• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.73-82
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• 1994

This paper presents the experimental results of runoff and soil losses from sloping runoff plots under three cropping practices. Twenty-nine runoff plots having slopes of 10, 20, and 30 percent in gradient, and lengths of 10, 20 and 30 meter, respectively, were cultivated with soybean, alfalfa, and fallow conditions during 1989~1990 seasons. Crop stages were grouped based on crop canopy conditions and the cropping management factors of the Univer- sal Soil Loss Equation were derived as ratios of the soil losses to fallow conditions. The results from this study are summarized as follows : 1. Annual rainfall erosivity factor at Ichun station varied from 127 to 1336, averaging 472 and 200 in 1989. The month variations reach the peak in July, being 19& 2. Canopy cover percent for soybean that was taken by a photographic method increased sharply during 30 to 80 days after seeding and the results were used to identify periods for the six crop stages. 3. Annual average runoff rates from soybean and alfalfa plots were 35 and 16 percent of those from fallow ones, respectively. The runoff rates decreased as the crops grew. 4. Soil losses from soybean and alfalfa plots were 14 and 16 percent of those from fallow plots. And the crop coefficients were proposed for different crop stages.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Power Electronics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.34-41
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• 2016

This study investigates transformer losses caused by current harmonics. Electrical transformers are designed to work under sinusoidal voltage and current waves at a rated frequency. Recently, various nonlinear loads, such as power electronic converters, are connected to a power system; these converters generate current harmonics. Current harmonics increase power loss in transformers, which results in several problems, including temperature increase of the transformer and insulation damage. These problems will eventually shorten the operational life of the transformer. In this study, different types of losses caused by current harmonics in three-phase transformers are studied under linear and nonlinear load conditions. Linear loads are simulated and experimented on using pure resistance load, whereas nonlinear loads are simulated and experimented on using a three-phase twelve-pulse thyristor full-bridge rectifier. The different types of losses in three-phase transformers are evaluated analytically through the experimental result and simulation in PSiM.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.8 no.7
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• pp.1003-1010
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• 2013

In this paper, TCP/IP based Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication uses CDMA/GSM network for data communication. This communication method is widely used by offshore moored buoy for data transmission back to the system server. Due to weather and signal coverage, the TCP/IP M2M communication often experiences transmission failure and causing data losses in the server. Data losses are undesired especially for meteorological and oceanographic analysis. This paper discusses a software approach to minimize M2M data losses by handling transmission failure and re-attempt which meant to transmit the data for recovery. This implementation was tested for its performance on a meteorological buoy placed offshore.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.88-95
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• 1981

This study was carried out to investigate the relation between seepage losses and flow section area in earth canals. Totally 77 seepage measurement was gained by ponded method and the tested canals belong to the irrigation area of Farmland Improvement Association in each province, Korea. The results obtained from this study may be used as a reasonable criteria for the estimation of canal seepage losses in the design of irrigation systems. Obtained results are summarized as follows: 1. Average seepage rates in each Soils is 14cm/day in ML, 6. 3cm/day in CL and 24.9 cm/day in SM. 2. Water depth and water surface width in eath canals have little influenced on the seepage rate, while the seepage losses was increased in proportion as the water surface width lengthens. 3. A formula of S=C.An defining a relationship between seepage losses and flow section was derieved as follows. ML:S=O. 35 VA 1.20 (m$^3$/day/m) CL:S=O. 13 VA 0.84 SM:s=O.67VA-1.56 4. The average seepage loss rates per 1km of canal are as followings. Measured Time ML CL SM 0-4 hrs 2.2% 0.6% 4.5% 4-2 4hrs 1.0% 0.15% 2.0% In above table we may obtain the following results. The first row is suitable for the canal having short delivery time of irrigation, while the second row for the canal having long delivery time.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.1275-1284
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• 2018

The coaxial magnetic gear with the flux concentrating structure is known that it has the torque performance advantage over the coaxial magnetic gear having surface mounted permanent magnet, thanks to the flux focusing effect. But, if the solid cores are used in the modulating pieces and rotor cores to consider the mechanical reliability and cost reduction, the operating torque of the flux concentrating coaxial magnetic gear can be significantly diminished because the iron losses at the solid cores affect the actual transmitted torque. Furthermore, the modulating pieces and rotor cores have different characteristics of the iron losses from one another, because the space harmonic components of the magnetic flux density, which cause the iron losses, are different. Thus, in this paper, we focused on the analysis of the characteristics of the space harmonic components of the magnetic flux density and resultant eddy current losses in the surface mounted PM and flux concentrating coaxial magnetic gears, when these coaxial magnetic gears have the solid cores at the modulating pieces and rotor cores. The characteristics of pull-out torque (static torque), operating torque (dynamic torque), and efficiency are also researched, and compared by the 3D finite element analysis (FEA) and experiment.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.356-365
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• 2015

