• 대한두경부종양학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.33-42
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• 2008

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma(HNSCC) is notorious for its poor outcome and increasing incidence. But, the studies of cytogenetic analysis in HNSCC are relatively rare, because of difficulties in culturing solid tumor cells and complexity in chromosomal DNA abberations associated with the lesions. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the location of chromosomal aberrations in Korean HNSCC cell lines (SNU-1041, 1066, and 1076) with comparative genomic hybridization(CGH) and array based CGH(array-CGH). Chromosomal gains of 3q23-q27, 5p13-p15.3, 7p21-pter, 8q11.2-q12, 8q21.1-qter, 9q22-q34, 16q22-q24, and 20q11.2-qter, as well as chromosomal losses on 3p10-p14 were found in all 3 SNU cell lines. Losses on 3p15- p23, 4q22-q27, 4q31.3-qter, 6q14-q15, 7q31-q34, 8p12-pter, 18q21-q23, and 21q11.2-q12 were observed in 2 of 3 cell lines. In array-CGH, many genes were altered including gains of PIK3CA, MYC, EVI1, MAD1L1 genes and losses of SERPIN genes. These aberrations of gene and chromosome coincide with other results of study, generally. These data about the patterns of chromosomal aberrations could be a basic step for understanding more detailed genetic events in the carcinogenesis and also provide information for diagosis and treatment in HNSCC.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.898-908
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• 1998

The aim of this experiments were to assess the time-interval change of motional characteristics in frozen-thawed semen of Korean native cattle (KNC) by using computer aided semen analysis (CASA) technology. Twenty-six KNC frozen semen straws were obtained from Korean KNC improvement department, livestock improvement main division, national livestock cooperatives federation in Korea. Specimens were allowed to thaw at $37^{\circ}C$ for 30 sec in water bath. Semen analysis was performed on semen image analysis system (SIAS, Medical supply, Korea) adjusted to the gate settings and used the semen droplet ($5{\mu}l$) placed on Makler counting chamber (Sefi medical instrument, Israel) prewarmed at $37^{\circ}C$. The same person used the same micropipette to fill the Makler counting chamber. A total of 150 or more of sperms were analysed in each specimen by a single trained person by scanning at least 5 to 10 fields. The measurement parameters in SIAS were as follows ; frame rate = 30 frames per sec, image capture = 1 sec, minimum motile speed = $10{\mu}m/s$, maximum countable sperm number = 400. Statistical analysis was done by Student t-test with use of the Sigma plot program on a IBM personal computer. The dancemean(DNM) and hyperactivated sperm(HYP) of frozen-thawed KNC semen kinematics were significantly decreased(p < 0.05) after 10 min of incubation at $37^{\circ}C$ water bath. But, wobble(WOB) of same sample semen was significantly increased(p < 0.05) after 10 min of incubation and significantly decrease(p < 0.05) after 60 min of same incubation. And, after 30 mim of incubation, significantly differences were found most of motion kinematics, motifity(MOT), curvilinear velocity(VCL), straight line velocity(VSL), average path velocity(VAP), amplitude of lateral head displacement(ALH), beat cross frequency(BCF), mean angular displacement(MAD), dance(DNC), on same sample semen. The DNM of KNC semen sample was variable kinematics after 30 min of incubation. Also, the linearity(LIN) and straightness(STR) was significantly decreased(p < 0.05) from 60 min of incubation. In conclusion, the AI within 30 min after thawing of frozen semen can be an effective method for obtaining high fertility rate in KNC reproductive program.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.75-83
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• 2001

Background and method : The Cervi cornu parvum for children patients have been widely used nowadays: however, there have been no reports about the children patients' conditions and the parents' responses. To investigate these things, the questionnaires were used for the children patients(the ages between 0 and 15) who took the herbal medication combined with Cervix cornu parvum and their parents from January 1, 2000 to June 31 at the Dong-seo oriental Hospital. The chief complaints such as common cold, dyspepsia of using Cervi cornu parvum were divided into five categories and the changes were observed, scoring each stages. Besides, the quantity of taking herbal medication combined with Cervix cornu parvum, the expectancy, the satisfaction, the continual favor were included in the questionnaires. The result : 1. The trackable sample was 53: male infants 34(64.2%), female infants 19(35.8%). There is no differences between genders in the treating results. The treating results were increased after taking herbal medication combined with Cervi cornu parvum 2. When age is grouped by three categories(0-1, 2-6, 7-14 ages), the statistics shows that the treating results have no differences between each group(P>0.05) Regardless of the ages, the treats have correlated.(P<0.05) 3. When each symptoms made treated one case are analyzed, there have been correlations between the taking herbal medication combined with Cervi cornu parvum and recovery.(P<0.05) 4. The treating result have not affected by the expectancy.(P>0.05) Each group(good, moderate, poor) showed the recovery after the treatment.(P<0.05) 5. When the satisfaction divided into three groups(good, moderate, poor) there existed differences between groups.(P<0.05) Especially, the group with high expectancy increased the treatment. 6. About the recognition of herbal medication combined with Cervi cornu parvum is like this: the health refreshment, ordinary taking whenever turning-point of seasons comes, treatment, disbelieving the overdose of herbal medication combined with Cervi cornu parvum, disbelief about the security of the medicine such as fake medicine, mad cow diseases, the imported medicine, ignorance about the way of taking the medicine.

