 미래 분포 예측에서 냉이, 서양민들레, 큰개불알풀 3종은 전체 분포 면적은 감소하였지만 분포 범위는 그대로 유지되는 것으로 예측되었고, 큰망초와 서양금혼초 2종은 분포면적과 범위가 모두 확대되는 것으로 예측되었다. 광대나 물과 꽃마리 2종은 분포 면적이 급격히 줄어들어 국지적으로 분포하거나 일부 해안가에만 나타나는 것으로 예측되었다. 광대나물, 꽃마리, 냉이, 서양민들레, 큰개불알풀의 경우 토지피복도나 고도와 같은 비기후인자가 상대적으로 중요한 것으로 나타났고 큰망초와 서양금혼초는 기후인자가 중요한 것으로 확인되었다. 이와 같은 기후변화 지표식물의 분포 예측 특성은 향후 지표식물의 모니터링 방향과 관리 계획 설정에 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.158-169
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• 2012

Sabah has experienced a rapid decline in the extent of forest cover. The precise impact of habitat loss on the conservation status of the plants of Sabah is uncertain. In this study we use the niche modelling algorithm MAXENT to construct preliminary, revised and final ecological niche models for Dipterocarpus lamellatus and Dipterocarpus ochraceus and combined these models with data on current land-use to derive conservation assessments for each species. Preliminary models were based on herbarium data alone. Ground surveys were conducted to evaluate the performance of these preliminary models, and a revised niche model was generated from the combined herbarium and ground survey data. The final model was obtained by constraining the predictions of the revised models by filters. The range overlap between the preliminary and revised models was 0.47 for D. lamellatus and 0.39 for D. ochraceus, suggesting poor agreement between them. There was substantial variation in estimates of habitat loss for D. ochraceus, among the preliminary, revised and constrained models, and this has the potential to lead to incorrect threat assessments. From these estimates of habitat loss, the historic distribution and estimates of population size we determine that both species should be classified as Critically Endangered under IUCN Red List guidelines. Our results suggest that ground-truthing of ecological niche models is essential, especially if the models are being used for conservation decision making.