• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.654-660
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• 1995

The present study was attempted to investigate the mechanism of oxidative cellular injuries which occur in diabetic rats by determining changes of antioxidant enzymes activity in the lung of alloxan-induced diabetic rats, the contents of glutathione in the lung, liver, blood samples, and ${\gamma}$-glutamylcysteine synthetase activities in the liver. Superoxide dismutase activities (SOD), including Cu, Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD, decreased in the lung of diabetic rats compared with those of normal control rats. However, activities of catalase and glutathione peroxidase(GPX) activities were not affected in the lung of diabetic rats. In diabetic rats, glutathione contents in the lung, liver, and blood samples, as well as the activities of ${\gamma}$-glutamylcysteine synthetase in the livers which is known to be the key enzyme of glutatione biosynthesis, decreased significantly. From these experimental results, it is thought that the decrease in SOD activities in the lung, glutathione contents and ${\gamma}$-glutamylcysteine synthetase activities in some tissues in alloxan-induced diabetic rats may be the crucial cause of vullnerability to oxidative cellular injuries.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.365-371
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• 1997

The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of the pulmonary perfusion scan(Pp scan) in the experimental animal single lung transplantation. Eight left lung transplanted mongrel dogs were included in this study. The serial Pp scan with 111MBq $^{99m}TC-MAA$ were done at the periods of immediate postoperative period, POD 3 days, and POD 10-14 days and finally autopsy was done in each cases. The transplanted lung perfusion was analysed as a percentage radioactivity of trans planted/native lung(T/N) ratio. The Pp scan of a donor mongrel dog was used as a reference(left/right lung (T/N) ratio 85.2%). The average T/N ratio of all cases on immediate postoperative state(reperfusion injury) : 19.2%, three acute rejections. 12.6%, three bronchial dehiscences 6.1% and two pulmonary thromboses : 2.0%. Two cases showed moderate improvement of reperfusion injury as increasing the T/N ratio in POD 3 days Pp scan. The T/N ratio showed sequentially decreased in six cases. As a conclusion, the Pp scan could be a non-invasive method in the evaluation of the experimental one-lung transplanted mongrel dog.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.67 no.5
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• pp.402-408
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• 2009

Background: Pre-B-cell colony enhancing factor (PBEF) has been suggested as a novel biomarker in sepsis and acute lung injury. We measured the PBEF in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of acute critically ill patients with lung infiltrates in order to evaluate the clinical utility of measuring PBEF in BAL fluid. Methods: BAL fluid was collected by bronchoscope from 185 adult patients with lung infiltrates. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was then performed on the collected fluids to measure the PBEF. Results: Mean patient age was 59.9 ${\pm}$14.5 years and 63.8% of patients were males. The mean concentration of PBEF in BAL fluid was 17.5 ${\pm}$88.3 ng/mL, and patients with more than 9 ng/mL of PBEF concentration (n=26, 14.1%) had higher Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores on the BAL exam day. However, there were no significant differences in clinical characteristics between survivors and non-survivors. In patients with leukocytosis (n=93) seen on the BAL exam day, the linear regression analysis revealed a significant, positive relationship between PBEF and APACHE II ($r^2$=0.06), SOFA score ($r^2$=0.08), Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score ($r^2$=0.05), and plateau pressure in patients on ventilators ($r^2$=0.07) (p<0.05, respectively). In addition, multivariate regression analysis with PBEF as a dependent variable showed that the plateau pressure ($r^2$=0.177, p<0.05) was correlated positively with PBEF. Conclusion: The PBEF level in the BAL fluid may be a useful, new biomarker for predicting the severity of illness and ventilator-induced lung injury in critically ill patients with lung infiltates and leukocytosis.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.162-169
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• 2024

