• 경영과정보연구
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• 제22권
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• pp.137-165
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• 2007

It seems high time to increase productivity by adopting e-business to overcome challenges posed by both external factors including the appreciation of Korean won, oil hikes and fierce global competition and domestic issues represented by disparities between large corporations and small and medium enterprises (SMEs), Seoul metropolitan and local cities, and export and domestic demand all of which weaken future growth engines in the Korean economy. The demands of the globalization era are for innovative changes in businessprocess and industrial structure aiming for creating new values. To this end, e-business is expected to play a core role in the sophistication of the Korean economy through new values and innovation. In order to examine business performance in e-business-adopting industries, this study analyzed the home shopping industry by closely looking into the financial ratios including the ratio of net profit to sales, the ratio of operation income to sales, the ratio of gross cost to sales cost, the ratio of gross cost to selling, general and administrative (SG&A) expense, and return of investment (ROI). This study, for best outcome, referred to corporate financial statements as a main resource to calculate financial ratios by utilizing Data Analysis, Retrieval and Transfer System (DART) of the Financial Supervisory Service, one of the Korea's financial supervisory authorities. First of all, the result of the trend analysis on the ratio of net profit to sales is as following. CJ Home Shopping has registered a remarkable increase in its ratio of net profit rate to sales since 2002 while its competitors find it hard to catch up with CJ's stunning performances. This is partly due to the efficient management compared to CJ's value of capital. Such significance, if the current trend continues, will make the front-runner assume the largest market share. On the other hand, GS Home Shopping, despite its best organized system and largest value of capital among others, lacks efficiency in management. Second of all, the result of the trend analysis on the ratio of operation income to sales is as following. Both CJ Home Shopping and GS Home Shopping have, until 2004, recorded similar growth trend. However, while CJ Home Shopping's operating income continued to increase in 2005, GS Home Shopping observed its operating income declining which resulted in the increasing income gap with CJ Home Shopping. While CJ Home Shopping with the largest market share in home shopping industryis engaged in aggressive marketing, GS Home Shopping due to its stability-driven management strategies falls behind CJ again in the ratio of operation income to sales in spite of its favorable management environment including its large capital. Companies in the Group B were established in the same year of 2001. NS Home Shopping was the first in the Group B to shift its loss to profit. Woori Home Shopping has continued to post operating loss for three consecutive years and finally was sold to Lotte Group in 2007, but since then, has registered a continuing increase in net income on sales. Third of all, the result of the trend analysis on the ratio of gross cost to sales cost is as following. Since home shopping falls into sales business, its cost of sales is much lower than that of other types of business such as manufacturing industry. Since 2002 in gross costs including cost of sales, SG&A expense, and non-operating expense, cost of sales turned out to have remarkably decreased. Group B has also posted a notable decline in the same sector since 2002. Fourth of all, the result of the trend analysis on the ratio of gross cost to SG&A expense is as following. Due to its unique characteristics, the home shopping industry usually posts ahigh ratio of SG&A expense. However, more than 80% of SG&A expense means the result of lax management and at the same time, a sharp lower net income on sales than other industries. Last but not least, the result of the trend analysis on ROI is as following. As for CJ Home Shopping, the curve of ROI looks similar to that of its investment on fixed assets. As it turned out, the company's ratio of fixed assets to operating income skyrocketed in 2004 and 2005. As far as GS Home Shopping is concerned, its fixed assets are not as much as that of CJ Home Shopping. Consequently, competition in the home shopping industry, at the moment, is among CJ, GS, Hyundai, NS and Woori Home Shoppings, and all of them need to more thoroughly manage their costs. In order for the late-comers of Group B and other home shopping companies to advance further, the current lax management should be reformed particularly on their SG&A expense sector. Provided that the total sales volume in the Internet shopping sector is projected to grow over 20 trillion won by the year 2010, it is concluded that all the participants in the home shopping industry should put strategies on efficient management on costs and expenses as their top priority rather than increase revenues, if they hope to grow even further after 2007.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.135-149
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• 1991

