• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.261-271
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• 1997

This study evaluates on students' understanding and misunderstanding of homeostasis, classification of animals and plants, and food production in plants, and analyzes the teacher factor as a possible source of students' misconception. A total number of 863 students and 47 biology teachers at the middle and high school were randomly selected. Students' conceptions and misconceptions were measured with concept evaluation statements (CES) which was translated into Korean by author. The CES was developed and validated by Simson and Marek (1988). Teacher's misconceptions were investigated the way in which teachers marked students' work. The supposed answer given to the teachers to mark was based on misconceptions held by students tested in concept evaluation statements. The results of this study are as follows : 1. 0% of 7th Grade students, 4.5% of 9th Grade students and 5.4% of 11th Grade students understood homeostasis. There was a significant difference at the level of students' understanding of homeostasis according to schools and gender(P<0.05). Many students had a tendency of understanding the conception of the homeostasis by experiences and unscientific use of everyday language rather than a scientific concept. 2. 0.4% of 7th Grade students, 3.1% of 9th Grade students and 2.9% of 11th Grade students understood classification of animals and plants. There was a significant difference at the level of students' understanding of classification of animals and plants according to schools and gender(P<0.05). Students classified animals and plants through personal experiences and observations instead of trying to classify through microscopic analysis of animals and plants cell. 3. 1.2% of 7th Grade students, 10.3% of 9th Grade students and 19.4% of 11th Grade students understood food production in plants. There was a significant difference at the level of students' understanding of food production in plants according to schools and gender(P<0.05). Students had a misconception that food production in plants was done by an absorption of nutrients from soil not by photosynthesis. 4. A large proportion of teachers surveyed in this study appear to have misconceptions about homeostasis (38.1%), classification of animals and plants (34.1%), food production in plants (40.4%). The male teachers had. more misconceptions than female teachers(P<0.05). However, they didn't show any significant differences according to schools and teaching experience(P<0.05). 5. According to the investigation of teachers' perception, 29.8% of the teachers acknowledged that they might be a cause for students' misconceptions. This study shows that 38.3% of teachers did not understand the analyzed biological concepts precisely. By comparing the data of students and teachers, it turned out that teachers participate in the students' misconceptions. And teachers themselves acknowledged that students' misconceptions could be caused by them. Therefore. teachers' right understanding of fundamental biological concepts should precede to students' biology education. New training programs for biology teachers seem to be urgent.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제29권9호
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• pp.1228-1232
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• 2000

목 적 : 본 연구는 삼차신경통에 대한 감마나이프 방사선 수술을 한 경우에 있어서 그 장기추적 결과를 분석하고자 하였다. 방 법 : 총 증례수는 11례였고 신경근 입구부(nerve root entry zone)에 수술의 목표점으로 최대량 67~85Gy를 조사하였다. 4mm collimator를 사용하였고 목표점은 뇌교의 표면으로부터 1~6mm 원위부 신경근에 위치하였다. 초기 3례에 있어서는 신경근과 뇌교가 만나는 접합부를 방사선수술의 목표점으로 삼았다. 이들 증례에서는 뇌교에 56 혹은 60Gy가 조사되었다. 후반 8례에서는 목표점을 다소 신경근의 원위부로 이동하여 뇌교의 가장자리가 최대량의 20% 이하로 조사되도록 계획하였다. 결 과 : 평균추적 기간은 25개월(13~50개월)이었다. 통증감소의 시작시점은 수술후 일주일내에서부터 길게는 5개월째였다. 통증의 치료결과는 삼례에서 완전소실, 3례에서 현격히 감소(80~90%)하였고 4례에서는 의미있게 감소하였다. 단 한례에서 최종추적결과 수술전과 같은 정도의 통증재발이 있었다. 전례에서 감마나이프 방사선수술과 관련된 의미있는 정도의 부작용은 관찰되지않았다. 결 론 : 장기추적 결과 감마나이프 방사선 수술이 삼차신경통의 치료에 효과적임이 관찰되었고 향후 이 질환에 대한 일차적 치료법으로 정하기 위하여 좀더 많은 치료경험이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.69-80
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• 1971

