• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.181-193
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• 2018

The present study was conducted to analyze the quality of the habitats of Abies koreana WILS. by using the InVEST model based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) technique and to evaluate the economic value by estimating the carbon fixation. Abies koreana WILS., an original biological species of South Korea, may be an essential element in establishing the national biological sovereignty in the future. The subjects of the present study were the national parks in Mt. Halla, Mt. Jiri, and Mt. Sobaek, which are the habitats of Abies koreana WILS. As suggested by previous studies as a limitation of the InVEST model, the utilization of the data from relevant international publications as the input data, due to the lack of the domestic input data, may decrease the accuracy of the modeling. Therefore, the AHP technique was applied for the input data. The modeling was performed with reference to the years of 1980, 1990, and 2000 for the scenario analysis. The result of the modeling showed that the habitat quality was changed most in the national park in Mt. Halla, as the habitat quality score was decreased from 0.96 in 1980 to 0.97 in 1990 and 0.94 in 2000. In the national part of Mt. Sobeak, the habitat quality was changed most in the sub-alpine zone, as the habitat quality score was decreased from 0.98 in 1980 and 0.98 in 1990 to 0.97 in 2000. The habitat quality was best conserved in the national part in Mt. Jiri, as the habitat quality score was 0.98 in 1980, 0.99 in 1990, and 0.99 in 2000. The estimated economic loss by the change of the habitat quality was 19,280,000 USD for Mt. Halla and 8,030,000 USD for Mt. Sobeak. In the present study, the habitat quality of the Abies koreana WILS, the original species of South Korea, was evaluated and the economic value of the ecological services provided by the habitats was estimated quantitatively. The result showed that the ecosystem service model may be used to qualitatively analyze the quality of a habitat located in a specific region and to estimate the economic value quantitatively. The objective evaluation of ecosystem services demonstrated in the present study may be applied to promote sustainable utilization of natural resources and conservation of the ecosystem by predicting the changes that may be caused by external factors including the development of preservation areas.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.155-165
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• 2015

Well-feathered (over 10 feathers) 'Fuji'/M.9 apple trees were planted at $3.0{\times}1.0m$ and trained to slender spindle with 2.5 m height or to tall spindle with 3.5 m height, and the vegetative growth, productivity, and fruit quality of two training systems were compared for 8 years. The canopy volume of the tall spindle trees surpassed that of the slender spindle trees 4 years after planting and was 25% larger than that of the slender spindle trees 5 years after planting. The accumulated yield over 8 years for the tall spindle system was 14% higher than that of the slender spindle system. Alternate bearing and incidence of marssonina blotch were observed in both treatments after 5 years of planting. There was often vegetative imbalance in the trees however, the degree of yield loss and vegetative imbalance of the tall spindle trees was lower than those of the slender spindle trees. Soluble solid content and fruit red color of the tall spindle trees were higher than that of the slender spindle trees in 5 year after planting, resulting from increased light penetration in the canopy due to even distribution of lateral branches and from fruit bearing in different height locations of the trees. In conclusion, increasing the tree height to about 3.5 m using slender spindle 'Fuji'/M.9 apple trees planted with over 333 trees per 10a led to better light penetration, yield and fruit quality compared to a conventional wide training system with the slender spindle.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.447-455
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• 2011

To investigate the effects of the improvement of postharvest quality on fresh tomato, antimicrobial microperforated (AMP) films were prepared and their antimicrobial abilities were observed. AMP films were made by coating different types of natural antimicrobial agents such as cinnamon, clove, and clary sage essential oils into microperforated (MP) films. Cinnamon essential oil of 10% (v/v) has proven to be very effective as inhibitor of the mold growth on tomato, compared to the clove and clary sage essential oils. Quality changes of fresh tomatoes packed using the natural AMP films (AMP10 and AMP30) and MP films (MP10 and MP30) during storage were evaluated. Total microbial growth, weight loss, firmness, lycopene content, and decay rate as the major quality parameters were monitored over 9 days at $15^{\circ}C$. The oxygen transmission rates and mechanical properties between the natural AMP and MP films were also compared. There was no significant difference in change of oxygen transmission rate, tensile strength and elongation between the AMP and MP films. For storage studies, the freshness of tomato packaged in AMP30 film was higher than that in OPP film (the control), MP10, MP30, and AMP10 films. Especially, AMP30 film exhibited high efficiency compared to the control for tomato decay during storage periods. Based on the results, the microperforation and antimicrobial properties of the packaged films may significantly affect the maintenance of an optimum gas composition within the package atmosphere for increasing the storage life and quality of produce. They were also effective on the inhibition of microbial growth by controlled release of antimicrobial agent at an appropriate rate from the package into the tomato. Natural antimicrobial agent coating microperforated films could use potential functional package as a method of extending the freshness of postharvest tomato for storage.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.271-278
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• 2020

