• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.205-211
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• 2002

For landscape ecological management of the isolated forestlands in Incheon city located in the western tip of South Korea, the forest vegetation of Mt. Cheolma was classified phytosciologically and mapped out its spatial distribution at a scale of 1:5,000. Characteristics of forest landscape structures were discussed in terms of the number and size of patches obtained by analy zing vegetation map. Units to manage the forest vegetation were categorized into eighteen communities, seventeen groups, and sixteen subgroups. Landscape elements were classified into five types: secondary vegetation, introduced vegetation for forestry (IVF), introduced vegetation for agriculture (IVA), and other elements. Two hundred and ninety-three forest landscape patches covers 443.3ha, of which IVF accounted for 316.8ha(71.5$\%$), the largest portion, secondary vegetation for 101.2ha(22.8$\%$), IVA for 6.2ha(1.4$\%$), and others for 19.1ha(4.3$\%$). The ratio of natural forest elements of 31.9$\%$ showed that this area was mainly comprised of artificially introduced vegetation, such as Robinia pseudoacacia plantation and Pinus rigida plantation. Forest landscape patches have a mean area of 4.5ha, a density of 66.1/100ha, and a diversity index of 0.87. It was estimated that differentiation of patches recognized in community level would be related to human interference and those in subordinate level to natural processes.

• 한국생태학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국생태학회 2002년도 VIII 세계생태학대회
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• pp.71-77
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• 2002

For landscape ecological management of the isolated forestlands in Incheon city located in the western tip of South Korea, the forest vegetation of Mt. Cheolma was classified phytosciologically and mapped out its spatial distribution at a scale of 1:5,000. Characteristics of forest landscape structures were discussed in terms of the number and size of patches obtained by analyzing vegetation map. Units to manage the forest vegetation were categorized into eighteen communities, seventeen groups, and sixteen subgroups. Landscape elements were classified into five types: secondary vegetation, introduced vegetation for forestry (IVF), introduced vegetation for agriculture (IVA), and other elements. Two hundred and ninety-three forest landscape patches covers 443.3ha of which IVF accounted for 316.8ha(71.5%), the largest portion, secondary vegetation for f01.2ha(22.8%), IVA for 6.2ha(1.4%), and others for 19.1ha(4.3%). The ratio of natural forest elements of 31.9% showed that this area was mainly comprised of artificially introduced vegetation, such as Robinia pseudoacacia plantation and Pinus rigida plantation. Forest landscape patches have a mean area of 4.5ha, a density of 66.1/100ha, and a diversity index of 0.87. It was estimated that differentiation of patches recognized in community level would be related to human interference and those in subordinate level to natural processes.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.237-249
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• 2011

Land-use changes due to the socio-economic environment influence landscape patterns and processes, which affect habitats and biodiversity. This study considers the effects of such land-use changes, particularly on the traditional rural "Maeul" forested landscape, by analyzing landscape structure and vegetation changes. Three study areas were examined that have seen their populations decrease and age over the last few decades. Five types of plant life-forms (Raunkier life-forms) were distinguished to investigate ecosystem function. Principle component analysis was used to understand vegetation dynamics and community characteristics based on a vegetation similarity index. Ordination analysis transformed species-coverage data was introduced to clarify vegetation dynamics. Landscape indices, such as area metrics, edge metrics, and shape metrics, showed that spatial heterogeneity has increased over time in all areas. Pinus densiflora was the main land-use plant type in all study areas but decreased over time, whereas Quercus spp. increased. Over a decade, P. densiflora communities shifted to deciduous oak and plantation. These findings indicate that the impact of human activities on the Maeul landscape is twofold. While forestry activities caused heavy disturbances, the abandonment of traditional human activities has led to natural succession. Furthermore, it can be concluded that the type and intensity of these human impacts on landscape heterogeneity relate differently to vegetation succession. This reflects the cause and consequence of patch dynamics. We discuss an approach for sustainable landscape planning and management of the Maeul landscape based on traditional management.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.117-131
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• 2017

