• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.108-112
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• 2009

A simplified method for the purification of cholera toxin was developed. The 569B strain of Vibrio cholerae, a recognized hyper-producer of cholera toxin, was propagated in a bioreactor under conditions that promote the production of the toxin. The toxin was separated from the bacterial cells using 0.2-${\mu}m$ crossflow microfiltration, the clarified toxin was passed through the membrane into the permeate, and the bacterial cells were retained in the retentate. The 0.2-${\mu}m$ permeate was then concentrated 3-fold and diafiltered against 10 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.6, using 30-kDa crossflow ultrafiltration. The concentrated toxin was loaded onto a cation exchange column, the toxin was bound to the column, and most of the impurities were passed unimpeded through the column. The toxin was eluted with a salt gradient of phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, containing 1.0 M NaCl. The peak containing the toxin was assayed for cholera toxin and protein and the purity was determined to be 92%. The toxin peak had a low endotoxin level of $3.1\;EU/{\mu}g$ of toxin. The purified toxin was used to prepare antiserum against whole toxin, which was used in a $G_{M1}$ ganglioside-binding ELISA to determine residual levels of toxin in an oral inactivated whole-cell cholera vaccine. The $G_{M1}$ ganglioside-binding ELISA was shown to be very sensitive and capable of detecting as little as 1 ng/ml of cholera toxin.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 1988

Two kinds of toxins were demonstrated in the culture filtrate of H. sativum, and were called 'M' and 'D' toxins. The lettuce bioassay indicated that D-toxin caused less root growth inhibition than M-toxin. Chemical analysis indicated that M-toxin was a very unusual small peptide. D-toxin was shown to have chemical characteristics similar to helminthosporal based on ultraviolet, proton nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectra. D-toxin was composed of at least two isomers.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.199-204
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• 1995

The antifungal effects of polyposphates on the growth and T-2 toxin production of Fusarium sporotrichioides M-1-1 were investigated. The growth of the strain was significantly inhibited in the potatoes dextrose agar medium treated with 1.5% polyphosphates or more. When we checked T-2 toxin by the indirect competitive ELISA, the strain produced 11.25 ug/ml and 10.90 ug/ml levels of T-2 toxin rice and corn containing 50% moisture contents, respectively. However, T-2 toxin was little detected in rice medium and corn medium with 1.5% polyphosphates addition for short(14 days) and prolonged incubation time(45 days). We also observed the destruction of cell wall and outflow of cell ingredients with 1% polyphosphates treatment to the strain. Therefore, moisture and polyphosphates greatly effected on the growth and T-2 toxin production of the strain.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 2006

Cultured cells of the toxic Alexandrium tamarense were fed to four mussel species, Mytilus coruscus, M. edulis, M. galloprovincialis and Septifer vulgatus, to examine the interspecies and interlocality differences in the ability to accumulate paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins. Toxin content of A. tamarense cells varied during culture period. In contrast, toxin composition in the cell (C1,2, GTX1-4 and neoSTX) was constantly stable. In feeding experiment, the four mussel species collected from Geoje intoxicated after uptake of A. tamarense. Toxin content ($average{\pm}SD\;{\mu}g$ STXeq/100 g) of M. coruscus, M. edulis, M. galloprovincialis and Septifer vulgatus were $1,660{\pm}79,\;3,914{\pm}2,242,\;5,626{\pm}1,620\;and\;958{\pm}163$, respectively. Toxin profiles included C1,2, GTX1,4 and neoSTX as the major components, and dcGTX2,3, GTX2,3, neoSTX and STX as the minor ones. Toxin accumulation of three mussel species collected from Pohang, Geoje and Anmyon-do showed interspecies and interlocality differences. Toxin content ($average{\pm}SD\;{\mu}g$ STXeq/100 g) were $91{\pm}4,\;151{\pm}14,\;39{\pm}3$ in M coruscus, $189{\pm}1,\;231{\pm}11,\;206{\pm}15$ in M edu/is and $214{\pm}28,\;326{\pm}30,\;291{\pm}26$ in M. galloprovincialis in order of Anmyon-do, Geoje and Pohang.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.318-323
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• 1995

The effect of AF-toxin I produced by the strawberry pathotype of Alternaria alternata on the protein synthesis of susceptible strawberry protoplasts was examined by using the radiolabeled amino acids. The incorporation of the radiolabeled amino acids into newly synthesized proteins in the strawberry protoplasts was stimulated by the toxin treatment at relatively low concentrations (2.2$\times$10-11 to 2.2$\times$10-9 M), but not at higher concentrations (2.2$\times$10-8 to 2.2$\times$10-6 M). An one-dimensional SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed no detectable differences in the proteins synthesized in both the toxintreated and untreated protoplasts. The susceptible strawberry protoplasts were treated with AF-toxin I and stained with Fluostain I to detect the extracellular polysaccharides. The toxin treatment induced the accumulation of extracellular polysccharides in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate a transient activation of cellular metabolism in the susceptible cells by the toxin exposure.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 2016