• 국제초고층학회논문집
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.37-51
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• 2012

New generation of tall and complex buildings systems are now introduced that are reflective of the latest development in materials, design, sustainability, construction, and IT technologies. While the complexity in design is being overcome by the availability and advances in structural analysis tools and readily advanced software, the design of these buildings are still reliant on minimum code requirements that yet to be validated in full scale. The involvement of the author in the design and construction planning of Burj Khalifa since its inception until its completion prompted the author to conceptually develop an extensive survey and real-time structural health monitoring program to validate all the fundamental assumptions mad for the design and construction planning of the tower. The Burj Khalifa Project is the tallest structure ever built by man; the tower is 828 meters tall and comprises of 162 floors above grade and 3 basement levels. Early integration of aerodynamic shaping and wind engineering played a major role in the architectural massing and design of this multi-use tower, where mitigating and taming the dynamic wind effects was one of the most important design criteria established at the onset of the project design. Understanding the structural and foundation system behaviors of the tower are the key fundamental drivers for the development and execution of a state-of-the-art survey and structural health monitoring (SHM) programs. Therefore, the focus of this paper is to discuss the execution of the survey and real-time structural health monitoring programs to confirm the structural behavioral response of the tower during construction stage and during its service life; the monitoring programs included 1) monitoring the tower's foundation system, 2) monitoring the foundation settlement, 3) measuring the strains of the tower vertical elements, 4) measuring the wall and column vertical shortening due to elastic, shrinkage and creep effects, 5) measuring the lateral displacement of the tower under its own gravity loads (including asymmetrical effects) resulting from immediate elastic and long term creep effects, 6) measuring the building lateral movements and dynamic characteristic in real time during construction, 7) measuring the building displacements, accelerations, dynamic characteristics, and structural behavior in real time under building permanent conditions, 8) and monitoring the Pinnacle dynamic behavior and fatigue characteristics. This extensive SHM program has resulted in extensive insight into the structural response of the tower, allowed control the construction process, allowed for the evaluation of the structural response in effective and immediate manner and it allowed for immediate correlation between the measured and the predicted behavior. The survey and SHM programs developed for Burj Khalifa will with no doubt pioneer the use of new survey techniques and the execution of new SHM program concepts as part of the fundamental design of building structures. Moreover, this survey and SHM programs will be benchmarked as a model for the development of future generation of SHM programs for all critical and essential facilities, however, but with much improved devices and technologies, which are now being considered by the author for another tall and complex building development, that is presently under construction.

• 한국결정학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국결정학회 2003년도 춘계학술연구발표회
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• pp.18-18
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• 2003

Thioredoxin (Trx) is a small redox protein that is ubiquitously distributed from achaes to human. In diverse organisms, the protein is involved in various physiological roles by acting as electron donor and regulators of transcription and apoptosis as well as antioxidants. Sequences of Trx within various species are 27～69% identical to that of E. coli and all Trx proteins have the same overall fold, which consists of central five β strands surrounded by four α helices. The N-terminal cysteine in WCGPC motif of Trx is redox sensitive and the motif is highly conserved. Compared with general cysteine, the N-terminal cysteine has low pKa value. The result leads to increased reduction activity of protein. Recently, novel thio.edoxin-related protein (TRP14) was found from rat brain. TRP14 acts as disulfide reductase like Trx1, and its redox potential and pKa are similar to those of Trx1. However, TRP14 takes up electrons from cytosolic thioredoxin reductase (TrxR1), not from the mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase (TrxR2). Biological roles of TES14 were reported to be involved in regulating TNF-α induced signaling pathways in different manner with Trx1. In depletion experiments, depletion of TRP14 increased TNF-α induced phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα more than the depletion Trx1 did. It also facilitated activation of JNK and p38 MAP kinase induced by TNF-α. Unlike Trx1, TRP14 shows neither interaction nor interference with ASK1. Here, we determined three-dimensional crystal structure of TRP14 by MAD method at 1.8Å. The structure reveals that the conserved cis-Pro (Pro90) and active site-W-C-X-X-C motif, which may be involved in substrate recognition similar to Trx1 , are located at the beginning position of strand β4 and helix α2, respectively. The TRP14 structure also shows that surface of TRP14 in the vicinity of the active site, which is surrounded by an extended flexible loop and an additional short a helix, is different from that of Trx1. In addition, the structure exhibits that TRP14 interact with a distinct target proteins compared with Trx1 and the binding may depend mainly on hydrophobic and charge interactions. Consequently, the structure supports biological data that the TRP14 is involved in regulating TNF-α induced signaling pathways in different manner with Trx1.

