• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.110-119
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• 2024

Background: The Mae Kha Canal is one of Chiang Mai's most important waterways. It supports local agriculture, irrigation, and transportation as well as provides stormwater drainage to prevent floods. Due to the unregulated rapid urbanization of the city and lack of efficient waste and wastewater management systems over the past few decades, the canal has become heavily polluted. This study aimed to evaluate the water quality of Mae Kha canal through assessment of the physico-chemical water quality and coliform bacteria. Moreover, benthic macroinvertebrates were samples and assessed using the Biological Monitoring Working Party (BMWP^Thai) and Average Score Per Taxon (ASPT^Thai) as biological indices. Results: The physico-chemical showed low dissolved oxygen levels, high levels of ammonia and phosphates, and elevated levels of biochemical oxygen demand, indicating that the water quality had significantly deteriorated. The canal was found to be heavily polluted, with most sites falling into the polluted to very heavily polluted. Coliform bacteria analysis revealed alarmingly high levels of total coliform bacteria and fecal coliform bacteria in the canal. The BMWP^Thai and ASPT^Thai scores indicated poor to very poor water quality. Conclusions: The physico-chemical and coliform bacteria indicated that the water quality of the Mae Kha canal had significantly deteriorated. The biological indices also indicated the poor to very poor water quality. This study underscores the urgent need for comprehensive remediation efforts, emphasizing strategic planning, investment, and community engagement to revive the canal's ecological health and water quality.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.35-42
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• 1992

본 고에서는 X.25 동기 프로토콜(1)을 이용한 KT-MAiL 서비스의 확장 네트워킹의 실현에 대해 기술하고, 많은 사용자에게 서비스를 제공하기 위한 KT-MAiL 호스트 시스팀과의 인터페이스 및 실현후의 패킷 전송 성능에 대해 기술하고자 한다.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2002.07a
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• pp.110-112
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• 2002

In this paper, a new technique for Thai isolated speech phoneme segmentation is proposed. Based on Thai speech feature, the isolated speech is first divided into low and high frequency components by using the technique of wavelet decomposition. Then the energy contour of each decomposed signal is computed and employed to locate phoneme boundary. To verity the proposed scheme, some experiments have been performed using 1,000 syllables data recorded from 10 speakers. The accuracy rates are 96.0, 89.9, 92.7 and 98.9% for initial consonant, vowel, final consonant and silence, respectively.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.4193-4196
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• 2014

Lingzhi or Ganoderma lucidum is a popular medicinal mushroom used as a health promotion herb in China and other Asian countries for thousands of years. There have many previous studies about the anti-cancer effects of lingzhi especially in vitro. The present study reports the clinical data of 5 gynecologic cancer patients who achieved stability in the disease after ingestion of lingzhi in the form of fruit body water extract and spores in a salvage setting. This report has been written to enhance the data describing the effect of lingzhi in cancer patients.

• 대한상한금궤의학회지
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2015

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to show the importance of Shanghanlun(傷寒論) paleography. Shanghanlun(傷寒論) must be thoroughly reinterpreted through graphonomy evidence. Methods : The object of this study is Gangpyeong-Shanghanlun(康平傷寒論), which is known as the oldest edition of Shanghanlun(傷寒論). This study compares the paleographic meaning of Shanghanlun(傷寒論), Mai(脈), Shanghanlun provisions 96 and 103 to existing interpretations. Results : Mai(脈) doesn't mean 'Radial pulse(Chon.Gwan.Cheok)' in Shanghanlun(傷寒論), so the meaning of Mai(脈) should be redefined. Mai(脈) means 'Continuous movement of human body' based on Chinese paleography. Also it's being verified as reasonable hypothesis in recent clinical researches. In addition, Shanghanlun(傷寒論) paleography makes it possible to grasp the true intention of Zhang Zhongjing(張仲景). Conclusions : Shanghanlun(傷寒論) paleography has a limit that it cannot be perfectly applied to clinical diagnosis. Also, it may not represent the whole meaning of Shanghanlun (傷寒論). Therefore, the value of Shanghanlun(傷寒論) reinterpretation should be recognized through this study, and we should continuously find out future values from Shanghanlun(傷寒論).

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.57-62
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• 2014

Purpose: To evaluate association between equivalent dose in 2 Gy (EQD2) to rectal point dose and gastrointestinal toxicity from whole pelvic radiotherapy (WPRT) and intracavitary brachytherapy (ICBT) in cervical cancer patients who were evaluated by rectosigmoidoscopy in Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University. Materials and Methods: Retrospective study was designed for the patients with locally advanced cervical cancer, treated by radical radiotherapy from 2004 to 2009 and were evaluated by rectosigmoidoscopy. The cumulative doses of WPRT and ICBT to the maximally rectal point were calculated to the EQD2 and evaluated the association of toxicities. Results: Thirty-nine patients were evaluated for late rectal toxicity. The mean cumulative dose in term of EQD2 to rectum was 64.2 Gy. Grade 1 toxicities were the most common findings. According to endoscopic exam, the most common toxicities were congested mucosa (36 patients) and telangiectasia (32 patients). In evaluation between rectal dose in EQD2 and toxicities, no association of cumulative rectal dose to rectal toxicity, except the association of cumulative rectal dose in EQD2 >65 Gy to late effects of normal tissue (LENT-SOMA) scale ${\geq}$ grade 2 (p = 0.022; odds ratio, 5.312; 95% confidence interval, 1.269-22.244). Conclusion: The cumulative rectal dose in EQD2 >65 Gy have association with ${\geq}$ grade 2 LENT-SOMA scale.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.5011-5017
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• 2016