This study was conducted to draw vegetation landscape elements in the ancient literature, investigate plant community structure, understand vegetation structure, and suggest reasonal conservation management methods. As a result of analyzing ancient literature, geomorphological landscapes in Guryong valley were canyon landscape and valley surrounded in Mt. Chiak. Plant landscape factors were as followed. Rhododendron spp. spread around valley. Also, Pinus densiflora communities were distributed in Guryong valley around. Especially, the entrance zones of Guryong valley were described as covered with Pinus densiflora and Whangchangkumpyo(黃腸禁標). Therefore, it was estimated that entry of Guryong valley was covered with Pinus densiflora community landscape. As for current vegetation result, the main vegetation was divided into mixed deciduous broad-leaved trees community and Pinus densiflora community. As a result of analysis by TWINSPAN for community classification, five communities(Deciduous broadleaved trees, Pinus densiflora, Pinus densiflora-Abies holophylla, Abies holophylla, and Pinus koraiensis community) were classified. To maintain historic plant landscape and conserve crucial resources, Pinus densiflora community was classified as concentrated conservation management area($105,472m^2$). To maintain Pinus densiflora landscape which has high historical and cultural value of Guryong valley, it was considered that active density control of lower layer vegetation would be necessary. Accordingly, to conserve P. densiflora landscape, Whangchangkumpyo(?腸禁標), that area was separated into Pinus densiflora lower layer forest management area($84,029m^2$) and Pinus densiflora seedling conservation management area($21,443m^2$). In understory of Pinus densiflora lower layer flora, the target tree species for elimination and management were Quercus serrata and Quercus mongolica. They were $4{\sim}6trees/100m^2$ and their average diameter was 7.1cm. To preserve Pinus densiflora seedlings, areas with Sasa borealis, the ground vegetation of Pinus densiflora community, rate of 80% or more should be selected as priority management areas and concentrated elimination and management of Sasa borealis should be implemented. Likewise, traditional Pinus densiflora forest is a historically cultural heritage to preserve with sustainable interest and survey. Efficient management method through systematic monitoring system should be made.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.194-207
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• 2009

본 연구는 화양계곡의 훼손된 문화경관 및 자연경관 개선을 위한 관리방안을 제시하고자 속리산국립공원 화양계곡을 대상으로 화양구곡의 주요 경관특성 및 화양계곡 전체의 식생경관 분석을 실시하였다. 고문헌 분석을 통해 화양계곡과 계곡 내 구곡의 경관원형을 분석하였다. 화양계곡의 경관원형은 여울이 있는 높은 산과 암반, 천연의 소나무군락 경관이었으며 구곡의 경관은 암반, 맑은 소, 소나무군락 등으로 구성되었는데 대부분 식생발달에 의한 암반경관 차폐, 모래퇴적에 의한 소멸, 인공림에 의한 자연경관 훼손 등의 문제점이 분석되었다. 식생경관에서는 계곡 주변으로 은사시나무, 아까시나무, 잣나무 등 인공식생이 분포하여 자연경관 및 원래 화양계곡 경관과 이질적인 경관을 형성하였다. 화양계곡 및 구곡의 경관 관리는 조선시대 은일적 문화경관과 뛰어난 계곡 자연식생경관 보전을 목표로 하였다. 문화경관 보전을 위한 구곡경관 관리방안으로 식생 및 이용자 관리를 통한 구곡 경관대상 부각 및 조망점 관리를 제안하였고 구곡의 배경이 되는 화양계곡 전체의 식생경관관리는 소나무군락 유지, 천이유도를 위한 인공림의 인공수종 제거 및 밀도관리를 제시하였다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.107-115
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• 2017

This study illustrated the process of bar structure and vegetation coverage to understand historical changes of riverbed and suppose adaptive management in Tan-chun ecological landscape reserve. The study site that lower reach of the Tan-chun are known as habitats of migratory bird and aquatic species with dynamic riverbed. Aerial photos from 2006 to 2016 and surveyed vegetation data in 2006 and 2016 were used by analysis of landscape changes and comparison of vegetation coverage. Study area is classified into 3 sites (A: straight site, B: meandering site, C: meandering and junction with Yangjae-cheon). The result showed that bar area of A and C sites gradually increased, B site decreased during 10 years. Also, ratio of bar area to vegetation coverage and level of vegetation coverage increased in all sites during 10 years. All sites seem to have experienced the terrestrialization with time. On the other hand, ratio of annual vegetation increased and ratio of perennial vegetation decreased in C site in 2016 compare to 2006. Because area of Japanese Hops (Humulus japonicas) as one type of annual vegetation increased, other vegetation could not grow up by its powerful expandability. It is time to make active adaptive management based on not only continuos monitoring but also revaluation of river conditions in order to enhance habitat quality and quantity in Tan-chun ecological landscape reserve.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.205-214
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• 2014

본 연구는 부산광역시 지정 기념물 제 46호인 동백섬에 대해 문화경관림으로서의 식생관리방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 연구대상지는 동백섬 내 자연휴식년제 지역인 정상부 주변 $20,000m^2$이었다. 지형, 식생, 식생관리현황을 기준으로 식생구조 유형을 분류하였으며 유형별 식물군집구조 분석을 통해 관리방안을 도출하였다. 식생구조 유형은 관리되고 있는 동백나무림, 관리되지 않은 사스레피나무림, 험준지의 미관리된 사스레피나무림 등 3개로 구분되었으며, 식물군집구조 분석결과, 교목층에서는 곰솔이 우점하였고 아교목층에서는 동백나무(유형 I), 사스레피나무(유형II, III)가 우점하였다. 특히, 관목층을 중심으로 난대림의 극상수종인 후박나무가 일부 분포하였다. 흉고직경급별 분석결과, 유형 I, II에서 중경목의 팽나무와 후박나무가 일부 분포하였고 모든 유형의 관목층에서 후박나무가 4~44주 생육하였다. 교목층의 평균 수령은 66년, 아교목층은 22.9년이었으며 종다양도는 0.5472~0.8646로 분석되었다. 동백섬의 식생관리 방향으로서 기존 관리된 동백나무림은 주기적인 관리를 유지하며 관리되지 않은 사스레피나무림은 사스레피나무를 제거하고 동백나무를 식재하는 관리를 제안하였다. 관리되지 않은 험준지 사스레피나무림은 동백나무경관 형성이 불가능 할 것으로 예측되어 상록활엽수림으로의 천이유도 방안을 제시하였다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.265-274
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• 1997