• 한국동물학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 1966

Frequently , large masses of the young short necked clam, Tapes japonica , die at their tidal flats in summer and this phenomenon has not been explained clearly. The purpose of the present investigation is to study the thermal condition and the chlorinity level of tidal flats in which the young clam appears to be injured. A study is also mad efor the burrowing organism in the lower layer of the esturay over which the fresh water flow during the low tide. Observation are made at five places of the tidal flat near Ikawazu Fixheries Laboratory of Tokyo University during the ebb and flow tide period of the spring tide. The diurnal and monthly changes of tidal temperatures and chlorinities are measured. Results of the study are ; 1. The surface temperature of the tidal flat increases with the ebb tide, reaches the highest between 12-14PM, and gradually decreases thereafter. The temperatures of tidal flat below 5 and 10 cm increase gradually until the flow tide reaches the surface. 2. At the spring tide in summer , the diurnal change of surface of the tidal flat temperature is very extensive ; it reaches 37-39$^{\circ}C$ in August. At the depths of 5 and 10 cm the temperature remains at 33 $^{\circ}C$ and 31$^{\circ}C$ , respectively. 3. The chlorinity of the tidal flat is higher during May through June and lower July through August, and this seems to be related to the amount of rainfall. 4. The chlorinity of the surface of tidal flat increases slightly during the ebb and flow tide periods. The observed higher chlorinity of surface of the tidal flat was 18.82% Cl. 5. At near the esturay, the fresh water that overflows the tidal flat affects the chlorinity of the surface but no such influence to the depth of the flat. 6. From above observations, it is assumed that the young short necked clam in the tidal flat could be exposed to the severe change of environmental conditions. The high temperature of the tidal flat in summer and the low chlorinity of it at flood period may be considered as the change in environment.

• 동남아시아연구
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.197-221
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• 2018

2018년 캄보디아 총선에서 집권당인 캄보디아인민당이 76.78%를 득표하며 하원 125석 전체를 석권했다. 총선 전 강제 해산되어 선거에 참여할 수 없었던 캄보디아구국당은 선거 거부 운동으로 저항했고 캄보디아인민당은 투표 독려로 대응했다. 그 결과 2018년 총선은 투표율로써 선거의 정당성을 심판하는 선거가 되었는데, 투표율 82.89%는 캄보디아인민당에게 승리와 함께 선거의 부당성을 희석하는 성과도 제공했다. 캄보디아구국당 지지층의 표는 분산되었다. 약 60만 표의 무효표는 캄보디아인민당에 대한 반대를 의미하지만, 그 두배의 유권자들이 캄보디아인민당 지지로 선회함으로써 전체 결과를 부정하기에는 부족했다. 2013년 총선에서 정권교체의 위기를 경험한 캄보디아인민당은 안정적인 선거 승리와 정권 연장을 위해 총선 전 캄보디아구국당을 강제 해산하여 2018년 총선에서 경쟁을 제거하였다. 역대 총선을 통해 패권적 선거권위주의에서 경쟁적 선거권위주의로의 점진적 이행 궤적을 그리던 캄보디아의 정치체제는 2018년 총선을 통해 다시 패권적 선거권위주의로 퇴행하였다.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.81-89
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• 2004

