• 제목/요약/키워드: Low energy house

검색결과 143건 처리시간 0.02초

Gas-Liquid Displacement Porometer와 Liquid-Liquid Displacement Porometer를 이용한 세라믹 분리막 특성 분석 (Characterization of Ceramic Membranes by Gas-Liquid Displacement Porometer and Liquid-Liquid Displacement Porometer)

  • 김여진;김성중;김정;조영훈;박호식;이평수;박유인;박호범;남승은
    • 멤브레인
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    • 제27권3호
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    • pp.263-272
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    • 2017
  • 분리막의 기공 크기 및 분포도를 분석하기 위한 다양한 측정법이 있지만 10-50 nm 범위의 한외여과막 기공크기를 정확하게 측정하기가 까다롭다. 따라서 gas-liquid displacement porometer (GLDP)와 liquid-liquid displacement porometer(LLDP) 기공 특성 측정법 두 가지를 이용하여, 10-100 nm의 기공크기를 갖는 세 종류의 세라믹 분리막(K-100, A-100, A-20)의 기공 크기 및 분포도를 비교 분석하였다. GLDP는 한외여과막의 최대 기공크기를 측정하는데 적합한 분석법으로 확인되었고, LLDP로 측정된 평균 기공크기가 분리막의 분리 성능 결과와 더 연계되어 있었다. 또한 LLDP는 10-50 nm 범위의 기공크기를 측정하는데 적합한 기공 분석법으로 확인되었으나, GLDP 보다 낮은 정밀도와 높은 민감도를 나타내었다. 다양한 기공 특성 분석법 가운데, 최근 상용화된 LLDP 기술은 종래의 측정법으로 알지 못했던 유용한 결과들을 제공할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

농촌의 전력및 전기기기의 이용특성분석 (Analysis of the Utilization Characteristics of Electrical Power and Equipments on the Farms)

  • 박승우;류한열
    • 한국농공학회지
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    • 제17권4호
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    • pp.3943-3955
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    • 1975
  • The purposes of this study are to evaluate the utilization characteristics of electrical power consumption, to grasp the present trends in the use of electrical equipments, to estimate the demand factor and load factor being held, and to evaluate the efficiency of electical uses for the recently electrified farms cultivating paddy rice. For the purposes, 109 sample farms located in eleven villiages electrified in six different years from 1968 to 1973, were chosen at random and investigated on 35 items concerning to electrical uses and wiring systems. The survey was carried out in 1975, in the vinicity of Suweon city. The results are summarized as follows: i) The average annual power consumption on sample farms is considered to be low, being 242.9 Kwh. in 1974, and varied according to the different electrified year and size of cultivated land, respectively. It has significant positive correlation to the area of farm, too. ii) Between the number of year of electrical uses and the power consumption, there is very significant positive correlation, which could be expressed as Y=43.041+16.108 X, where X represents the number of years of electrical uses. The annual increment of power consumption is much greater at the beginning of the electrification than that at the later years, its average being approximately 20 percent. However, it is recommended that any estimation of long-term increments should be carefully investigated. iii) The monthly power consumption varies considerably throughout a year, in which the heaviest farm load occurs in November. Observing the seasonal variation of consumption, the winter-time is the heaviest season while the summer is the lowest. The result implies house lighting is chief contribution to the present electrical consumption on the farms. Comparing the variation of monthly consumption ratios between the sample farms and industries, the electrical uses on the farms are independant of the industrial uses, and further, the agricultural uses are of inverse pattern to the farms from the results that there is negative correlationship between them, iv) The number of electrical equipments used on the farms are occupied chiefly by lighting sources. Next to the lighting sources, household appliances of small quantity and some motors are used. The mean electrical quantity is about 1, 127.4 watt, which corresponds to about 37.6 per cent to the contracted quantity. The composition of quantity is chiefly occupied by the electrical motor of about 1.5 hp., single-phased. The number of the annual utilization hours of each equipment is tabulated in Table IV-5. In contradiction to the high utilization of lighting sources and small household appliances, the motor is poorly used for approximately 22 hours in a year. v) More than 55 per cent of farms want to purchase new electrical equipments such as small household appliances and electrical motors in their number. The impulse of purchasing such items is stimulated by the contacts to the mass media and their knowledge on such equipments. Consequently, the increase of electrical uses could be prompted by such trials as education and demonstration. vi) The demand and load factors on the farms vary considerably according to the greater variation of the power consumption, daily or monthly. The daily demand factor is 22.4 per cent and load factor 18.6 per cent, while the annual demand factor is 1.3 per cent and load factor 70 per cent approximately. Therefore, the low efficiency of construction cost requires re-evaluation of the present contracted quantity of 3 Kw. or increase of electrical uses. vii) The electrical energy on the farms devoted chiefly to lighten the farm residences does not contribute to the farm incomes. Consequently, the cost of electrical consumption presses considerably upon the farm economy. Therefore, there is great need to build up the electrical uses on the farms through the development of new works and techinques to utilize any electrical equipments on the production of farm products. Further more, such the development should be related to increase the actual income of the farm consumers.