All landscapes are mosaics of habitat patches of different types. Therefore, there are always edged between habitat patches in a landscape. Forest animal has an important role in vegetation development and maintenance by seed dispersal around forest. Movement of animals depends on the spatially heterogeneous structure and pattern of vegetation landscapes because each animal has special habitats in a landscape. Especially, forast edge with high permeability and prey density is one of the important habitats to the animals. Therefore, understanding the ecological characteristics of the forest edges as a corridor connecting mosaic vegetation patches is necessa교 새 establish the strategies for the nature conservation and sustainable vegetation management. Under this idea, we examined the animal influenced on pine seeds as one of the method of monitoring the animal activity in mosaic vegetation. Man-made mosaic vegetations including open, edge and inner forests were carefully selected in the rural landscape. We carried out predation test on pine seeds during one year. A result was that damages on seed was more significant at forest edge than inner and open forest. Pine seed on seedbeds was mainly attacked by squirrels and mice than birds. Pine seed was damaged by squirrels in different types of vegetation by seasons. Rate of seed predation at forest edge was, in special, higher than that of other sites. According to this results, it is suggested that the relationship between animal behavior and spatial vegetation structure relating to human impact such as the distance from settlement to vegetation appeares to be in the rural vegetation landscape.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.41-51
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• 1990

This study was executed to investigate the vegetation structure and to propose the vegetation management proposals of the Sansung Nature Park at Cheonju City and the results were as fellows. 1. A damage of vegetation and soil surface around the Namgosa was taken place up to 100m by picnic 2. Pinus rigida forest covered 36.1% of the total area(152.6ha) and total afforested vegetation covered 43.5%, respectively. P. denstflora comm. covered 28.4% arid Carpinus laxiflora Comm. as a climax vegetation in temerate zone covered 0.3%, respectively. 3. 6, 7 and 8 of the degree of human disturbance of vegetation covered 45.3%, 26.6% and 21.4%, respectively and resulted in low quality of naturalness. 4. Physical and chemical properties of soil were pour at high elevation and were poor severely in and around the Namgosa due to human disturbance. 5. Plant community were under rapid succession and had unvalanced structure and heterogeneous composition of species. Rapid vegetational succession from Pinus densiflora and Pf. rigida to Carpinus laxifora, Quercus spp. and Robinina pseudo-acacia were taken place.6. The speeies of Raunkiaer's frequency class I as of high frequency class were Pinus dunsiflora, Carpinus alxiflora, Quercus mmongolica, Sorbus alnifolia, Prunrs sargintii, Rhododendron yedoense, Stephanandra incisa and Lespedeza maxinowiczii. 7. Vegetational management proposals were made for three vegetation zones ; Historic landscape restoration and preservation zone, Afforested vegetation zone, Native vegetation conservation zone and recommanded native species for landcape planting.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.69-77
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• 1999

Secondary vegetation. the holistically integrated system of nature and human being, is the complicated ecosystem that is composed of natural and man-created factors. Understanding the ecological function of secondary vegetation supplies us many important informations for sustainable landscape management and ecological restoration planning. In this research, we tried to examine the shape effect of vegetation patch on early structure of populations of pine and oaks. Moreover. we also tried to clarify the ecological functions of patch edge by exploring the patch effect on germination using patch index. In addition, we present the landscape structure of man -made vegetation of our study area, and setting experimental design of research. Vegetation landscape of study area is typical human disturbed landscape mainly composed of disturbance patches. Vegetation types of graveyard and managed pine forest were controlled by periodically repeated management. However, current seedlings of pine occurred well at both vegetation types. Presence of both saplings were more controlled in managed pine forest (PDM) and graveyard (G) than those of undergrowth (PD) and forest edge (FE) with canopy trees. The number of pine seedlings increased with patch size and patch perimeter. That of oak seedlings was, however, not significantly different. Larger graveyards provided higher light availability for germination of pine seedlings. We think, however, most seedlings of both species in the large sized graveyards without shade will die more easily than that of small sized ones before rainy summer. Relationships between patch shape and germination of two woody species cannot be exactly explained enough yet in these results. More informations on spatial interaction of the total species with differently sized patches are necessary to solve the concept of patch effect on species colonization.