This paper presents a new single phase front-end ac-dc bridgeless power factor correction (PFC) rectifier topology. The proposed converter achieves a high efficiency over a wide range of input and output voltages, a high power factor, low line current harmonics and both step up and step down voltage conversions. This topology is based on a non-inverting buck-boost (Zeta) converter. In this approach, the input diode bridge is removed and a maximum of one diode conducts in a complete switching period. This reduces the conduction losses and the thermal stresses on the switches when compare to existing PFC topologies. Inherent power factor correction is achieved by operating the converter in the discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) which leads to a simplified control circuit. The characteristics of the proposed design, principles of operation, steady state operation analysis, and control structure are described in this paper. An experimental prototype has been built to demonstrate the feasibility of the new converter. Simulation and experimental results are provided to verify the improved power quality at the AC mains and the lower conduction losses of the converter.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.22 no.4 s.28
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• pp.528-541
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• 1989

The purpose of this study was to identify and measure the economic costs and benefits due to smoking in Korea. Cigarette smoking is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. In addition to the health risks of smoking, there are important economic consequences. A complete assessment of the economics of smoking requires evaluation of various health, economic, and intangible parameters, including benefits as well as costs of both the production and consumption of tobacco. In this article we focus on costs resulting from the health effects of smoking (expenditures for medical care and the value of productive output lost to morbidity, and premature mortality among smokers), since economic benefits from tobacco industry is offset by expenditures for purchasing tobacco. Two distinct methodologies will be applied to measure the economic costs of smoking cigarette, the human capital and willingness-to-pay approaches. This article used the former method. In 1985, total economic losses due to smoking was estimated as 505.7 billion won, which was composed of morbidity losses 64.9 billion won mortality losses 429.1 billion won and indirect costs 11.7 billion won.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.1097-1108
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• 2017

Accurate calculation of the conduction and switching losses of a power electronic converter is required to achieve the efficiency of the converter. Such calculation is also useful for computing the junction temperature of the switches. A few models have been developed in the articles for calculating the switching energy losses during switching transitions for the given values of switched voltage and switched current. In this study, these models are comprehensively reviewed and investigated for the first time for ease of comparison among them. These models are used for calculating the average amount of switching power losses. However, some points and details should be considered in utilizing these models when switched current or switched voltage presents time-variant and alternative quantity. Therefore, an applicable technique is proposed in details to use these models under the above-mentioned conditions. A proper switching loss model and the presented technique are used to establish a new and fast method for obtaining the average switching power losses in any type of power electronic converters. The accuracy of the proposed method is evaluated by comprehensive simulation studies and experimental results.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.17-25
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• 2008

To achieve the unidirectional airflow in a cleanroom, we need to predict accurately the static pressure losses at the lower plenum and to control properly the opening pressure ratio of access floor panels based on these pressure losses. At first, the present study proposed a correlation to predict the velocity distribution at the lower plenum, because the accuracy to predict pressure losses at the lower plenum depends on how to calculate the velocity correctly against the inner structures at the lower plenum. In the second place, this study proposed correlations which considered the effect of inner structures such as columns, ducts and equipments at the lower plenum on pressure losses. In order to test the accuracy of these correlations, we compared air flow patterns before regulating the opening ratio of access floor with those after regulating. Results after regulating the opening ratio of access floor show good unidirectional uniform airflow pattern. So the present method can be used as an important tool to control the air flow in a cleanroom.

• Solar Energy
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.73-80
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• 2000

Considering the optical performance of the reflector and analyzing heat losses from the receiver, the optimal diameter of the absorber for a PTC(Parabolic Trough Concentrator) system was numerically determined. The results of this study were compared with the results of the IST (Industrial Solar Technology)-PTC test to verify the validity of the model. Good agreement was obtained with the deviation range from 0.4 to 7.7%. Generally, the net energy gained by the receiver shows the maximum at the particular absorber diameter and the specific gap size between the absorber and the glass envelop because the heat losses from the receiver becomes the minimum. The results showed that the conductive and convective heat losses became the minimum when the gap size was 7 to 10mm. Finally, it was known that the optimal absorber diameter was 62mm at $100^{\circ}C$, 57mm at $150^{\circ}C$, and 53mm at $200^{\circ}C$ of the absorber surface temperature, respectively.