• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.1331-1341
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• 2001

Dairy cows are prone to fatty liver during the time of periparturient. Despite of the extensive studies, etiology and solutions for fatty liver are still not well known.The liver synthesizes triglycerides (TG) using precursors from bloodstream and secretes TG in form of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) into bloodstream for the utilization by peripheral tissues. When the amount of TG synthesis exceeds the amount of secretion in VLDL-TG, TG accumulation within the liver occurs. Hepatic VLDL assembly and secretion involve multi-biochemical events.The availabilities of apolipoprotein B (apoB), E (apoE), microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) and soluble low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor are now believed to be some of the main regulators for hepatic VLDL assembly and secretion. Studies in transgenic animals show that overexpression of these proteins stimulates VLDL production and secretion, which provides a possibility for alleviating bovine fatty liver by gene therapy. However, many problems remain to be solved to attain this goal. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms of hepatic VLDL assembly and secretion, and the possibilities and problems of applying the knowledges to solve bovine fatty liver by gene therapy.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.1309-1314
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• 2008

This study was undertaken to elucidate the antioxidant activity of the ethanol (EEPB) and water (WEPB) extracts of Prunus persica branches. The extracts contained a high phenolic content and revealed a potent hydrogen donating activity in DPPH scavenging assay. Compared to $\alpha$-tocopherol, EEPB (p < 0.001) and WEPB (p < 0.05) significantly inhibited $FeCl_2$-ascorbic acid-induced lipid peroxidation, and also exhibited potent antiradical activities against hydroxyl radical, superoxide anion, nitric oxide and peroxynitrite. In copper- and AAPH-mediated human low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation systems, the extracts demonstrated a strong antioxidant function by metal chelating, rather than direct scavenging, action. Furthermore, EEPB at 5 ${\mu}g/mL$ concentration showed 80.77% inhibition of the electrophoretic mobility of LDL, compared to 77.69% for ascorbic acid and 76.92% for BHT. These results suggest that PB branch extracts may protect against oxidative stress-induced diseases.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.14-35
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• 2000

There have been growing interests in olive oil, which is attributed to the beneficial health effects of the Mediterranean diet. Numerous studies suggest that oleic acid, the major fatty acid in olive oil, may contribute to less incidence of coronary heart disease(CHD) in the Mediterranean area. Although the major effects of high monounsaturated fatty acid(MUFA) consumption on lowered plasma cholesterol are generally attributed to the consequential replacement of saturated fatty acid in diets, some studies have shown a modest cholesterol lowering effect of MUFA alone when it replaces dietary carbohydrate at an equal amount of energy. Furthermore, MUFA increases the level of the protective high-density lipoprotein cholesterol more than polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA) does when these two classes of fatty acids replace carbohydrates in the diet. It has been generally recommended that optimal dietary fat should be rich in MUFA, such as oleic acid, low in saturated fatty acids and provide adequate amounts of PUFA. However, no conclusive observations have been made yet mainly due to a difficulty in controlling the proportion of oleic acid without adjusting the levels of the other fatty acids to be constant, which could also affect plasma cholesterol levels. Recent findings also suggest that dietary PUFA results in higher tendency toward lipid peroxidation whereas with MUFA the susceptibility of low density lipoprotein to oxidative stress is reduced. More studies are needed to clarify the effects of MUFA on reducing the incidence of CHD.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.1298-1300
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• 2009

To develop a dietary beverage with functionalities of cheonggukjang, soymilk was fermented with Bacillus subtilis and its antioxidant activities were examined. Antioxidative capacities of fermented soymilk (FS) with 5 different B. subtilis were significantly different. Among these, FS with 2829PNU015 revealed the greatest antioxidant activities. 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity, total antioxidant activity, and low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation inhibition of FS with 2829PNU015 were increased by 150, 140, and 240%, respectively, compared with those of unfermented soymilk (p<0.05). Further study for the improvement of sensory properties of FS with B. subtilis is required for a commercial production.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.142-148
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• 2012

This study was conducted to examine the physiochemical characteristics (PC) of a sausage with added dietary fiber and stevioside mixture, as well as the blood properties (BP) of rats with feeding of the sausage. There were no significant differences between the control and the treatments in the PC; in case of treatments, as additive contents of dietary fiber (1-3%) and stevioside (0.05-1.5%), redness ($a^*$) gradually increased, but yellowness ($b^*$) rapidly decreased (p<0.05). The pH level and water holding capacity (WHC) also tended to decrease. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were of little change. However, the texture of sensory evaluation and the adhesiveness of texture analysis had significantly low values (p<0.05). BP, such as blood sugar, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and triglyceride (TG), did not increase and total cholesterol (TC) actually decreased (p>0.05). However, body weights of rats increased with treatments. Overall, it is suggested that adding dietary fiber and stevioside mixture to sausages can moderately improve the redness, and also reduce the levels of sugar, cholesterol and neutral lipids in the blood without noticeably affecting the WHC, oxidant stability, appearance, and taste.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.206-211
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• 2003

This study was performed to investigate the effect of Mori Folium and Crataegus pinnatifida leave extracts on liver damage induced by CC1$_4$ in rats. 30％ and 60％ methanol extracts of Mori Folium and Crataegus pinnatifida leaves were administered orally at the dose of 10 mg/kg on every day for 6 days and liver damage was induced by intraperitoneal injection of $CCl_4$ (0.4 ml/kg) on 6th day. 30％ Methanol extracts of Mori Folium treated group showed significant protective effect on hepatotoxicity with the lowest Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (GOT) and Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (GPT). The low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels of 30％ methanol extracts of Mori Folium and Crataegus pinnatifida leave and 60％ methanol extracts of Mori Folium treated groups were significantly lower than normal group, respectively. In particular, LDL level of 30％ Mori Folium extracts treated group was significantly decreased compared to $CCl_4$ treated group. These results support that Mori Folium and Crataegus pinnatifida leave extracts are hepatoprotective effects against hepatotoxicity induced by $CCl_4$.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.11
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• pp.1406-1415
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• 2022

The formation of macrophage foam cells stimulated by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) is deemed an important cause of atherosclerosis. Transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1), which is a universally expressed multifunctional protein, is closely related to cell metabolism disorders such as lipid metabolism, sugar metabolism, and bile acid metabolism. However, whether YY1 is involved in macrophage inflammation and lipid accumulation still remains unknown. After mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7 cells were induced by ox-LDL, YY1 and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) expressions were found to be increased while low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) expression was lowly expressed. Subsequently, through reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), Western blot analysis, Oil Red O staining and cholesterol quantification, it turned out that silencing of YY1 attenuated the inflammatory response and lipid accumulation in RAW264.7 cells caused by ox-LDL. Moreover, results from the JASPAR database, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay, luciferase reporter assay and Western blot analysis suggested that YY1 activated PCSK9 by binding to PCSK9 promoter and modulated the expression of LDLR in the downstream of PCSK9. In addition, the results of functional experiments demonstrated that the inhibitory effects of YY1 interference on ox-LDL-mediated macrophage inflammation and lipid accumulation were reversed by PCSK9 overexpression. To sum up, YY1 depletion inhibited its activation of PCSK9, thereby reducing cellular inflammatory response, cholesterol homeostasis imbalance, and lipid accumulation caused by ox-LDL.

• Archives of Obesity and Metabolism
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.29-35
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• 2023

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a genetic disease that is not well known or diagnosed in Korea. This disease is associated with persistently high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), which increase the risk of coronary artery disease at a young age. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment are important; however, there are no global consensus diagnostic criteria. In Korea, the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network diagnostic criteria, and the Simon Broome diagnostic criteria were used for diagnosis of FH according to the agreement announced at the Korean Society of Lipid and Atherosclerosis (KSoLA) in 2022. Recently, the absence of coronary artery calcification has been considered a good prognostic factor, even among patients with very high LDL-C levels who are considered to be at high risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. We describe throughout this paper the diagnosis and treatment of FH in a young male without coronary artery calcification.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.628-635
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• 2013

We investigated the effects of water extracts of unripe black raspberry (UBR) and red ginseng (RG) on cholesterol synthesis, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase activity, and expression of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-related genes in HepG2 and Caco-2 (human hepatoma and intestinal cell lines, respectively). Our results showed that cholesterol synthesis and HMG-CoA reductase activity in HepG2 cells were inhibited by UBR and RG. Further, co-treatment with UBR and RG had a greater effect than did treatment with either UBR or RG. In Caco-2 cells, treatment with UBR and RG increased the expression of LDL-regulated genes, such as LDL receptor and SREBP-2, and also upregulated the level of HDL-associated ABCA1. Moreover, co-treatment with UBR and RG appeared to be more effective than treatment with either UBR or RG. Taken together, our results indicate that UBR and RG regulate the level of HDL-associated ABCA1 via signaling pathway, thereby preventing cholesterol synthesis.