Total body perfusion using Rygg-Kyvsgaard Heart-Lung-Machine, Mark IV, Polystan was attempted in the dogs by the hemodilution method with total prime of buffered Hartman's solution and under hypothermia. The first of all, the functions of Rygg--Kyvsgaard Heart-Lung-Machine and the effects of the hemodilution perfusion by buffered Hartman's solution was studied. At the same time the changes of blood pressure, oxygen consumption, and influence on the blood pictures were observed before, during, and in 1-3 days after perfusion. Hemodilution rates were the average 74. 22cc/Kg(the ranges of 67 to 81 cc/Kg) and perfusion flow rates were maintained in the mean 62. 6cc/Kg/min., Although it was possible to check up to 87 cc/ Kg/min. The total body perfusion continued for 60-80 minutes. Hypothermia was employed between $36^{\circ}C$ and $32^{\circ}C$ of the rectal temperature. Arterial pressure was ranged approximately between 68mmHg and 149mmHg, but generally, it was maintained over 80mmHg. Venous pressure was measured between 6.5cm $H_2O$and 11.5cm $H_2O$. Optimum oxygenation can be expected when oxygen flow into the disposable bubble oxygenator was maintained approximately at 3.5 L/min .. Inthis way, the oxygen contents were measured in the mean value of 13.11${\pm}$O.56 vol. % of arterial blood and 8.67+1.08 vol.% of venous blood(P${\pm}$0.86 vol.% in arteriovenous oxygen difference and 2. 97${\pm}$0.62cc/Kg in oxygen consumption were calculated. According to these dates, it is as plain as pikestaff that excellent oxygenation and good tissue perfusion was accomplished. Erythrocyte, hemoglobin and hematocrit were decreased about 38% during extracorporeal circulation and these were not recovered until 1-3 days after perfusion. These decrease was resulted from relatively high degree of hemodilution rate and no blood transfusion to compensate during these experimental studies. The platelets were also decreased about 76% during perfusion, but on the contrary, it was increased progressively after perfusion and in 1-3 days after perfusion was returned to the control level. Leucocyte were also decreased during perfusion, but it was increased progessively after perfusion and in 1-3 days after perfusion exceed the control level. This increase was resulted from postoperative infection of the wound, but its analysis were not changed significantly.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.432-442
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• 2006

Statement of problem: One of common problems associated with dental implant is the loosening of abutment screws that retain the implants. Purpose : This study was performed to investigate the influence of abutment screw length and repeated tightening on screw loosening in dental implant. Material and method: Forty nine Hexplants (13mm length, 4.3mm diameter, Ti grade IV, Warantec. Co. Ltd. Seongnam, Korea) and cementation type abutments(straight abutment) and abutment screws (0.4mm/pitch) were divided into 7 groups, depending on abutment screw length. Each implant and abutment was tightened to 30Ncm by torque controller(MGT50, MARK-10 Inc., USA) and the removal torque values were measured during 10 consecutive closure/opening trials. Results and Conclusion: The results of comparing the removal torque value are as follows : 1. There is no significant difference in the removal torque value between groups in 10 consecutive closure/opening trials (p = 0.97). 2. If the fractured abutment screw is engaged in longer than 2.425 thread length, there is no significant difference in the preload between the fractured abutment screw and the new abutment screw when both are equally tightened to 30 Ncm. 3. The removal torque value in the 1st trial(24.510 Ncm) was lower than that in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th trials and the removal torque value in the 2nd trials(25.551 Ncm) was maximum and was decreased in 1311owing trials. The removal torque value in the 1st trial was significantly lower than that in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th trials and was significantly higher than that in the 8th, 9th, l0th trials(p<0.05). 4. In the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th trials, the abutment screw was mainly influenced by settling effect and the higher preload was obtained In the 8th, 9th, l0th trials, the abutment screw was mainly influenced by adhesive wear and the progressively lower preload was obtained.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.393-401
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• 2009

토마토 및 경제작물의 수분용으로 50,000봉군 정도 이용되고 있는 서양뒤영벌을 시설완숙 토마토하우스에 방사하여 품종별로 효율적인 사용과 경제적 효과를 알아보기 위하여 2008년 2월부터 8월까지 춘천시 에서 추가화분공급효과를 조사하였다. 슈퍼도태랑, 제우스42, 그리고 슈퍼선로드 품종에서 서양뒤영벌 봉군내 추가화분공급($5{\sim}6g$/3일)으로 화분매개활동과 방화흔 비율 그리고 봉군수명이 뚜렷하게 나타났다. 특히 슈퍼도태랑과 슈퍼선로드품종에서 추가화분공급효과가 더 크게 나타났다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제11권10호
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• pp.3789-3793
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• 2010