Particulate matter (PM) constitutes a hazardous blend of organic and inorganic particles that poses health risks. Inhalation of fine airborne PM with a diameter of ≤ 2.5 ㎛ (PM_2.5) can lead to significant lung impairments. (+)-afzelechin (AZC), a natural compound sourced from Bergenia ligulata, boasts a range of attributes, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, and cardiovascular effects. However, knowledge about the therapeutic potential of AZC for patients with PM_2.5-induced lung injuries remains limited. Thus, in this study, we investigated the protective attributes of AZC against lung damage caused by PM_2.5 exposure. AZC was administered to the mice 30 min after intratracheal instillation of PM_2.5. Various parameters, such as changes in lung tissue wet/dry (W/D) weight ratio, total protein/total cell ratio, lymphocyte counts, levels of inflammatory cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), vascular permeability, and histology, were evaluated in mice exposed to PM_2.5. Data demonstrated that AZC mitigated lung damage, reduced W/D weight ratio, and curbed hyperpermeability induced by PM_2.5 exposure. Furthermore, AZC effectively lowered plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines produced by PM_2.5 exposure. It reduced the total protein concentration in BALF and successfully alleviated PM_2.5-induced lymphocytosis. Additionally, AZC substantially diminished the expression levels of Toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4), MyD88, and autophagy-related proteins LC3 II and Beclin 1. In contrast, it elevated the protein phosphorylation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Consequently, the anti-inflammatory attribute of AZC positions it as a promising therapeutic agent for mitigating PM_2.5-induced lung injuries by modulating the TLR4-MyD88 and mTOR-autophagy pathways.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.69 no.5
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• pp.337-347
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• 2010

Background: Transglutaminase-2 (TG-2) has been reported to play an important role in the process of fibrosis. However, TG-2 studies on fibroproliferation of acute lung injury (ALI) are absent. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of TG-2 in the fibroproliferation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI. Methods: The male C57BL/6 mice of 5 weeks age were divided into 3 groups; control group (n=30) in which $50{\mu}L$ of saline was given intratracheally (IT), LPS group (n=30) in which LPS 0.5 mg/kg/$50{\mu}L$ of saline was given IT, and LPS+Cyst group treated with intraperitoneal 200 mg/kg of cystamine, competitive inhibitor of TG-2, after induction of ALI by LPS. TG-2 activity and nuclear factor $(NF)-{\kappa}B$ were measured in lung tissue homogenate. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and transforming growth factor (TGF)-${\beta}1$ were measured using bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. Histopathologic ALI score and Mallory's phosphotunistic acid hematoxylin (PTAH) for collagen and fibronectin deposition were performed. Results: The TG-2 activities in the LPS group were significantly higher than the control and LPS+Cyst groups (p<0.05). The TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ concentrations and $NF-{\kappa}B$ activity were lower in the LPS+Cyst group than the LPS group (p<0.05). The LPS+Cyst group showed lower MPO, ALI score, TGF-${\beta}1$ concentration, and Mallory's PTAH stain than the LPS group, but the differences were not significant (p>0.05). Conclusion: Inhibition of TG-2 activity in the LPS-induced ALI prevented early inflammatory parameters, but had limited effects on late ALI and fibroproliferative parameters.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.159-166
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• 1996

In order to investigate the recycling of the pulmonary surfactant in association with morphological changes in macrophage after interleukin-1 $\alpha$ (IL-1) induced lung injury, an acute lung injury was induced by instillation of IL-1 into the trachea. Numbers of neutrophils and phospholipid content were increased significantly(P<0.01) in IL-1 treated BAL(brochoalveolar lavage) compared to control rat. By increased phagocytosis, the lamellar structures in the macrophges of IL-1 treated rats' BAL were increased and the compositions of the cellular organelles were changed in comparison to control rat. This difference in compositions of cellular organelles denotes difference of functions in macrophages between control and IL-1 treated rats. As macrophages have been said to implicate (in the difference in the recycling of pulmonary surfactant, it is highly probable that the difference in compositions of cellular organelles is closely related to the recycling of pulmonary surfactant. In the present study circular structures were synthesized in the cytoplasm of the macrophages in BAL of normal rats. Based on these experimental results, it is suggested that macrohages might synthesize during recycling of surfacuant in the lung.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.641-649
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• 2011