전력요금인하(電力料金引下)는 물가(物價)를 안정(安定)시킬 뿐만 아니라 서민생활의 부담을 덜어줌으로써 소득분배개선(所得分配改善)에 기여하는 것처럼 이해되고 있으나 과연 전력요금인하(電力料金引下)가 소득분배개선(所得分配改善)에 기여하는 것인가. 본(本) 논문(論文)에서는 우리나라 전력요금변화(電力料金變化)의 소득분배효과(所得分配效果) 측면(側面)을 좀 더 구체적으로 검토해 보았다. 전력요금변화(電力料金變化)는 세가지 경로를 통하여 소득분배(所得分配)에 영향을 미치게 된다. 첫째는 전력요금(電力料金) 가격구조(價格構造)를 통하여 소득분배(所得分配)에 영향을 미치게 된다. 우리나라 전력요금구조(電力料金構造)는 가정용(家庭用) 전력요금(電力料金)이 산업용(産業用) 전력요금(電力料金)보다 더 높기 때문에 일반서민계층(一般庶民階層)으로부터 요금(料金)을 징수하여 산업자본가(産業資本家)들을 보조해주는 결과(結果)가 되고 있어 전력요금구조(電力料金構造) 자체(自體)는 소득분배(所得分配)에 역진적(逆進的)이라고 할 수 있다. 둘째는 가계전력(家計電力) 소비지출(消費支出)의 변화(變化)를 통하여 소득분배(所得分配)에 영향(影響)을 미치게 된다. 가계소득계층별(家計所得階層別) 전력비지출(電力費支出) 비중(比重)은 저소득계층(低所得階層)이 상대적으로 더 큰 것으로 나타나고 있어 동일률(同一率)의 전력요금인하(電力料金引下)는 저소득계층(低所得階層)에게 상대적으로 많은 절감효과(節減效果)를 유발(誘發)하게 되어 소득분배개선(所得分配改善)에 도움이 된다. 그러나 가계소득(家計所得) 중 전력비지출(電力費支出) 비중(比重)이 불과 1~2%에 머물고 있기 때문에 그로 인한 소득분배(所得分配) 개선효과(改善效果)는 아주 미미하다. 셋째는 기업(企業)의 원가절감(原價節減)과 이로 인한 당기순이익(當期純利益) 증가(增加)를 통하여 소득분배(所得分配)에 영향을 미치게 된다. 당기순이익(當期純利益)이 증가(增加)될 때 일차적인 혜택을 보는 계층(階層)은 산업자본가(産業資本家)들이며 이들은 대체로 고소득계층(高所得階層)에 속한다. 따라서 전력요금인하(電力料金引下)는 고소득(高所得) 산업자본가(産業資本家) 계층(階層)의 소득(所得)을 증대(增大)시키는 측면(側面)에서는 계층간(階層間)의 소득격차(所得隔差)를 심화시키게 된다. 전력요금(電力料金)이 10% 인하(引下)될 경우를 가정하여 소득분배효과(所得分配效果)를 계량적(計量的)으로 분석해 본 결과 전력요금인하(電力料金引下)는 전력비지출(電力費支出) 절감(節減)을 통하여 저소득계층(低所得階層)의 가처분소득(可處分所得)을 증대(增大)시켜 주는 효과가 있는 것은 사실이다. 그러나 기업(企業)의 당기순이익(當期純利益)을 급격히 증가(增加)시켜 고소득계층(高所得階層)의 소득(所得)을 증대(增大)시켜 주는 결과를 가져오게 됨으로써 전체적으로는 계층간(階層間)의 소득격차(所得隔差)를 오히려 심화시키는 것으로 나타나고 있다. 따라서 국민경제적(國民經濟的) 차원(次元)에서의 소득분배(所得分配)는 별로 개선(改善)되지 못하는 것으로 나타나고 있다. 물론 전력요금(電力料金)의 조정에 있어서 소득분배(所得分配) 문제(問題)를 가장 우선적으로 고려하여야 한다는 의미는 아니다. 전력요금조정(電力料金調整)은 물가안정(物價安定), 수출산업(輸出産業) 경쟁력(競爭力) 강화(强化), 에너지소비절약 등 여러가지 국민경제적(國民經濟的) 요소(要素)들을 고려하여 결정(決定)되고 있다. 다만 물가안정(物價安定)이나 수출산업지원(輸出産業支援)을 위하여 전력요금(電力料金)을 인하(引下)하는 경우에도 현행가격체계(現行價格體系)와 소비구조하(消費構造下)에서는 그것이 소득분배개선(所得分配改善)에는 전혀 도움을 주지 못하고 오히려 소득분배상태(所得分配狀態)를 악화시키고 있음을 유의할 필요가 있다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.678-687
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• 2001

