• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.11 no.sup1
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• pp.7-14
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• 2008

Special formulas are those in which one of the basic nutrients (usually the protein and/or carrbohydrate) has been changed to an alternative nutrient that an individual baby may better tolerate. The following are specialized formulas : Soy formulas, hypoallergenic formulas, Lactose free formulas, Premature baby formulas, Low phosphate formulas, Formulas for inborn errors of metabolism. Less is known about the long-term effects of feeding babies these special formulas and each formula has its unique properties and indications. The pediatrician must acquaint themselves with all commercially available infant formulas so as to provide the parent with reliable and unbiased information about them.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.89-94
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• 2002

Purpose : This study was performed to determine the safety and efficacy of recently developed specific formulas for phenylketonuria(PKU) patient by observing the growth and developmental pattern and serum phenylalanine level. Methods : We observed 14 patients diagnosed with PKU at Soon Chung Hyang University Hospital fed with formula for 1 year by checking daily diet diary and plasma aminoacids, Hb, Hct, WBC, Platelet count, ferritin, GOT, GPT, protein, albumin, globulin and urinalysis. Results : The 14 patients all liked the formula and height, weight and head circumference showed normal growth. Hemoglobin levels were in normal range, but 4 out of the 14 patients showed ferritin level lower than 12 ng/mL and needed iron supplements. Serum albumin, liver enzyme levels, urinalysis showed within normal range. The plasma phenyalanine levels were normal ranged 0.7-15.6 mg/dL. Adverse reactions such as rash, diarrhea or constipation were not observed. Conclusion : We confirmed that the specific formulas for PKU patients developed in Korea, PKU-1 and PKU-2 showed favorable results In development and treatment of PKU patients and could be used safely to children.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.174-189
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status and growth of Korean infants, who were atending peripheral community clinics in low income areas, by anthropometric measurements and estimating dietary intakes. Dietary intakes and growth were compared among different feeding patterns of 143 infants until age 9 months. The overall mean nutrient intakes of infants in this study were below the recommended allowances except the calcium intake from significant difference in each groups; however, calcium, zinc and iron intake of the formula fed infant(FF) was higher than the breast fed infant(BF) or the mixed fed infant(MF). Form ages 4-6 months, the nutrient intakes were shown to be higher in groups that were given supplementary foods than groups that were not. From ages 7-9 months, all nutrient intakes were higher in or the formula and supplementary foods fed(ESF) infants than in the breast and supplementary food(BSF) or the formula and supplementary food(FSF) groups, All subjets in this study showed a large Z-score. The growth of infants up to 6 months of age showed no significant difference in the feeding pattern, however, after 7 months of age the BSF group had significantly lower weight than the FSF or the ESF groups, There were significant positive relationships between infants weight gain at age 7-9 months from birth and the current protein or zinc intakes. As a result the average status of nutrient intakes of infants in this area was loser than the RDA, however, the growth pattern was fairly good. Although the breast milk is beneficial for infants, mothers should be educated for the importance of supplemental food and its practice to support good mutrition(Korean J Community Nutrition 3 (2) : 174-189, 1998)

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.436-445
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• 2015

The effects of substituting whey protein concentrate (WPC) powder for rice flour in the preparation of seolgiddeok were determined by objective and subjective tests. Milk whey is drained from milk curd as a by-product of the cheese manufactureing process. Whey protein is known as a good nutritional source and is a functional material for many processed foods. WPC contains more than 80% whey protein. The moisture content decreased gradually during storage and the decrease in moisture was less in the control than in the WPC powder substituted groups. The color lightness (L) decreased significantly as the amount of WPC powder increased, wherease redness (a) and yellowness (b) both increased. Texture analyses revealed that the hardness, chewiness, gumminess and adhesiveness of seolgiddeok tended to increase in proportion to the amount of WPC powder in the formula. Seolgiddeok gelatinization was investigated by amylographing. Initial pasting temperature, peak viscosity, hot pasting viscosity and breakdown were low in seolgiddeok prepared with WPC powder substituted for rice flour. Setback had the lowest value in the control. Sensory evaluations revealed that, seolgiddeok prepared with 3% WPC powder had the highest overall acceptability score. These results indicated that WPC seolgiddeok with 3% WPC powder has the best quality.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.2277-2284
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• 2016

Ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) from Mirabilis jalapa L. leaves has cytotoxic effects on breast cancer cell lines but is less toxic towards normal cells. However, it can easily be degraded after administration so it needs to be formulated into nanoparticles to increase its resistance to enzymatic degradation. The objectives of this study were to develop a protein extract of M. jalapa L. leaves (RIP-MJ) incorporated into nanoparticles conjugated with Anti-EpCAM antibodies, and to determine its cytotoxicity and selectivity in the T47D breast cancer cell line. RIP-MJ was extracted from red-flowered M. jalapa L. leaves. Nanoparticles were formulated based on polyelectrolyte complexation using low viscosity chitosan and alginate, then chemically conjugated with anti-EpCAM antibody using EDAC based on carbodiimide reaction. RIP-MJ nanoparticles were characterised for the particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, particle morphology, and entrapment efficiency. The cytotoxicity of RIP-MJ nanoparticles against T47D and Vero cells was then determined with MTT assay. The optimal formula of RIP-MJ nanoparticles was obtained at the concentration of RIP-MJ, low viscosity chitosan and alginate respectively 0.05%, 1%, and 0.4% (m/v). RIP-MJ nanoparticles are hexagonal with high entrapment efficiency of 98.6%, average size of 130.7 nm, polydispersity index of 0.380 and zeta potential +26.33 mV. The $IC_{50}$ values of both anti-EpCAM-conjugated and non-conjugated RIP-MJ nanoparticles for T47D cells (13.3 and $14.9{\mu}g/mL$) were lower than for Vero cells (27.8 and $33.6{\mu}g/mL$). The $IC_{50}$ values of conjugated and non-conjugated RIP-MJ for both cells were much lower than $IC_{50}$ values of non-formulated RIP-MJ (>$500{\mu}g/mL$).

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2010

Food allergy is defined as adverse reactions toward food mediated by aberrant immune mechanisms. Therefore, an allergic response to a food antigen can be thought of as an aberrant mucosal immune response. Food allergy most often begins in the first 1~2 years of life with the process of sensitization by which the immune system responds to specific food proteins, most often with the development of allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE). Over time, most food allergeies are lost, although allergy to some foods is often long lived. The most important allergen sources involved in early food allergy are milk, eggs, peanut, soybean, meat, fish and cereals. Milk allergy seem to be associated with casein and whey protein. Important features of proteins as allergenicity are size, abundance and stability. Strategies for the prevention of milk allergy is breast-feeding, partially hydrolysised infant formula, using of probiotics, immune components in milk, preparation of low allergenicity milk protein and allergy therapy (immune therapy).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.117-125
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• 1980

In order to investigate the utilization efficiency of dietary protein in the rat body and effects of dietary fat on its protein metabolism, 51 Sprague-Dawly rats of 6 weeks old weighing approximate)y 106g were subjected to feeding trials for 4 weeks and then subsequently to metabolic trials for 3 weeks using six different diets composed of three different levels of protein (10%, 20% and 30%) with low (20%) and high (40%) fat content for each protein level, total energy being fixed at 4000 Kcal/kg by addition of an appropriate amount of carbohydrate, and the following results were obtained. 1) The body weight gain increased in the low fat diets with increasing protein level whereas it decreased in the high fat diets. Food efficiency also increased in the low fat diets with increasing protein level, but no do deffinitive trend was observed in the high fat diets. The protein efficiency was generally higher at low protein level and tended to decrease as the protein level increased, regardless of the amount of fat intake. 2) As the protein level was increasing, digestibility of dry matters and carbohydrate were decreasing whereas that of protein was slightly increasing. On the other hand, digestibility of fat was always very high regardless of the amounts of dietary protein and fat. 3) The gross energy intake was affected both by protein and fat contents in the diets: The energy metabolism efficiency was decreasing with increasing protein level and at the same protein level the energy utilization was considerably higher in the low fat diets than in the high fat. 4) From the above-mentioned experimental results it may be concluded that the best formula of diet for growing rats is probably composed of 20% protein, 20% fat and 60% carbohydrate.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.154-160
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• 2013

