• 대한가정학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.91-99
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• 1992

Cell structure is based on proteins. Since the antibody is proteous substance, the continous low protein feeding decreases the resistance of host against pathogenic agents. The present study was designed to investigate the infectivity of protozoa to rats which were fed with variously prescribed diets. Experimental group was divided into 4 groups according to the level of casein in the diet, group I: casein 0%, group II: casein 5%, group III: casein 15%, group IV: casein 30%. Each animal was fed for 5 weeks followed by inoculation of protozoa in cecum and sacrified each 1 week later of the infection. Each diet group, non infected with protozoa was recognized as the control. Result are summerized as follows : 1. All the rats of group I died in 2∼4 weeks and 2 of 12 rats in group II were also died in the period. 2. The growth rate and FER were high in group III and IV compared with group II. Therefore low protein feeding decrease growth and feed efficaly ratio(FER). 3. The pH of caecal contents between the infected group and control showed no difference, but the values of group III and IV were higher than the group II. Low pH of the caecal contents provides a suitable condition for determining their susceptibility to Entameoeba histolytical trophozoite. 4. Amounts of serum total protein in group II, III and IV showed no significant difference with the control and infected group, but amounts in group III and IV were higher than the group II. Therefore, continuous low protein feeding decrease serum total protein. 5. Albumin, ${\alpha}$1, gloulin, ${\alpha}$2 globulin, ${\beta}$ globulin, ${\gamma}$ gloulin of group III and IV were all high to compare than the group II. Albumins of group III and IV of control was higher than infected group, but there was no difference in ${\gamma}$ globulin between the infected and control group.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제57권1호
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• pp.23-31
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• 2024

This study evaluated the utilization of a low fish meal (LFM) diet and black soldier fly (BSF) Hermetia illucens meal and oil as a fish meal (FM) substitute or functional additive for juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus at the Jeju fish farm. Two experimental diets replaced FM using animal (tankage, poultry byproduct and tuna byproduct meal) and plant (wheat gluten and soy protein concentrate) protein sources, containing 45% (FM45) and 35% (FM35) of FM, respectively. One experimental diet replaced FM with animal, plant, and BSF meal, fish oil using insect meal and oil (FM35+). After the feeding trial ended, no differences in growth performance, feed utilization, survival and biological indices were observed among all experimental groups. Aspartate aminotransferase and cholesterol levels in the FM35 and FM35+ groups were significantly higher than that in the FM70 group. The linoleic acid level in the muscle was significantly higher in the fish fed with the FM70 diet than in those fed with the FM45, FM35, and FM35+ diets. Thus, the LFM diet is suitable for juvenile olive flounder farming during six months.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제26권8호
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• pp.925-932
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• 1993

To study the effects of dietary protein and magnesium level on serum lipid contents and enzyme activities, male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six groups. Six groups of animals were fed six experimental diets different with protein(8% and 20%) and magnesium levels (Mg-free, 400mg/kg diet and 800mg/kg diet). The serum lipid contents and enzyme activities of rats fed different dietary protein and magnesium levels were examined. Serum triglyceride contents was significantly decreased as the dietary magnesium level was increased. Serum phospholipid contents was significantly higher in magnesium deficient group than those in the other groups. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly decreased in magnesium dificient group compared with other groups, but serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamic pyruvic transaminase activities was significantly increased in magnesium dificient group than other groups. In conclusion, serum triglyceride contents in low protein level was remarkably decreased as the dietary magnesium level was increased.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.187-194
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• 1997

The effects of diet induced hyperlipidemia on kidney function were studied in Sprague-Dawley rats fed high fat diet containing 20% beef tallow and high cholesterol diet containing 5% cholesterol for 8, 12, 16 weeks, respectively. The concentrations of serum total lipid, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were significantly high cholesterol diet groups during all experimental periods (p<0.05). HDL-cholesterol concentration was the lowest value in high cholesterol diet group of 16 weeks(p<0.05). Triglyceride concentration was not affected by experimental diets. Serum total protein, albumin and creatinine concentration tended to higher in high cholesterol diet groups than those in high fat diet groups. And serum urea-N concentration was higher in high fat diet group of 16 weeks than that in other diet groups. Urinary total protein and urea-N were higher in high cholesterol diet groups than those in other diet groups regardless of experimental period period. There was no significant difference in urinary creatinine concentratin among diet groups(p<0.05). GFR was lower in high cholesterol diet groups than that in high fat diet groups at 8, 16 weeks, respectively. Wet weight per body weight, total lipid, triglyceride, total cholesterol concentations of liver tissue were apparently high in high cholesterol diet groups(p<0.05). Kidney wet weight per body weight wer not affected by experimently diets, total lipid concentration of kidney tissue was significantly high in high fat diet groups of 12 weeks(p<0.05), kidney tissue triglyceride concentrations of high cholesterol diet groups of 12, 16 weeks apparently low, and total cholesterol concentration of kidney tissue was higher in experimental diet groups than that of control groups at 12, 16 weeks(p<0.05). Fecal excretion, total lipid, triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations of feces were markedly high in all high cholesterol diet groups except high fat diet group of 16 weeks. The results of light microscopic examination indicated that glomerulosclerosis was not obsrved in rats fed experimental diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.525-534
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• 2001