This study was carried out to compare the dietary behaviors and nutrient intakes among the students(13 years of age) of middle schools between in industrial complex and in non-industrial complex. The subjects of each group were composed of 192 male and female teenagers living in Ansan city in Korea, and this study was performed by questionnaire and dietary survey. As a result, mothers' education level and monthly family income were lower in industrial complex-families(ICF) than those in non-industrial complex-families(NICF). The subjects in ICF took dinner more irregularly than did those in NICF. The subjects in ICF skipped the meals often as there was no person preparing meals'. The subjects in ICF tended to take ra-myun, cookie or bread more often as a lunch, and they considered size and price of snack more imporandy when they chose snack than those in NICF. And the subjects in ICF had lower degree of flood habits and satisfaction on their meals than those in NICF. The daily intakes of calorie, vitamin B$_2$, calcium and iron of subjects of two groups were lower than the Korean RDA, and these intakes were lower in ICF than in NICF. These findings show that dietary behaviors and nutrient intakes were poor among the students of middle schools in ICF, in part it seems to be related to the fact that the group of ICF has low family income and mothers of ICF have the jobs that are finished late or irregularly. Therefore, these results underscore the need to provide the nutritional education for the students of middle schools and their mothers in ICF with respect to the importance of optimal nutrition through sound dietary behaviors during the adolescence.

• 한국사회정책
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.87-126
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• 2017

본 연구는 Rodgers(1989)가 제안한 불안정성의 세 가지 차원인 자원의 결핍, 불확실성, 통제권한의 부재를 이론적 분석 틀로 하여 한국 청년들이 경험하는 불안정성의 정도를 파악하고, 이들의 주관적 행복감에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 통합적으로 분석하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 2010년에 실시된 제 8차 한국종합사회조사(Korean General Social Survey, KGSS) 자료를 활용하여 청년세대인 만 19세부터 만 34세의 총 415명을 분석대상으로 하였고, 이들이 인식하는 주관적 건강상태와 가구 소득수준, 사회적 지지라는 세 가지 자원의 결핍이 삶의 불확실성과 통제권한의 부재라는 불안정성의 요소들을 통해 행복에 미치는 경로모형을 구조방정식을 활용하여 분석하였다. 그리고 청년세대를 저연령 집단(만 19세-26세)과 고연령 집단(만 27세-34세)으로 구분하여 연령집단 별로 어떠한 차이가 나타나는지 다중집단분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과, 자원의 결핍 및 불확실성과 통제권한의 부재 모두 청년들의 행복감에 직접적인 영향을 미쳤고, 그중에서 통제권한의 부재가 청년들의 행복에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 주관적 건강상태와 소득수준, 사회적 지지 모두 통제권한의 부재를 통해서만 행복에 간접적인 영향을 미쳤다. 그리고 다중집단분석 결과, 저연령 집단과 비교했을 때 고연령 집단에서만 소득수준이 행복에 유의한 영향을 미쳤고, 고연령 집단의 통제권한의 부재가 행복수준에 미치는 영향이 저연령 집단보다 컸다. 이러한 연구 결과를 바탕으로 정책 제언과 향후 연구 과제를 제시하였다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제108권3호
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• pp.392-404
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• 2019