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli is one of the major causative infectious agents of diarrhea in newborn and post-weaning pigs and leads to a large economic loss worldwide. However, there is limited information on the distribution and characterization of virulence genes in E. coli isolated from diarrheic piglets, which also applies to the current status of pig farms in Korea. To investigate the prevalence and characterization of virulence genes in E. coli related to diarrhea in piglets, the rectal swab samples of diarrheic piglets (aged 2 d to 6 w) were collected from 163 farms between 2013 and 2016. Five to 10 individual swab samples from the same farm were pooled and cultured on MacConkey agar plates, and E. coli were identified using the API 32E system. Three sets of multiplex PCRs were used to detect 13 E. coli virulence genes. As a result, a total of 172 E. coli isolates encoding one or more of the virulence genes were identified. Among them, the prevalence of individual virulence gene was as follows, (1) fimbrial adhesins (43.0%): F4 (16.9%), F5 (4.1%), F6 (1.7%), F18 (21.5%), and F41 (3.5%); (2) toxins (90.1%): LT (19.2%), STa (20.9%), STb (25.6%), Stx2e (15.1%), EAST1 (48.3%); and (3) non-fimbrial adhesin (19.6%): EAE (14.0%), AIDA-1 (11.6%) and PAA (8.7%), respectively. Taken together, various pathotypes and virotypes of E. coli were identified in diarrheic piglets. These results suggest a broad array of virulence genes is associated with coliform diarrhea in piglets in Korea.

• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.1141-1153
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• 2010

This paper introduces ONLIS(Overlay Multicast Network for Live IPTV Service), a novel overlay multicast network optimized to deliver live broadcast IPTV stream. We analyzed IPTV reference model of ITU-T IPTV standardization group in terms of network and stream delivery from the source networks to the customer networks. Based on the analysis, we divide IPTV reference model into 3 networks; source network, core network and access network, ION(Infrastructure-based Overlay Multicast Network) is employed for the source and core networks and PON(P2P-based Overlay Multicast Network) is applied to the access networks. ION provides an efficient, reliable and stable stream distribution with very negligible delay while PON provides bandwidth efficient and cost effective streaming with a little tolerable delay. The most important challenge in live P2P streaming is to reduce end-to-end delay without sacrificing stream quality. Actually, there is always a trade-off between delay & stream quality in conventional live P2P streaming system. To solve this problem, we propose two approaches. Firstly, we propose DSPT(Distributed Streaming P2P Tree) which takes advantage of combinational overlay multicasting. In DSPT, a peer doesn't fully rely on SP(Supplying Peer) to get the live stream, but it cooperates with its local ANR(Access Network Relay) to reduce delay and improve stream quality. When RP detects bandwidth drop in SP, it immediately switches the connection from SP to ANR and continues to receive stream without any packet loss. DSPT uses distributed P2P streaming technique to let the peer share the stream to the extent of its available bandwidth. This means, if RP can't receive the whole stream from SP due to lack of SP's uploading bandwidth, then it receives only partial stream from SP and the rest from the ANR. The proposed distributed P2P streaming improves P2P networking efficiency.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.165-171
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• 2004

Weight loss and nutrients dynamics during decomposition of oak roots (diameter classes: R₁〈0.2㎝, 0.5㎝〈R₂〈1㎝, 1㎝〈R₃〈2㎝, 2㎝.〈R₄〈4㎝) (Quercus acutissima) were studied for 33-months in Kongiu, Korea. After 33-months, decomposition rate of R₁, R₂, R₃ and R₄ was 49.6%, 47.5%, 66.4% and 66.1%, respectively. The decomposition constant(k) for R₁, R₂, R₃, and R₄ was 0.249/yr, 0.234/yr, 0.397/yr and 0.393/yr, respectively. Larger diameter class of the root lost more weight than smaller diameter class. N concentration in decomposing oak roots increased in all diameter classes. After 33-months, remaining N in R₁, R₂, R₃ and R₄ was 66.5%, 80.7%, 84.4% and 44.4%, respectively. K concentration in decomposing oak roots decreased in early part of decomposition and then increased in later stage of decomposition. After 33-months, remaining P in R₁, R₂, R₃ and R₄ was 64.7%, 62.4%, 93.1% and 30.7%, respectively. K concentration in decomposing oak roots decreased rapidly in early stage of decomposition. Remaining K in R₁, R₂, R₃ and R₄ was 11.6%, 10.6%, 5.9% and 7.7%, respectively. Ca concentration in decomposing oak roots showed different among diameter classes. After 33-months, remaining Ca in R₁, R₂, R₃ and R₄ was 66.2%, 51.0%, 39.1% and 48.3%, respectively. Initial concentration of Mg in oak root was higher in smaller diameter class. After 33-months, remaining Mg in R₁, R₂, R₃ and R₄ was 15.3%, 29.9%, 24.5% and 69.4%, respectively.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.30 no.10
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• pp.991-1000
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• 1997