Objectives : I investigated whether snake venom can synergistically strengthen the cytotoxic effects of NK-92 cells, and enhance the inhibition of the growth of lung cancer cells including NCI-H358 through the induction of death receptor dependent extrinsic apoptosis. Methods : Snake venom toxin inhibited cell growth of NCI-H358 Cells and exerted non influence on NK-92 cell viability. Moreover, when they were co-cultured with NK cells and concomitantly treated with $4{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of snake venom toxin, more influence was exerted on the inhibition of growth of NCI-H358 cells than BV or NK cell co-culture alone. Results : The expression of Fas, TNFR2 and DR3 and in NCI-H358 lung cancer cells was significantly increased by co-culture of NK-92 cells and treatment of $4{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of snake venom toxin, compared to co-culture of NK-92 cells alone. Coincidentally, Bax, caspase-3 and caspase-8 - expressions of pro-apoptotic proteins in the extrinsic apoptosis pathway, demonstrated significant increase. However, in anti-apoptotic NF-${\kappa}B$ activities, activity of the signal molecule was significantly decreased by co-culture of NK-92 cells and treatment of $4{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of snake venom toxin, compared to co-culture of NK-92 cells or snake venom toxin treated by NCIH358 alone. Meanwhile, in terms of NO generation, there is a significant increase, in co-culture of NK-92 cells with NCI-H358 cells as well as the co-culture of NK-92 cells and concomitant treatment of $4{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of snake venom toxin. However, no synergistic increase of NO generation was shown in co-culture of NK-92 cells and treatment of $4{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of snake venom toxin, compared to co-culture of NK-92 cells with NCI-H358 cells. Conclusion : Consequently, this data provides that snake venom toxin could be useful candidate compounds to suppress lung cancer growth along with the cytotoxic effect of NK-92 cells through extrinsic apoptosis.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.51-56
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• 1996

In order to detect the T-2 toxin accumulation in the animal tissues, T-2 toxin, produced by Fusarium sporotrichioides M-1-1, was injected to mouse by 0, 1 and 2 mg per kilogram of body weight, respectively, and T-2 toxin extracted from serum and organs were analyzed by the indirected competitive ELISA. The indirect competitive ELISA established in the laboratory can be check less than 0.1 ppb level of T-2 toxin and average recovery of T-2 toxin spiked was 80~113% in animal samples such as serum, liver and kidney. After 6 weeks of treatment with 2 mg of T-2 toxin per kg body weight, T-2 toxin was accumulated in serum (133.0 ng/ml), liver(1.4 ng/g) and kidney(14.3 ng/g) of mouse injected with 2 mg of toxin per kg body weight.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.1655-1659
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• 2008

Using numerical models, we investigated the efficiency of toxin removal using pulsatile flow in blood purification systems that use semipermeable membranes. The model consisted of a three-compartmental mass transfer model for the inside body and a solute kinetics model for the dialyzer. The model predicted the toxin concentration inside the body during blood purification therapy, and the toxin removal efficiencies at different flow configurations were compared quantitatively. According to the simulation results, the clearances of urea and ${\beta}_2$ microglobulin (B2M) using a pulsatile pump were improved by up to 30.9% for hemofiltration, with a 2.0% higher urea clearance and 4.6% higher B2M clearance for high flux dialysis, and a 3.9% higher urea clearance and 8.2% higher B2M clearance for hemodiafiltration. These results suggest that using a pulsatile blood pump in blood purification systems with a semipermeable membrane improves the efficacy of toxin removal, especially for large molecules and hemofiltration treatment.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.129-135
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• 1985

In order to search for potential antidotes for T-2 toxin poisoning, seven Chinese herbal drug extracts and five natural constituents were tested on mice intoxicated with T-2 toxin. When extracts of Panax ginseng and Atractylodes japonica (500 mg/kg) were administered p.o. once 3 hrs before and once 1 hr after T-2 toxin treatment, a 30% complete survival rate was noted. In case of Paeonia albiflora var. typica, a 30% complete survival rate was also produced at a dose of 250 mg/kg. Other extracts, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Scutellaria baicalensis, Rehmannia glutinosa and Plantago asiatica exhibited no significant protection from the T-2 toxin poisoning. A nucleoside, thymidine showed protective activity against T-2 toxin toxicity and it produced a 40% complete survival rate when administered i.p. once 0.5 hr after T-2 toxin treatment. Other natural constituents, aucubin, vitamin C and E, and lipoic acid did not show any significant protective activities.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.65-73
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• 1988

T-2 toxin is one of mycotoxins produced by fungi such as Fusarium spp. and possesses a potent cytotoxicity to eukaryotic cell. The contamination of mycotoxins in cereals and feedstuffs is one of the great concerns in health authorities. Therefore, the development of the specific, sensitive and simplified analysis method for T -2 toxin is required. During more than ten years, several chemical and biological analysis methods were proposed and applied for the detection and quantification of T-2 toxin. TLC, GLC-FID and GC-MS are widely employed, but these methods required numerous clean-up procedures before analysis, and the detection limit for T-2 toxin is more than 10 ppb. Biological analysis methods with dermal tissues and cultured cells are not specific to T-2 toxin, since T-2 toxin and other related derivatives possess a similar toxicological activity although their relative activity is different each otber. Based on tbe specific reaction between antibody and antigen, the authors tried to introduce the immunochemical methods for determination of T-2 toxin. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method using monoclonal antibody for T-2 toxin was applied to analyse T-2 toxin. The detection limit of T-2 toxin by ELISA method was 0.1 ppb. The correlation between ELISA and GC-MS method on these samples was very high. ELISA method developed for the detection and quantification of T -2 toxin in this paper possesses simplicity, high sensitivity and specific for T-2 toxin. Furthermore, the ELISA method with T-2 toxin monoclonal antibody was an excellent tool for the screening of Fusarium spp. which was suspected to produce T-2 toxin.