이 연구의 목적은 임가의 소득원이 소득불평등에 미치는 영향을 파악하는 데 있다. 이를 위해 2013년부터 2016년까지 임가경제조사 데이터를 이용하여 소득원천별 지니계수 분해법을 적용하여 분석하였다. 구체적으로는 임가의 소득불평등도 분석은 임가 전체와 5개의 소득분위 계층별로 구분하여 분석하였다. 분석결과를 보면 임가의 소득불평등에 주로 영향을 미치는 소득은 임업소득과 임업 외 소득으로 나타났으며, 분위별로는 최상위 소득계층의 소득불평등은 임업소득의 영향력이 다른 소득원에 비해 크게 나타난 반면, 그 외의 분위에 속하는 임가에서는 임업 외 소득의 영향이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 임가의 소득증대를 위해서는 최상위 계층을 제외한 다른 계층에서의 임업소득에 대한 비중을 증대시킬 필요가 있으며, 최하위 소득계층의 임업소득이 부채상태인 점을 감안할 때, 이를 개선시킬 수 있는 방안의 강구도 필요한 것으로 판단된다. 동시에 임가의 소득불평등을 개선하기 위해서는 임가소득이 증대될수록 임업소득의 불평등을 개선하기 위한 정책적 대안이 필요한 것으로 판단된다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.483-492
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• 1998

To investigate the prevalence and etiologic factors of nursing caries, oral examination was performed on 1,100 kindergarten children from 6 Seoul areas and 3 Hongchun areas. Parents were asked to fill out questionnaires. The following results were obtained: 1. The prevalence of nursing caries among 1,100 in the sample group(age 30-75 months) was 14.8%. 2. Fathers' education level(p<0.05), mothers' education level(p<0.01) and monthly income was higher in caries-free group children. 3. When the dietary tendencies of nursing caries group and caries-free group were compared, no significant differences in the length and method of feeding were found. However, nursing caries group showed higher frequency of bedtime nursing habit(p<0.01), daytime use of bottle as a comforter(p<0.01) and other beverage feeding in addition to milk(p<0.01). 4. When the parents' awareness of caries prevention was compared, caries-free group per formed more frequent tooth cleansing(p<0.05) and periodic dental examination(p<0.01).5. Dental caries experience of mothers was significantly lower in the caries free group(p<0.05). From the above results, it can be concluded that deleterious nursing habit had great effect on developing nursing caries and the incidence of nursing caries was lower among children with parents of higher socioeconomic status.

• 근관절건강학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.37-50
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to identify the risk factors of osteoporosis. The data were collected from women who visited Physical Examination Center of a university hospital located in Taejon during the period of September 1997-August 1998. The sample was divided into two groups(the osteoporosis group of 44 cases and the control group of 66 cases). The results were summarized as follows ; 1. Sociodemographic characteristics(education and family income) and BMI showed no significant difference between the osteoporosis group and the control group. 2. There was no significant difference in coffee, unbalanced diet, diet method and meal habit between the osteoporosis group and the control group. 3. The osteoporosis group reported more incidence of operative menopause due to hysterectomy and oophorectomy, but this was not statistically significant. There was no significant difference in use of oral pill use, past disease and family history of fracture between the osteoporosis group and the control group, but the odds ratio(OR 3.11, 95% CI : 1.30-7.41) of present illness was statistically significant in the osteoporosis group. 4. There was no significant difference in the reproductive history including number of delivery and abortion and feeding method between the osteoporosis group and the control group. 5. The osteoporosis group showed significant results of lower menopausal age, shorter duration of menstruation and longer duration after menopause compared to the control group. 6. The osteoporosis group reported significantly lower level of physical activity in such variables as work activity and walking time. 7. A logistic analysis showed that shorter period of menstruation, lower level of physical activity, non-alcohol drinking group, and presence of disease were related to the possibility of occurring of osteoporosis.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제55권5호
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• pp.444-454
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• 2022