검영기 훈련 모형안(모형안)에 표시된 굴절상태 눈금과 벗어난 시축의 효과를 타각적 굴절검사인 검영법으로 알아보자 하였다. 두 명의 능숙한 retinoscopist가 검영법을 이용하여 굴절상태를 무작위로 검사하였다. 동일한 7개의 훈련 모형안을 선정하여 각각 +4에서 -6 diopter(+4, +3, +2, +1, 0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6) 굴절상태 눈금을 맞추고 거리보정용 시험렌즈를 가입하여 180도 경선에서 중화거리를 측정하여 눈금설정 상태를 평가하였고, 시축과 5, 10, 15, 20도 시축에서 벗어난 굴절력을 측정하였다. 두 명의 retinoscopist가 측정한 눈금설정 상태는 7개 중 6개의 훈련 모형안 이 통계적인 차이가 있었다(P<0.05). 5, 10, 15, 20도 시축에서 벗어난 검영법 굴절력은 $-0.13{\pm}0.06$, $-0.29{\pm}0.06$, $-0.58{\pm}0.11$, $-0.83{\pm}0.16$ diopter 이였다. 모형안에 표시된 굴절상태 눈금과 검영법을 이용하여 측정한 굴절상태 눈금이 다를 수 있고, 모형안에 검영을 시축에 벗어나 시행할 경우 굴절 검사값에 오차를 유발할 수 있다.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.339-346
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• 2012

The quality characteristics of kochujang added with additives of different ratios of rice-nuruk (at 1:0.7, 1:1.0, 1:1.3) were studied. The kochujang was stored for 8 weeks at $20{\pm}3^{\circ}C$. The brix tended to increase by increasing mixing ratio of rice-nuruk in all treatments. It increased rapidly up to 4 weeks fermentation and then showed a slight change after 6 weeks. The more mixing ratio of rice-nuruk increased, the more salinity of samples decreased. The initial pH value of kochujang was 5.08-5.10., however, the pH value decreased to 4.82-4.83 after an 8 weeks of storage period. The initial acid value was 0.66-0.68 and increased from 0.66-0.68 to 0.87-0.89. It had slight reduction phenomenon in the sixth week. As the aging period passed, chromaticity such as $a^*$- and $b^*$-values decreased gradually except for $L^*$-value. The moisture content of samples decreased gradually by adding rice-nuruk. but increased by passing an aging period. The initial amino nitrogen content of sample was 304-315 mg%. It increased to 399-442 mg% during the aging period. As the aging period passed, the total cell number increased from 6.81 log CFU/mL to 7.01 log CFU/mL in the fourth week and then steadily decreased to 6.66 log CFU/mL in the eight week. Results of sensory evaluation show that, as more rice-nuruk was added, the kochujang received a lower mark. There was no significant difference in flavor in all treatments. Color and sweetness with increasing amounts of rice-nuruk showed the lowest score. Saltiness rice-nuruk at the ratio of 1:1.0 was the highest at 6.22 points. Texture scores decreased with increasing amounts of the rice-nuruk Based on these results, the overall acceptability of the 1:0.7 rice-nuruk treatment which received the highest score is considered excellent.

• 복식
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• 제20권
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• pp.151-167
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• 1993

The purpose of this study is to systematize the theory of the Fashion Marketing and merchandi-sing system as well as the strategy for the Mar-keting based on the related variable. Furthermore, this study deals with development of the mark-eting strategy to the relation between consumers and industry. The content conclusion on the research can be outlined as follows : 1. In order to inverstigate how the life-style of consumers affects their sense of fashion, awa-reness of brand, and decision making process of purchase, the life-style of women consumers is classified into 15 types. (1) Acording to the different life-style types, and important difference is found in the consum-ers' sense of clothes, a unique image of outfit and its own favorite image of womanliness. (2) The consumer's awareness of a particular brand has a reasonable relationship with their brand preference and possession of the brands. (3) Their is an important discrimination acco-rding to the life-style types in their brand awar-eness and preference and possesion of brands. (4) The consumers of each life-style type show noticeable difference in the decision making pro-cess of purchase including he motive of purchase, the source of information, the cause of purchase intention, price, the frequency of purchase and the degree of satisfaction of purchased goods. 2. The merchandising system and the market positioning among the fashion industry are compared and analyzed in the following terms ; (1-1) For the purpose of establishing the target market strategy, the industry uses unreasenalbe methods to analyze the life-style of the target customers and the real customers(36%) and the aging phenomenon of brands is remarkable : as much as 37% of brands show over 5 years-old age gap. (1-2) The price setting process depends highly on the cost-plus approach. (1-3) In color planning, too many colors are used in every season(the average number is 22.3) and the investigation of the consumers' favorite color is neglected. (1-4) The manufacturers of successful brands are much likely to employ the textile designer and allow them to develop the various fabrication. (1-5) The regular rate of sales in each season is extremely low(56.04%) : the rate of the succ-essful brands is relatively high at 65%, but that of the unsuccessful as low as 51%. (1-6) 47% of brands reveal the designer-orie-nted fashion merchandising system. The successful brands, on the other hand, show a high rate of merchandiser oriented system. (2) Since the brand positioning is highly cen-tered on each brand image, styles and target age, the new data are presented in this study for the new market development. (3) To set up the target market, the mapping of images between the differentiated market and the consumers is suggersted according to the market positioning of industry and 15 types of the life-styles of consumers.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.264-273
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• 2013