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AMP에 Piperazine을 첨가한 CO2 흡수 동역학 (Kinetics of the Reaction of Carbon Dioxide with AMP and Piperazine)

  • 장상용;송주석;조상원;오광중
    • 대한환경공학회지
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    • 제22권3호
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    • pp.485-494
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    • 2000
  • 지구 온난화에 대하여 55% 이상의 영향을 미치는 $CO_2$ 제어에 관심이 고조되고 있는 가운데 $CO_2$ 저감을 위한 새로운 기술들이 개발중이다. 특히 저농도의 $CO_2$ 분리 및 회수를 위해서는 화학적 흡수법이 유용하다 본 연구에서는 입체적으로 감추어진 아민 AMP(2-Amino-2-Methyl-1-Propanol)에 piperazine을 첨가한 혼합흡수제를 이용하여 stirred vessel 에서 $2.0kmol/m^3$ AMP수용액에 piperazine의 농도 $0{\sim}0.4kmol/m^3$, 반응온도 $30{\sim}70^{\circ}C$. $CO_2$ 분압 10.130~20.260 kPa등의 조건에서 실험을 하여 $CO_2$와 혼합흡수제간의 동역학적 특성을 조사하여 다 음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1) 온도가 싱승함에 따라 piperazine을 첨가한 흡수제와 첨가하지 않은 흡수제 사이의 흡수속도 차이가 더욱 크게 나타났으며 이 사실은 piperazine의 활성화에너지 57.147 kJ/mol이 AMP의 활성화에너지 $E_2$ 41.7 kJ/mol보다 크기 때문에 고온으로 갈수록 흡수속도에 대한 piperazine의 가여도가 증가하기 때문인 것으로 판단된다. 2) 단일 흡수제 AMP $2.0kmol/m^3$에 piperazine 농도를 $0.4kmol/m^3$까지 첨가시켰을 때 단일 AMP 흡수제에 대해 $30^{\circ}C$ 에서 최소 6.33%, $70^{\circ}C$에서 최대 12% 정도의 흡수속도 향상을 얻을 수 있으므로 신흡수제의 반응성괄 비교해 볼 때 기존의 흡수제보다 우수하다고 볼 수 있다. 3) 혼합흡수제의 $CO_2$ 실험에서 piperazine과 $CO_2$와의 반응속도 상수는 30, 40, 50, $70^{\circ}C$에서 각각 217.21, 420.46, 707.00, $3162.167m^3/kmol{\cdot}s$였으며 MDEA에 piperazine을 첨가하여 행한Xu 실험에서 30, 40, 55, $70^{\circ}C$에서 얻은 1867, 367.32. 693.01, $2207.65m^3/kmol{\cdot}s$값과 비교하여 볼 때 $30{\sim}70^{\circ}C$ 모든 범위에서 높게 나타났으며 AMP와 piperazine의 혼합흡수제에서 piperazine 반응속도상수 $k_p$는 In $k_p$=28.324-6934.7/T로 표현된다.

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