Closed thoracostomy with UWSD* which is the most utilized procedure in chest surgery applies general thoracic disorders, trauma and after-thoracic surgery. The University hospital was involved on operating 2341 cases of closed thoracostomy with UWSD except chest tubing after-thoracic surgery for a full six years from January, 1991 to December, 1996. The rate of men and women out of the total 2341 cases was 3.5 : 1, the distribution by age showed that men were 36.6 $\pm21.0$ years old, women were $47.0\pm20.2$ years old and so that the total were 40.0 $\pm$ 20.5 years old. As for indication, spontaneous, secondary and traumatic pneumothorax were the most common, in addition to hemothorax hemopneumothorax, hydrothorax, hydropneumothorax, empyema, chylothorax. The most indwelling period of chest tubing is between eight and fourteen days for 974 cases and the average is 13.7 $\pm$ 6.3 days, The average drainage amount immediately after thoracostomy was 537 $\pm$ 88m1, and in 694 cases(46.0%), the drain amount was 201 ~ 500 ml. The rate of right and left tubing was 52.4 47.6, in 2071 cases(88.5%), the thoracostomy was the first chance and 2210 cases(94.4%) were treated with a single tube drainage. Almost all the patients complained of tube site pain, besides tube site infection, intercostal neuralgia, loss of tube function by the pleural adhesion, intrathoracic infection, incomplete reexpansion of defective lung, hemorrhage caused by the rupture of a blood vessel, subcutaneous emphysema, lung parenchymal rupture, diaphragmatic and intraabdominal trauma, reexpansionary pulmonary edema of one side lung and cellulitis were relapsed. 84.6% of all patients recovered with only clo ed thoracostomy and the rest of patient needed additional some necessary managements and so on to have successful results. There were two deaths(0.1%), caused by reexpansionary pulmonary edema, the cellulitis were complicated by thoracostomy with UWSD on an empyema patients to come to death(due to sepsis). t UWSD = under water seal drainage

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.205-217
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• 2014

As Mt. Backdu is expected to erupt, the social and economic impacts of the eruption on the Korean peninsula as well as on the world become a research topic of interest. If the volcano erupts, South Korea can be directly impacted by volcanic ash, which will bring out secondary damages in various ways. Given that the direct damage is a basis to estimate indirect and secondary damages, this paper was to review a method to estimate direct damages, called catastrophe risk models, and estimate the direct damages of available eruption scenarios of Mt. Baekdu. Based on the results, the damages by volcanic ash will occur mostly around Gangwon province if the Mt. Backdu erupts. Thus the inventory lists and their damage functions of Gangwon provinces were collected. In particular agricultural and forestry products were surveyed based on the land use. Direct damages were estimated using volcanic ash distribution of eruption scenarios, inventory information and their damage functions. In result, a scenario in winter caused the damage of 299.8 billion KRW (20.4% of total agricultural production in 2010) and 28.9 billion KRW (9.0% of total forestry production in 2010) in agriculture and forestry, respectively. The damages in agriculture was larger, and it is due to the damage functions which show the agricultural products are more vulnerable to volcanic ash than forestry products. Also the agricultural production (1,471.7 billion KRW in 2010) are more than 4.5 times the forestry production (322.3 billion KRW in 2010) in Gangwon province. Inje and Gangnung had the most damages in the scenario in winter. Inje had the most damage due to the thick ash deposit (8.5 mm in average) despite the low production. On the other hand, Goseong had a low damage compared to the ash thickness larger than 20mm, owing to the low production. The direct damage estimated through this process can be used to estimate indirect damages.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.19-27
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• 1996