Objectives : To investigate the therapeutic effect and underlying mechanisms of rhein on renal fibrosis in diabetic rats. Methods : Diabetic nephropathy (DN) was induced in adult Wistar rats via introperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (20 mg/kg/d) for three consecutive days. Two days after the last dose of STZ, rhein was administered to the diabetic rats at a dose of 25 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg, twice a day by gavage, respectively. Following 28 days treatment with rhein, the plasma glucose and creatinine levels were measured, the renal levels of TGF-${\beta}1$ protein and mRNA were examined, and the fibronectin mRNA levels were also determined. Results : Rhein significantly inhibited the increased plasma glucose and creatinine levels of diabetic rats in a dose- and a time-dependent way. Immunohistochemical analysis showed both doses of rhein markedly attenuated elevated induction of renal TGF-${\beta}1$ protein expressions in diabetic rats. Additionally, the high dose of rhein improved both TGF-${\beta}1$ and fibronectin mRNA expressions, while the low dose of rhein only alleviated fibronectin mRNA expressions. Conclusions : Rhein can improve renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy rats, and which may be mediated through inhibition of the renal mRNA expressions of TGF-${\beta}1$ and fibronectin.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.20-26
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to show probability of alternate food by using edible insects through the reports (Edible insects: Future prospects for food and feed security) edited by WFO (World Food Organization). We were carried out to develop the functional meat new product using Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor lavare) and Chicken breast. People's interest to the healthy, low-calories food is growing up, the Foodservice industry is developing and making Functional food, which helps to a sale strategy. Insects have played an important role as human food throughout history, especially in Africa, Asia and Latin America. A rapid increase in the human population is expected in the second half of the 21 century, which will lead to lower availability of food, especially animal protein As the problem of food supply and demand has come to the fore with climate change, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has noticed edible insects as future food resources in order to prepare against the shortage of protein source. Recently consumers, especially patients have doubts about safety of raw materials for food. To overcome these limitations, I propose an enteral nutrition formula using edible insects as a raw material.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.25-40
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• 2024

Objectives: In the present study, we investigated the effects of clean-diabetes mellitus 3 (C-DM3), a herbal formula with Trichosanthis Radix, Coptidis Rhizoma, Crataegi Fructus, and Cinnamomi Cortex, on the pathological and serological symptoms of diabetes and its related molecular mechanisms in diet-induced obese mice. Methods: We prepared an obese mouse model using a high-fat diet for 8 weeks and then administered the C-DM3 extract for 4 weeks. The changes of pathological and serological biomarkers for diabetes assessment were measured in the mice and histological changes were observed in the liver and pancreas tissues. We also identified the main compounds in the C-DM3 extract using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and analyzed the molecular mechanism of the disease condition by network pharmacological analysis. Results: In the in vivo, the administration of C-DM extract to obese mice significantly reduced body weight gain, fatty liver symptoms, and muscle loss, and decreased the levels of fasting blood glucose, insulin, aspertate aminotransferase, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. In addition, C-DM extract significantly increased the phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1, protein kinase b (AKT), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, and glucose transporter 4 in all pancreatic and liver tissues, with inhibition of histopathological changes in obese mice. HPLC analysis identified hyperoside, berberine, epiberberine, columbamin, coptisine, coumarin, jatrorrhizine, and citric acid as the main compounds. In the network pharmacological analysis, the molecular targets of C-DM3 extract on obesity and diabetes were shown as the insulin, AKT, PI3K, and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways with the regulation of inflammatory molecules interleukin 6 (IL-6), jun proto-oncogene, and IL-1β, which matched our in vivo targets. Conclusions: Based on these results, C-DM3 extract is expected to be effective in improving obesity and preventing diabetic progression.