Objectives: We aimed to identify the factors related to depression and quality of life in patients with hypertension by using multilevel regression analysis. Methods: In 2019, 229 043 participants in the Korean Community Health Survey were selected as the study group. Individual factors were identified using data from the 2019 Community Health Survey. Regional factors were identified using data from the National Statistical Office of Korea. Multilevel regression analysis was conducted to find individual and local factors affecting depression and quality of life in patients with hypertension and to determine any associated interactions. Results: As individual factors in patients with hypertension, women, those with lower education-levels, recipients of basic livelihood benefits, and those with poor dietary conditions showed stronger associations with depression and quality of life. As regional factors and individual-level variables in patients with hypertension, lower gross regional personal income, fewer doctors at medical institutions, and lower rates of participation in volunteer activities presented stronger associations with depression and quality of life. In addition, the associations of depression with gross regional personal income, the number of doctors at medical institutions, and dietary conditions were significantly stronger in patients with hypertension than in patients without hypertension. The associations of gender and employment status with quality of life were also significantly greater. Conclusions: Policy interventions are needed to adjust health behaviors, prevent depression, and improve quality of life for patients with hypertension, especially for those with the risk factors identified in this study.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.711-720
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• 2021

Objectives: This study attempted to determine the influence of factors related to suicide attempts in the elderly. Data from a 2017 Community Health Survey were used to find 67,810 subjects aged 65 years or older. Methods: Cross-analysis and logistic regression analysis were conducted by dividing the suicide thought and suicide attempt experience groups. Results: In the group with subjective stress, suicidal thoughts were higher in women 2.748 times (p<0.01) and 1.917 times (p<0.001) in women. In terms of income level, the higher the income level, the lower the suicidal ideation experience. Suicide attempts were 0.708 times lower when mastication was not uncomfortable and 0.170 times lower when the patient was not experiencing depression (p<0.001). Conclusions: The correlation between oral dysfunction and suicidal thoughts and attempts in the elderly has been demonstrated, and it is expected to be used as baseline data for establishing an institutional study.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.853-867
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• 1996

This study was designed and undertaken to identify the degree of burden and depression in family caregivers of patients with stroke and to determine whether burden was directly related to depression. The data were collected from October 23th to November 20th, 1995. The subjects in this study were 80 caregivers, that is, one family member and 80 patients with stroke who were hospitalized in one oriental medicine hospital located in Taejon City. The questionnaires consisted of questions regarding burden(13 item, 6 point scale) and depression(20 item, 4 point scale). Data were analyzed using percentages, means, t-test, ANOVA and Peason-correlation coefficients, done with the SAS program. The results of this study are as follows : 1. The score for family caregiver's burden was higher than the mid level for the 13 items. 2. The score for of family caregiver's depression was relatively low. 3. The relationship between burden and depression showed a significant inverse correlation. 4. In the relationships between total burden and general characteristics of the family caregivers : there were no significant differences. But, in the relationship between objective burden and general characteristics of the family caregivers ; age and education had statistically significant differences. That is, the 40's group felt more objective burden than any other age group and the high education group more than the illiterate group. 5. In the relationship between depression and general characteristics of the family caregivers ; sex, education and monthly income had statistically significant differences. That is, female caregivers felt more depression than males, and the lower the level of education and the lower the monthly income, the higher the degree of depression. 6. In the relationships between burden and general charateristics of the stroke patients, only subjective burden according to the patients' sex was significantly different. That is, caregivers felt more subjective burden when caring for male patients than for female patients. 7. In the relationships between depression and general charateristics of the stroke patients, only the patients' economic status showed a statistically significant difference. That is, caregivers felt more depression in case of patients' low economic status.