Background: Cervical cancer is a major public health problem worldwide. There have been several studies indicating that risk is associated with geographic location and that the incidence of cervical cancer has changed over time. In Thailand, incidence rates have also been found to be different in each region. Methods: Participants were women living or having lived in upper Northern Thailand and subjected to cervical screening at Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital between January 2010 and December 2014. Generalized additive models with Loess smooth curve fitting were applied to estimate the risk of cervical cancer. For the spatial analysis, Google Maps were employed to find the geographical locations of the participants' addresses. The Quantum Geographic Information System was used to make a map of cervical cancer risk. Two univariate smooths: x equal to the residency duration was used in the temporal analysis of residency duration, and x equal to the calendar year that participants moved to upper Northern Thailand or birth year for participants already living there, were used in the temporal analysis of the earliest year. The spatial-temporal analysis was conducted in the same way as the spatial analysis except that the data were split into overlapping calendar years. Results: In the spatial analysis, the risk of cervical cancer was shown to be highest in the Eastern sector of upper Northern Thailand (p-value <0.001). In the temporal analysis of residency duration, the risk was shown to be steadily increasing (p-value =0.008), and in the temporal analysis of the earliest year, the risk was observed to be steadily decreasing (p-value=0.016). In the spatial-temporal analysis, the risk was stably higher in Chiang Rai and Nan provinces compared to Chiang Mai province. According to the display movement over time, the odds of developing cervical cancer declined in all provinces. Conclusions: The risk of cervical cancer has decreased over time but, in some areas, there is a higher risk than in the major province of Chiang Mai. Therefore, we should promote cervical cancer screening coverage in all areas, especially where access is difficult and/or to women of lower socioeconomic status.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.16
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• pp.7271-7275
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of significant lesions defined as high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL), adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) and invasive carcinoma in women who had HPV-positive and cytology negative co-testing screening results. This retrospective study was conducted in Chiang Mai University Hospital between May, 2013 and August, 2014. Hybrid capture 2 (HC2) was used for HPV testing and conventional Pap smears for cytologic screening. A repeat liquid-based cytology (LBC) was performed in women with such co-testing results followed by colposcopy. Random biopsy was performed in cases of normal colposcopic findings. Further investigations were carried out according to the biopsy or the repeat LBC results. During the study period, 273 women met the criteria and participated in the study. The mean age of these women was 46.4 years with 30% of them reporting more than one partner. The median interval time to colposcopy was 165 days. About 40% showed an abnormality in the repeat cytology. Significant cervical lesions were found in 20 (7.3%) women, including 2 invasive cancers. Of interest was that only 2 of 20 significant lesions were diagnosed by colposcopic examination while the remainder were initially detected by cervical biopsy and abnormal repeat cytology. In conclusion, the prevalence of significant cervical lesions in HPV positive and cytology negative women in Northern Thailand was 7.3%. Further diagnostic work up with repeat cytology follow by colposcopy is recommended. Random biopsy should be performed even when the colposcopic findings are normal.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.445-449
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• 2017

The prevalence of Centrocestus formosanus metacercariae was investigated in ornamental fish purchased from a pet shop in Chiang Mai, Thailand, including Carassius auratus (goldfish), Cyprinus carpio (Koi), Poecilia latipinna (Sailfin Molly), Danio rerio (Zebrafish), and Puntigrus tetrazona (Tiger barb). The parasite species was identified by the morphology of worms as well as by a molecular approach using ITS2. The results showed that 50 (33.3%) of 150 fish examined were infected with the metacercariae. The highest prevalence was found in C. auratus (83.3%), and the highest intensity was noted in C. carpio (70.8 metacercariae/fish). The most important morphological character was the presence of 32-34 circumoral spines on the oral sucker. The phylogenetic studies using the rRNA ITS2 region revealed that all the specimens of C. formosanus in this study were grouped together with C. formosanus in GenBank database. This is the first report on ornamental fish, C. carpio, P. latipinna, D. rerio, and P. tetrazona, taking the role of second intermediate hosts of C. formosanus in Thailand. Prevention and control of metacercarial infection in ornamental fish is urgently needed.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.5375-5378
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• 2013

Background: This study was undertaken to evaluate the surgical outcomes of patients with stage IA2 cervical cancer treated with radical hysterectomy. Data for 58 patients who underwent modified radical hysterectomy or radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy between January 2003 and December 2012 at Chiang Mai University Hospital were retrospectively reviewed. The analysis included clinico-pathological risk factors (nodal metastasis, parametrial involvement), adjuvant treatment, 5-year disease-free survival and 5-year overall survival. All pathologic slides were reviewed by a gynecologic pathologist. Follow-up methods included at least cervical cytology and colposcopy with directed biopsy if indicated. Univariate analysis was performed to identify factors associated with median survival. At the median follow up time of 73 months, the 5-year disease-free survival and the 5-year overall survival were 97.4% and 97.4%, respectively. Two (3.4%) patients had pelvic lymph node metastases. In a univariate analysis, there was no statistically significant association between survival and prognostic factors such as age, histological cell type, lymph-vascular space invasion, vaginal margin status and lymph node status. Surgical and survival outcomes of women with stage IA2 cervical cancer are excellent. No parametrial involvement was detected in our study. Patients with stage IA2 cervical cancer may be treated with simple or less radical hysterectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy.