• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.171-177
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to find a scheme to scale down the KMA (Korea Meteorological Administration) digital precipitation maps to the grid cell resolution comparable to the rural landscape scale in Korea. As a result, we suggest two steps procedure called RATER (Radar Assisted Topography and Elevation Revision) based on both radar echo data and a mountain precipitation model. In this scheme, the radar reflection intensity at the constant altitude of 1.5 km is applied first to the KMA local analysis and prediction system (KLAPS) 5 km grid cell to obtain 1 km resolution. For the second step the elevation and topography effect on the basis of 270 m digital elevation model (DEM) which represented by the Parameter-elevation Regressions on Independent Slopes Model (PRISM) is applied to the 1 km resolution data to produce the 270 m precipitation map. An experimental watershed with about $50km^2$ catchment area was selected for evaluating this scheme and automated rain gauges were deployed to 13 locations with the various elevations and slope aspects. 19 cases with 1 mm or more precipitation per day were collected from January to May in 2013 and the corresponding KLAPS daily precipitation data were treated with the second step procedure. For the first step, the 24-hour integrated radar echo data were applied to the KLAPS daily precipitation to produce the 1 km resolution data across the watershed. Estimated precipitation at each 1 km grid cell was then regarded as the real world precipitation observed at the center location of the grid cell in order to derive the elevation regressions in the PRISM step. We produced the digital precipitation maps for all the 19 cases by using RATER and extracted the grid cell values corresponding to 13 points from the maps to compare with the observed data. For the cases of 10 mm or more observed precipitation, significant improvement was found in the estimated precipitation at all 13 sites with RATER, compared with the untreated KLAPS 5 km data. Especially, reduction in RMSE was 35% on 30 mm or more observed precipitation.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.181-213
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• 2017

According to the aging, the medical device industry is focused as a future promising industry. However, Korea medical device industry is not enough market competitiveness due to a narrow domestic market and a small company structure. This study aims at evaluating medical device priorities following 3 steps. First, we classify the medical device into three hierarchy categories and AHP survey was conducted on 30 experts in order to extract medical device priorities. Second, priority scores of medical device are analysed using AHP and Fuzzy-AHP. Third, a most important medical device is selected by comparing the volume of medical device manufacture and priority scores. As a result, 'dental implant' is the most import medical device, and we suggest a strategy based on a positioning map. The proposed methodology will provide a inspiration for establish of R&D and support policy in the medical device industry.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.416-424
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• 2006

Because there is no generally accepted definition of a geographic center and no completely satisfactory method to determine one, there may be as many geographic centers of a country as there are many definitions. The geographic center of an area may be defined as the center of gravity on a surface, or that point on which the surface of an area would balance if it were a plane of uniform thickness. This research uses geographic information system (GIS) analysis and there are places where it defines the geographical and the geological centers in the inland of South Korea. To compute the geo-centers in South Korea: 1) firstly, we collected existing reaserch data related to digital map data. 2)Secondly, we analyzed a geological center and data collection examples of Korea and other nations-the Europe and America. 3) Thirdly, we carried out numerous processes to build a geodatabase, short for geograhic database, so that GIS analysis and the constructed geodatabase is covered within the inland in South Korea. Where geodatabase is a kind of spatial database. 4) Fourthly, in order to determine the geographical center, we supposed that the condition of continental surface is the plane of homogeneous or irregular density. 5) Consequently, we chose a few resonable conditions and produced a variety of geographical centers that is geometric and gravitational in South Korea. As a result of the analysis, center points are massed to southern part of Chungbuk province, Korea.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.359-367
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• 2012

BACKGROUND: As natural wetlands are decreased by increment of human demand, the importance of rice fields as an alternative habitat for waterbirds is well documented. However, the relationship between waterbirds use and management practice of rice fields has not been fully understood. The present study attempted to understand the changes in temporal abundance of waterbirds and their preference for habitat types in rice fields all year round. METHODS AND RESULTS: Waterbirds census were conducted in rice fields around Asan bay in Korea during April 2009-March 2010 and April 2011-March 2012. In the bird counts, the locations of the observed birds on a 1/2,500 map were recorded along with the local habitat type (paddy, ditch, levee, road). Thirty five species of waterbirds recorded in the rice fields during the survey period and three major groups (shorebirds, herons, and waterfowls) were characterized according to season and micro-habitat use. Shorebirds visited a flooded paddy for feeding during their spring migration season (April-May), and herons used the rice field as feeding sites during their breeding periods (April-October). Most waterfowls were observed in a dry paddy to feed a fallen rice seed and stubs during the winter season (September-March). Waterbird groups selectively used micro-habitats in rice field. Shorebirds and waterfowls mainly preferred at rice paddies, while herons were attracted to most habitat types. CONCLUSION(S): Rice fields supported various waterbirds all year round and waterbird communities using the rice fields were dramatically changed according to seasonal change of rice field condition.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.255-261
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and blood pressure (BP) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea (OSAH). Patients were classified into four groups based on their severity of polysomnographic data: the snoring group (n=108)-characterized by Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI<5); the mild OSA group (n=186)-AHI $5{\leq}AHI$<15; the moderate OSA group (n=179)- AHI $15{\leq}AHI$<30; and the severe OSA group (n=233)-$AHI{\geq}30$. On the same night of polysomnography (PSG), BP levels were measured before sleeping (bedtime BP) and immediately after waking up on the following morning (morning BP). EDS was recognized as ESS (epworth sleepiness scale)${\geq}9$. The differences and correlations between BP and PSG parameters in the EDS and non-EDS groups of OSAH patients were analyzed. MAP was positively correlated with BMI, AHI, and total arousal (r=0.099, r=0.142, r=0.135, p<0.01, p<0.01, p<0.01), while negatively correlated with mean $SaO_2$ (r=-0.258, p<0.01). The EDS group had overall younger population ($47.2{\pm}11.3$ vs $50.3{\pm}11.4$, p=0.023), higher DBP (both bedtime and morning, $83.1{\pm}9.7$ vs $81.4{\pm}8.8$ and $86.4{\pm}9.2$ vs $83.6{\pm}9.7$)(p=0.031, p=0.047), and higher SBP (both bedtime and morning, $126.7{\pm}11.2$ vs $123.4{\pm}12.4$, $128.9{\pm}12.4$ vs $125.3{\pm}12.9$)(p=0.021, p=0.021) than compared with the non-EDS group. In hypertensive OSAH patients, patients with EDS were also younger and had higher total arousal number, as well as higher morning and bedtime DBP and SBP than compared with the non-EDS group (p<0.005, p=0.008, p<0.001 and p<0.001). EDS in OSAHS patients is a special phenotype characterized by younger age, higher DBP, more severe desaturation, and hypertension.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.40 no.1 s.106
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• pp.126-152
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• 2005

In recent years, there are some confusions related to the definition and existence of mountain ranges, which have been described in current geography text books. We contend that these confusions came from the lack of understanding on the geomorphological processes that form the mountain system in Korea. This research attempts to clarify the definition of mountain ranges and offer geological and geomorphological explanations about the formation of them. Based on the analyses of the social and cultural causes underlying the recent debates on the existence of mountain ranges, we tried to identify the relationships among the definition of mountain ranges, geological structure of Korea, and the forming processes of mountain ranges. The current and past mountain range maps were compared with geological structures, geological maps, surface curvature, and hill shade maps. The latter two maps were derived from a Digital Elevation Model of the Korean Peninsular. The results show that we are able to prove the existence of most mountain ranges, which provides a useful framework to understand the geological evolution of Korean peninsular and formation of mountainous landscape of Korea. In terms of their morphological continuity and genesis, however, we identified five different categories of mountain ranges: 1) Uplift mountain ranges(Hamkyeong Sanmaek, Nangrim Sanmaek, Taebaek Sanmaek), which were formed by the uplift processes of the Korean Peninsular during the Tertiary; 2) Falut mountain ranges(Macheonryeong Sanmaek, Sobaek Sanmaek, Buksubaek Sanmaek), whirh were directly related to the uplift processes of the Korean Peninsular during the Tertiary; 3) Trust mountain ranges(Jekyouryeong Sanmaek, Kwangju Sanmaek, Charyeong Sanmaek, Noryeong Sanmaek), which were formed by the intrusion of granite and consequent orogenic processes during the Mesozoic era; 4) Drainage divide type mountain ranges, which were formed by the erosion processes after the uplift of Korean Peninsular; 5) Cross-drainage basin type mountain ranges (Kangnam Sanmaek, Eunjin Sanmaek, Myelak sanmaek), which were also formed by the erosion processes, but the mountain ranges cross several drainage basins as connecting mountains laterally We believe that the current social confusions related to the existence of mountain ranges has partly been caused by the vague definition of mountain ranges and the diversity of the forming processes. In order to overcome theses confusions, it is necessary to characterize the types of them according the genesis, the purpose of usages and also the scale of maps which will explains the mountain systems. It is also necessary to provide appropriate educational materials to increase the general public's awareness and understanding of geomorphological processes.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.21-47
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• 2013

The aim is to analysis landslide vulnerability in Inje, Korea, using GCI(Geospatial Correlative Integration) and probability rainfalls based on geographic information system (GIS). In order to achieve this goal, identified indicators influencing landslides based on literature review. We include indicators of exposure to climate(rainfall probability), sensitivity(slope, aspect, curvature, geology, topography, soil drainage, soil material, soil thickness and soil texture) and adaptive capacity(timber diameter, timber type, timber density and timber age). All data were collected, processed, and compiled in a spatial database using GIS. Karisan-ri that had experienced 470 landslides by Typhoon Ewinia in 2006 was selected for analysis and verification. The 50% of landslide data were randomly selected to use as training data, while the other 50% being used for verification. The probability of landslides for target years (1 year, 3 years, 10 years, 50 years, and 100 years) was calculated assuming that landslides are triggered by 3-day cumulative rainfalls of 449 mm. Results show that number of slope has comparatively strong influence on landslide damage. And inclination of $25{\sim}30^{\circ}C$, the highest correlation landslide. Improved previous landslide vulnerability methodology by adopting GCI. Also, vulnerability map provides meaningful information for decision makers regarding priority areas for implementing landslide mitigation policies.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.228-233
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• 2001