목적 : 방사선 치료에서 환자와 근무자에 의한 setup error등은 치료성적이 결정될 수 있는 중요한 요인이라고 볼 수 있다. 이에 환자와 근무자에 의한 SET-UP ERROR가 환자치료에 미치는 영향에 대하여 비교 분석하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법 : 실험은 human phantom을 이용하여 C-T scan시 Left방향의 Lateral Level을 0mm, 3mm, 5mm, 7mm, 10mm, 15mm, 20mm로 변화시켜 SET-UP ERROR를 유발하였고, 각각에 대하여 C-T scan을 시행하였고, SET-UP ERROR가 유발된 각각의 C-T image를 얻어 RTP장비를 이용하여 임상에서 많이 사용되는 plan을 사용하여 7개의 C-T image에 각각의 plan-대향이문조사plan, Box-4문조사plan, 3Dimension plan-3개를 시행하여 총 21개의 plan을 실시하였다. (CTV+1cm margin, CTV+0.5cm margin, CTV+0.3cm margin = PTV) 이렇게 얻어진 plan을 이용하여 SET-UP ERROR가 유발이 안된 0mm image의 plan 3개와 SET-UP ERROR가 있는 6개 image의 총 18개의 plan을 대향이문조사plan, Box4문조사plan, 3Dimension plan으로 나누어 선량분포와 DVH를 이용하여 비교 분석하였다. 결과 : SET-UP ERROR를 유발시킨 3mm, 5mm, 7mm C-T image에서는 대향이문조사plan을 제외하고는 모든 plan에서 충분히 치료에 영향을 미칠만한 변화가 나타났으며, Box4문조사plan에서는 SET-UP ERROR에 의한 CTV가 Field 밖으로 빠짐으로 선량분포와 DVH가 나빠지는 현상이 나타났다. 결론 : 환자의 움직임, CTV 3차원형태, CTV margin등이 치료에 영향을 미친다. 이러한 영향을 줄이기 위해서는 환자의 긴장감과 움직임을 줄일 수 있는 환자교육과 정확한 환자setup능력이 치료의 승패를 좌우한다고 생각된다. 또한 재현성과 움직임을 줄일 수 있는 accessory 개발과 보급이 중요하다.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.195-207
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• 2006

Stem cells are the primordial, initial cells which usually divide asymmetrically giving rise to on the one hand self-renewals and on the other hand progenitor cells with potential for differentiation. Zygote (fertilized egg), with totipotency, deserves the top-ranking stem cell - he totipotent stem cell (TSC). Both the ICM (inner cell mass) taken from the 6 days-old human blastocyst and ESC (embryonic stem cell) derived from the in vitro cultured ICM have slightly less potency for differentiation than the zygote, and are termed pluripotent stem cells. Stem cells in the tissues and organs of fetus, infant, and adult have highly reduced potency and committed to produce only progenitor cells for particular tissues. These tissue-specific stem cells are called multipotent stem cells. These tissue-specific/committed multipotent stem cells, when placed in altered environment other than their original niche, can yield cells characteristic of the altered environment. These findings are certainly of potential interest from the clinical, therapeutic perspective. The controversial terminology 'somatic stem cell plasticity' coined by the stem cell community seems to have been proved true. Followings are some of the recent knowledges related to the stem cell. Just as the tissues of our body have their own multipotent stem cells, cancerous tumor has undifferentiated cells known as cancer stem cell (CSC). Each time CSC cleaves, it makes two daughter cells with different fate. One is endowed with immortality, the remarkable ability to divide indefinitely, while the other progeny cell divides occasionally but lives forever. In the cancer tumor, CSC is minority being as few as 3-5% of the tumor mass but it is the culprit behind the tumor-malignancy, metastasis, and recurrence of cancer. CSC is like a master print. As long as the original exists, copies can be made and the disease can persist. If the CSC is destroyed, cancer tumor can't grow. In the decades-long cancer therapy, efforts were focused on the reducing of the bulk of cancerous growth. How cancer therapy is changing to destroy the origin of tumor, the CSC. The next generation of treatments should be to recognize and target the root cause of cancerous growth, the CSC, rather than the reducing of the bulk of tumor, Now the strategy is to find a way to identify and isolate the stem cells. The surfaces of normal as well as the cancer stem cells are studded with proteins. In leukaemia stem cell, for example, protein CD 34 is identified. In the new treatment of cancer disease it is needed to look for protein unique to the CSC. Blocking the stem cell's source of nutrients might be another effective strategy. The mystery of sternness of stem cells has begun to be deciphered. ESC can replicate indefinitely and yet retains the potential to turn into any kind of differentiated cells. Polycomb group protein such as Suz 12 repress most of the regulatory genes which, activated, are turned to be developmental genes. These protein molecules keep the ESC in an undifferentiated state. Many of the regulator genes silenced by polycomb proteins are also occupied by such ESC transcription factors as Oct 4, Sox 2, and Nanog. Both polycomb and transcription factor proteins seem to cooperate to keep the ESC in an undifferentiated state, pluripotent, and self-renewable. A normal prion protein (PrP) is found throughout the body from blood to the brain. Prion diseases such as mad cow disease (bovine spongiform encephalopathy) are caused when a normal prion protein misfolds to give rise to PrP$^{SC}$ and assault brain tissue. Why has human body kept such a deadly and enigmatic protein? Although our body has preserved the prion protein, prion diseases are of rare occurrence. Deadly prion diseases have been intensively studied, but normal prion problems are not. Very few facts on the benefit of prion proteins have been known so far. It was found that PrP was hugely expressed on the stem cell surface of bone marrow and on the cells of neural progenitor, PrP seems to have some function in cell maturation and facilitate the division of stem cells and their self-renewal. PrP also might help guide the decision of neural progenitor cell to become a neuron.