목적: 본 연구는 암환자를 돌보는 간호사들을 대상으로 간호사의 영성, 죽음불안 및 소진 정도를 확인하고, 세 변수들간의 관계를 파악하고자 한 서술적 조사 연구이다. 방법: 대상자는 서울에 소재하는 일개 암 전문 종합병원에서 근무하는 간호사 210명을 대상으로 하였다. 자료는 2012년 4월부터 6월까지 수집하였으며, 수집한자료는 SPSS 19.0 program을 사용하여 t-test, one-way ANOVA, Scheff'e test, Pearson's correlation coefficient로 분석하였다. 결과: 영성은 6점 만점에 평균 3.51점이었으며, 하위영역별로는 삶의 의미와 목적, 관계성, 내적 자원, 초월성 순으로 높았다. 죽음불안은 5점 만점에 평균 3.22점이었으며, 하위영역별로는 죽음의 부인, 짧은 시간 지각, 죽음에 대한 두려움, 죽음 연관 문제에 대한 두려움 순으로 높았다. 소진 정도는 7점 만점에 평균 4.10점이었으며, 하위영역별로는 정서적 소모, 비 인간화, 개인적 성취감 감소 순으로 높았다. 영성은 죽음불안(r=-0.327, P=0.01)과 소진 정도(r=-0.690, P=0.01)에 역상관관계가 있었으며, 소진은 죽음불안(r=0.550, P=0.01)과 정상관 관계가 있었다. 결론: 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 간호사들의 영성을 높이고, 그들의 죽음불안과 소진 정도를 낮출 수 있는 영적 중재를 제공하는 것을 제안한다.

• 한국도로학회논문집
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2006

현재 국도개량사업으로 국도의 이동성이 향상되었으나 유출부에 설치된 도로안전시설인 시선유도시설은 일관성 없이 설치되거나 미설치된 경우가 많다. 유출부의 시선유도시설은 유출부의 안전성을 높이는 시설임에도 불구하고 각 유출부마다 서로 다른 유형으로 설치되어 그 기능적 검토가 필요할 것으로 판단하였다. 이에 본 연구에서는 현장조사를 통하여 조사된 시설유형별로 설치기준의 적합성을 검토한 후 운전자 인지특성을 고려한 효과적인 시설유형을 제시하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 3D-시뮬레이션을 개발하여 보다 객관적인 비교실험을 수행하였다. 시설유형 간 비교변수는 운전자 인지특성을 대변할 수 있는 현저성, 시인성으로 선정하여 시설유형에 대한 각각의 특성실험을 수행하였으며 인지 특성변수로 채택된 시인성의 실험에 대한 피 실험자의 측정오차를 줄이기 위하여 초점기록계(Eye Marker Recorder)를 이용하여 실험함으로서 보다 정량적이고, 객관적인 주시빈도를 측정할 수 있었다. 각각의 측정 변수들에 대한 시설유형 간 유의성을 검증하기 위하여 분산 분석으로 검토하였다. 그 결과 현저성은 시설유형 간 유의미한 차이를 나타냈으며, 유출부를 인지하는데 안전표지, 장애물표적표지, 시선유도등, 시선유도봉이 설치된 시설유형이 가장 유리한 것으로 평가되었다. 또한 시인성의 효과척도로 주시빈도를 측정한 결과 시설유형 간 유의미한 차이를 알 수 있었으며, 현저성과 동일한 시설유형이 설치되었을 때 유출부를 인지하는데 유리한 것으로 평가되었으며 전체적인 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 안전표지, 장애물표적표지, 시선유도등, 시선유도봉의 시설이 가장 유리한 것임을 알 수 있었다.