I. Project Title A Study of Brachytherapy for intraocular tumor II. Objective and Importance of the project The eye enucleation or external-beam radiation therapy that has been commonly used for the treatment of intraocular tumor have demerits of visual loss and in deficiency of effective tumor dose. Recently, brachytherapy using the plaques containing radioisotope-now treatment method that decrease the demerits of the above mentioned treatment methods and increase the treatment effect-is introduced and performed in the countries, Our purpose of this research is to design suitable shape of plaque for the ophthalmic brachytherapy, and to measure absorbed doses of Ir-192 ophthalmic plaque and thereby calculate the exact radiation dose of tumor and it's adjacent normal tissue. III. Scope and Contents of the project In order to brachytherapy for intraocular tumor, 1. to determine the eye model and selected suitable radioisotope 2. to design the suitable shape of plaque 3. to measure transmission factor and dose distribution for custom made plaques 4. to compare with the these data and results of computer dose calculation models IV. Results and Proposal for Applications The result were as followed. 1. Eye model was determined as a 25mm diameter sphere, Ir-192 was considered the most appropriate as radioisotope for brachytherapy, because of the size, half, energy and availability. 2. Considering the biological response with human tissue and protection of exposed dose, we made the plaques with gold, of which size were 15mm, 17mm and 20mm in diameter, and 1.5mm in thickness. 3. Transmission factor of plaques are all 0.71 with TLD and film dosimetry at the surface of plaques and 0.45, 0.49 at 1.5mm distance of surface, respectively. 4. As compared the measured data for the plaque with Ir-192 seeds to results of computer dose calculation model by Gary Luxton et al. and CAP-PLAN (Radiation Treatment Planning System), absorbed doses are within ${\pm}10\%$ and distance deviations are within 0.4mm Maximum error is $-11.3\%$ and 0.8mm, respectively. As a result of it, we can treat the intraocular tumor more effectively by using custom made gold plaque and Ir-192 seeds.

• The Korean Nurse
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.49-65
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• 1991

This study was carried out to assess the problems with the pregnant women, and check out the risk-factors in the high-risk pregnancies, using a simplified antepartum risk-scoring system, which was revised from Edwards' scoring system to be suitable for Korean situaition. This instrument was included 4 categories, demographic, obstetric, medical and miscellaneous factors. This survey was based on the 1300 pregnant women who were admitted, $x^2$-test, F-test, Pearsons correation, using statistical package SAS in NAS computer system, KIST. The results of the study were as follows; 1. 1313 infants were deliveried of these 560 infants(42.7%) were born to mothers with risk-scores > 7, and 753 infants(57.3%) were born to mothers risk-scores <7. 2. Maternal age" parity, education level, of the demographic factors were significant relation statistically to identify the high risk pregnancies($X^2$=20.88, 42.87, 15.60 P < 0.01). 3. C-section, post term, incompetent cervix, uterine anomaly, polyhydramnios, congenital anomaly, sensitized RH negative, abortion, preeclampsia, excessive size infant, premature, low birth weight infanl, abnormal presentation, perinatal loss, multiple pregnancy, of the obstetric factors were significant relation statistically to identify the high risk-pregnancies. ($X^2$ = 175.96, 87.5, 16.28, 21.78, 9.46, 8. 10, 6.75, 22.9, 64.84, 6.93, 361.43, 185.55, 78.65, 45.52, P < 0.01). 4. Abnormal nutrition, anemia, UTI, other medicalcondition(pulmonary disease, severe influenza), heart disease, V.D., of the miscellaneous and medical factors, were significant relation statistically to identify the high risk-pregnancies. 5. Premature, low birth weight infant, contracted pelvis, abnormal presentation, of the risk factors were significantly related with Apgar score at 1 '||'&'||' 5 minute after birth and neonatal body weight. 6. Apgar score at 1 '||'&'||' 5 minute after, birth and neonatal body weight were significantly negative correlated with risk-score. 7. There were statistically significant difference between risk-score and Apgar score at 1 '||'&'||' 5 minute after birth, 3 group(0-3, 4-6, above 7), and neonatal body weight, 2 group(below 2.5kg, the other group) (F=104.65, 96.61, 284.92, P<0.01). 8. Apgar score at 1 '||'&'||' 5 minute after birth(below 7), and neonatal body weight(below 2.5kg), were significant relation statistically with risk score.($x^2$=65.99, 60.88, 177.07, P<0.01) were 60.8 %, 60% . 9. Correct classifications of morbid infants(l '||'&'||' 5 minute Apgar score < 7) were 77.8%, 83.8% and that of nonmorbid infants(l '||'&'||' 5 minute Apgar score > 7) were 60.8%, 60%. 10. There were statistically significant difference between dislribution of maternal risk-score among the morbid infants(l '||'&'||' 5 minute Apgar score < 7) and non morbid infants(l '||'&'||' 5 minute Apgar score> 7) ($x^2$=64.8, 58.8, P < 0.001). 11. There were statistically significant difference between distribution of morbid infants(l '||'&'||' 5 minute Apgar score < 7) and fetal death. 12. The predictivity for classifying high.risk cases was 12 % and for classifying low-risk cases was 98.3 % in 5 minute Apgar score. Suggestions for further studies are as follows; 1. Contineous prospective studies, using this newly revised scoring system are strongly recommended in the stetric service. 2. Besides risk facto~s used in this study, assessmenl of risks by factors in another scoring system and paralled studies related to perinatal outcome are strongly recommended.