The acid tolerance response (ATR) of log-phase Salmouella enterica seroyar Typhimurium is induced by acid adaptation below pH4.5 and will protect cells against more severe acid. Two distinctive ATR systems in thisorganism are a log-phase and stationary-phase ATR in which acid adaptations trigger the synthesis of acid shockproteins (ASPs). We found that log-phase ATR system was strongly affected by environmental factor, low tem-perature, $25^{\circ}C$. Exposure to low temperature and mild acid has been shown to increase acid survival dra-matically, and this survival rate was showed higher than $37^{\circ}C$. Especially unadapted cells at $25^{\circ}C$ presented tenthousand folds survival increasing when compared with cells at $37^{\circ}C$. The degree of acid tolerance of rpoSwhich is blown to be required for acid tolerance more increase than $37^{\circ}C$. Even though AIR pattern of rpoSbetween unadapted and adapted was showed similar at pH 3.1, rpoS-dependent ATR system also has beendetected in low temperature because rpoSAp prevents sustained acid survival at $25^{\circ}C$. Therefore the resultssuggest low temperature ATR system requires rpoS-dependent and -independent both. To investigate the basisfor low temperature related ATR system, gene that was participated for low temperature acid tolerance (lat) wasscreened in virulent S. enterica serovar Typhimurium UKl Using the technique of P22- MudJ (Km, lacZ)-directed lacZ operon fusion, LF452 latA‥‥MudJ was isolated. The latA‥‥MudJ of S. enterica Typhimurium pre-vented low temperature acid tolerance response. Therefore latA is considered one of the important genes for acidadaptation.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.181-186
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• 2009

Purpose : Inflammation plays a potential role in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Strategies for preventing BPD include respiratory management, antioxidants, nutritional treatment, and others such as anti-inflammatory agents. We aimed to assess the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of montelukast (MK), a cysteinyl leukotriene 1 receptor antagonist, as an add-on therapy in BPD. Methods : In addition to currently available standard measures such as oxygen supplementation, bronchodilators, nutritional support, and/or diuretics, montelukast was administered to 15 preterm infants with BPD. MK was given orally (1 mg/kg/d) for a mean period of 12 weeks. We compared safety and efficacy parameters with historical controls. Results : All 15 patients survived, and no differences were found in the incidence of adverse reactions between the 2 groups. The ventilation index was significantly improved after 2 weeks in MK group compared with historical controls. There were no significant differences in other respiratory parameters (MAP, oxygen dependency, and ventilator dependency) between the groups, but the MK group showed trends of greater improvement. Conclusion : Administration of MK 1 mg/kg/d was well tolerated in preterm BPD patients as an add-on therapy. We demonstrated that after 2 weeks of MK administration of 1 mg/kg/d, MK had beneficial therapeutic effects on BPD patients as an add-on to the standard therapy. Further multicenter randomized controlled clinical trials are needed to confirm the efficacy and safety of MK as a useful supplement to standard therapy for BPD patients.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 2010

Purpose: There are various beam parameter in intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). The aim of this study is to investigate how various dose rate affect the parotid in treatment plan of IMRT. Materials and Methods: The study was performed on 10 nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients who have undergone IMRT. CT images were scanned 3 mm of thickness in the same condition and the treatment plan was performed by Eclipse (Ver.7.1, Varian, Palo Alto, USA). The parameters for planning used 6 MV energy and 8 beams under the same dose volume constraint. The variation of dose rates were used 300, 400, 500 MU/min. The mean dose of both parotid was accessed from the calculated planning among the 10 patients. The mean dose of parotid was verificated by 2D diode array (Mapcheck from Sun Nuclear Corporation, Melbourne, Florida). Also, Total monitor unit (MU) and beam-on time was analysed. Results: According to the dose rate, the mean dose of parotid was increased by 0.8%, 2.0% each, when dose rate was changed from 300 MU/min to 400, 500 MU/min, moreover Total MU was increased by 5.4% and 10.6% each. There was also a dose upward trend in the dose measurement of parotid by 2D diode array. However, beam - on time difference of 1~2 minutes was no signigicant in the dose rate increases. Conclusion: From this study, when the dose rates increase, there was a signigicant increase of Total MU and the parotid dose accordingly, however the shortened treatment time was not significant. Hence, it is considered that there is a significant decrease of late side effect in parotid radiation therapy, if the precise dose rate in IMRT is used.