A total of 120 pigs were used to investigate the effects of yucca extracts on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, nutrient excretion and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs fed different levels of dietary protein. Pigs were allotted into $2{\times}3$ factorial design by the supplementation of yucca extracts (YE, 0 and 120 mg/kg) and 3 levels of dietary protein (14, 16, 18% for early finisher and 12, 14, 16% for late finisher for low, medium and high protein diet, respectively). During the early finishing period (51~76 kg BW), no significant difference was found in growth performance regardless of the YE supplementation or dietary protein levels. Growth performance of late finishing pigs (76~101 kg BW) was also not significantly different among treatments. However, ADG of pigs fed YE diet was significantly improved (p<0.05) regardless of the dietary protein levels. For the overall period (51~101 kg BW), although adding YE to the diet and elevating the protein level showed better ADG, there were no significant differences on growth performance among treatments. Early finishers showed significantly higher crude protein, crude ash and crude fat digestibilities when they were fed diets supplemented with YE. Digestibilities of amino acids were not affected by YE. Late finishers did not show any significant differences in proximate nutrient digestibilities regardless of YE supplementation or dietary protein levels. YE tended to slightly improve the CP digestibility, however no significant difference was found with increased dietary protein levels. There was no significant difference in amino acid digestibilities with YE supplementation or dietary CP levels during the late finishing period. Dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) excretion in feces did not show any significant difference among treatments. Early finishing pigs also did not respond to the inclusion of YE or dietary protein levels (p<0.05). Fecal N excretion of early finishing pigs seemed to be lowered in pigs fed YE. Pigs fed medium dietary protein diet tended to excrete a higher amount of N during the early finishing period, but not statistically different. A slight increase in fecal N excretion was found with the increased level of dietary protein during the late finishing period. For ammonia nitrogen excretion, although there was no significance, the NH3-N content tended to be increased by the increased dietary protein levels and with YE supplementation. The NH3-N content in manure increased by 24.5% with YE supplementation. There were no significant differences in carcass weight, backfat thickness, carcass grade and loin eye area among treatments. However, pigs fed non-YE with low protein diet showed a significantly (p<0.05) low carcass ratio among treatments and there was significant (p<0.05) difference between the YE-added treatment and non YE treatment in carcass ratio. As for the feed cost, the cost of feeding high level protein was higher than that of medium level protein by 5% and low level protein by 9% (p<0.05). Therefore, based on this study, it could be concluded that environmentally friendly agents might play a role to some extent in finishing pigs from the aspect of pollution control, and that more than 14 and 12% of dietary protein for early finishing and late finishing pigs respectively do not necessarily guarantee high growth performance.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.344-348
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate effects of dietary lipid level on growth and body composition of juvenile red sea bream in low temperatures. Duplicate groups of fish (initial body weight of 79 g) were fed one of three isonitronic diets (47% crude protein) containing different lipid levels (10%, 17% and 22%) for 25 weeks during the winter season. Weight gain and survival of fish fed 17% lipid diet were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those fish fed the 10% or 22% lipid diet. Protein efficiency ratio, daily feed intake, condition factor, hepatosomatic index and viscerasomatic index were not affected by dietary lipid level, but feed efficiency of fish fed 10% lipid diet was significantly (P<0.05) lower than those fish fed the 17% or 22% lipid diet. Proximate composition of the whole body, liver, viscera and dorsal muscle were not significantly different among all groups except for crude protein content of dorsal muscle. The contents of 16:0, 18:0, 20:4n-3 and 20:5n-3 of the whole body were significantly (P<0.05) affected by dietary lipid level. The results of this study suggest that an increased dietary lipid level from 10% to 17% can improve growth of juvenile red sea bream in low temperature periods.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.77-85
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• 1997

본 연구는 조피볼락 사료에 있어서 동물성 단백질원들의 영양적 평가(체조성과 성장)를 결정하기 위하여 수행되었다. 6가지 실험사료 중 북양어분구(WFM), 넙치근육구(FMM), 오징어간분구(SLP)는 한가지, 혈분구(BM)는 혈분과 북양어분을, 카제인구(CG)는 카제인, 젤라틴 및 북양어분을, 그리고 난단백구(EWA)는 난단백, 젤라틴 및 북양어분을 단백질원으로 이용하여 사료내 조단백질 함량을 50%로, 가용에너지는 15.9 KJ/g (physiological fuel value ; 단백질 : 지방 : 탄수화물 = 16.7 KJ/g : 37.7 KJ/g : 16.7 KJ/g)으로 조정하였다. 성장률, 사료효율 및 단백질효율은 북양어분구보다 넙치육분, 오징어간분구보다 혈분구 그리고 난백구보다 카제인구가 유의적으로 우수한 결과를 보였으며(P<0.05), 혈분구는 북양어분을 혼합하여 혈분의 기호성을 높인 결과로 사료된다. 6가지 실험구의 전어체 분석, HSI, Hb, Hematocrit은 다양하게 유의적인 차이를 나타냈다. 따라서, 상기 결과는 조피볼락에 있어서 동결 건조된 넙치근육분이 가장 좋았고, 난단백은 가장 저조한 성장을 보여 주었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권10호
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• pp.1457-1465
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• 2012