This study was purposed to evaluate the effects of root of Liriope spicata (RLS) on LPS-induced COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) model. The extract of RLS was treated to A549 cells and LPS-induced COPD mice model. Then, various parameters such as cell-based cyto-protective activity and histopathological finding were analyzed. RLS showed a protective effect on LPS-induced cytotoxicity in A549 cells. This effect was correlated with analysis for caspase 3 levels, protein level of cyclin B1, Cdc2, and phospho-Erk1/2, and gene expression of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ in A549 cells. RLS treatment also revealed the protective effect on LPS-induced lung injury in COPD mice model. This effect was evidenced via histopathological finding including immunofluence stains against caspase 3, and protein level of cyclin B1, Cdc2, and Erk1/2 in lung tissue. These data suggest that RLS has a pharmaceutical properties on lung injury. This study would provide an scientific evidence for the efficacy of RLS for clinical application to patients with COPD.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.1349-1357
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• 2009

This study was performed to investigate the effects of Shigyungbanha-tang(SGT) on the lipopolysaccharide(LPS) induced acute lung injury(ALI) in mice. 1 and 24 h before LPS intratracheal instillation, control group was taken distilled water orally. Treated groups was taken each concentrate SGT(2.5 g/kg, 6.7 g/kg) by orally as same times. Normal group was not instilled with LPS and was taken distilled water. 24 h after LPS intratracheal instillation, lung histology was performed in inflated-fixed lungs in 3 mice of each groups. The other mice of each groups, bronchoalveolar lavege fluids(BALF) was obtained to measure proinflammatory cytokines(TNF-$\alpha$, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6) and blood sample was obtained to measure white blood cell(WBC). In vitro, the effect of SGT($100\;ug/m{\ell}$, $500\;ug/m{\ell}$, $1000\;ug/m{\ell}$) on the release of RANTES, TARC induced by TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-4 in human alveolar epithelial cell(A549) was examined. Histopathologically, SGT prevented LPS-induced lung injury. SGT decreased protein, TNF-$\alpha$, IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 according to concentrations. In vitro, $500\;ug/m{\ell}$, $1000\;ug/m{\ell}$ concentrate SGT suppressed the expression of RANTES and TARC on A549 cells. On the basis of these results, SGT had a markedly anti-inflammatory effect in a clinically relevant model of ALI. Nevertheless, further investigations are required to determine the potential clinical usefulness of SGT in the adjunctive therapy of ALI.

• 대한약리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.10a
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• pp.73-73
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• 2006

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.55-62
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• 2002

Background: Interleukin-1(IL-1) and neutrophil appear to contribute to the pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS). Elastase, as well as reactive oxygen species released from activated neutrophil, are thought to play pivotal roles in the experimental models of acute lung leak. This study investigated whether ICI 200,355, a synthetic elastase inhibitor, can attenuate acute lung injury induced by IL-1 in rats. Materials and Methods: We intratracheally instilled either saline or IL-1 with and without treatment of ICI 200,355 in rats. Lung lavage neutrophils, lung lavage cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant(CINC) concentration, lung lavage protein concentration, lung myeloperoxidase(MPO) activity and lung leak index were measured at 5 hours of intratracheal treatment. Results: In rats given IL-1 intratracheally, lung lavage neutrophils, lung lavage CINC concentration, lung lavage protein concentration, lung MPO activity and lung leak index were higher. Intratracheal ICI 200,355 administration decreased lung lavage neutrophils, lung MFO activity and lung leak index, respectively, but did not decrease lung lavage CINC concentration. Conclusion: These results suggest that ICI 200,355 decreases lung inflammation and leak without decreasing lung lavage CINC concentration in rats given IL-1 intratracheally.