Intestinal phosphate (Pi) absorption across the apical membrane of small intestinal epithelial cells is mainly mediated by the type IIb Na-coupled phosphate co-transporter (NaPi-IIb), but its expression and regulation in the chicken remain unclear. In the present study, we investigated the mRNA and protein levels of NaPi-IIb in three regions of chicken small intestine, and related their expression levels to the rate of net phosphate absorption. Our results showed that maximal phosphate absorption occurs in the jejunum, however the highest expression levels of NaPi-IIb mRNA and protein occurs in the duodenum. In response to a low-Pi diet (TP 0.2%), there is an adaptive response restricted to the duodenum, with increased brush border membrane (BBM) Na-Pi transport activity and NaPi-IIb protein and mRNA abundance. However, when switched from a low-(TP 0.2%) to a normal diet (TP 0.6%) for 4 h, there is an increase in BBM NaPi-IIb protein abundance in the jejunum, but no changes in BBM NaPi-IIb mRNA. Therefore, our study indicates that Na-Pi transport activity and NaPi-IIb protein expression are differentially regulated in the duodenum vs the jejunum in the chicken.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권11호
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• pp.1455-1461
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• 2010

Three rumen-cannulated Holstein steers were fed three diets, each with a different synchrony index (SI) (LS: 0.77, MS: 0.81, and HS: 0.83), in order to examine the effect of diet on rumen fermentation, nitrogen balance, and microbial protein synthesis. Synchrony index was calculated based on the carbohydrate and crude protein fractions of each ingredient and their degradation rates. Feeding the steers diets with different SIs did not influence dry matter, crude protein, NDF, or ADF digestibility. The concentrations of total and individual VFA in the rumens of steers that were fed the two higher-SI diets were higher than in those fed the low-SI diet (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference between the two higher-SI diets. One hour after feeding, steers on the LS diet had lower ruminal pHs than did those fed the MS or HS diets (p<0.05), and animals on the LS diet generally showed higher ruminal $NH_3$-N levels than did animals on the other diets, with the 4-h post-feeding difference being significant (p<0.05). Steers receiving the LS diet excreted more nitrogen (N) in their urine than did those on the two higher-SI diets (p<0.05), and the total N excretion of those on the LS diet was also higher (p<0.05). Microbial N levels calculated from the concentration of urinary purine derivatives were generally higher when the SI was higher, with the highest microbial protein synthesis being produced by steers on the HS diet (p<0.05). In conclusion, in the current study, ingestion of a synchronous diet by Holstein steers improved microbial protein synthesis and VFA production and decreased total N output.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.298-306
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• 2018

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Obesity is a global health problem of significant importance which increases mortality. In place of anti-obesity drugs, natural products are being developed as alternative therapeutic materials. In this study, we investigated the effect of Brassica juncea L. leaf extract (BLE) on fat deposition and lipid profiles in high-fat, high-cholesterol diet (HFC)-induced obese rats. MATERIALS/METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups (n = 8 per group) according to diet: normal diet group (ND), high-fat/high-cholesterol diet group (HFC), HFC with 3% BLE diet group (HFC-A1), and HFC with 5% BLE diet group (HFC-A2). Each group was fed for 6 weeks. Rat body and adipose tissue weights, serum biochemical parameters, and tissue lipid contents were determined. The expression levels of mRNA and proteins involved in lipid and cholesterol metabolism were determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis, respectively. RESULTS: The HFC-A2 group showed significantly lower body weight gain and food efficiency ratio than the HFC group. BLE supplementation caused mesenteric, epididymal, and total adipose tissue weights to decrease. The serum levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly reduced, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly increased in rats fed BLE. These results were related to lower glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, acetyl-coA carboxylase, and fatty acid synthase mRNA expression, and to higher expression of the cholesterol $7{\alpha}$-hydroxylase and low density lipoprotein-receptor, as well as increased protein levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\alpha}$. Histological analysis of the liver revealed decreased lipid droplets in HFC rats treated with BLE. CONCLUSIONS: Supplementation of HFC with 3% or 5% BLE inhibited body fat accumulation, improved lipid profiles, and modulated lipogenesis- and cholesterol metabolism-related gene and protein expression.