• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.123-128
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• 1982

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of ozone gas on paddy rice at the different growth stage. Seokwang variety of rice plant was exposed to 0.5 ppm ozone gas for 4 hours at rooting, maximum tillering, ear formation and heading stages. after ozone gas fumigation, damage symptom, percentage of destroyed leaf, chlorophyll content and peroxidase activity of rice plant were observed. The results obtained are as follows. 1) Typical symptom of ozone gas damage appeared greyish or reddish brown subtle spots within rice leaf vein. 2) Yield loss by ozone gas exposure at different growth stage was in the order of maximum tillering stage>rooting stage>ear formation stage>heading stage. 3) Chlorophyll damage and leaf destruction was the highest at maximum tillering stage, while damage of leaf and chlorophyll were not found at heading stage. 4) The damage by ozone gas fumigation was higher at the growth stage with higher N content in plant, and N content was decreased after ozone gas exposure.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.158-164
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• 2008

Abstract Infiltration of rainfall that may lead to reduce resistance force due to reduction of matric suction and to increase driving force due to increase of self weight makes the slope fail. There are many specifications to make slope stable based on factor of safety. Although result of slope stability analysis satisfy the specifications, slope failures triggered by rainfall are frequently occurred in reality because slope stability analysis cannot consider uncertainty of each soil properties. This is why conventional analysis has limitation and development of alternative method is needed. So it is suggested to adopt the reliability analysis rather than design based on factor of safety into designing safer structure. Through the evaluation of handicaps for the factor of safety based design, calculation of soil properties by site investigation, and reliability analysis considering distribution of each soil properties, distribution of failure probability in railway slope is obtained. Then, Risk assessment of slopes in Korean railway is executed from the results. Damage loss and incoming loss are considered as the loss. Using these results, it is possible to make proper countermeasure or efficient maintenance.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.673-697
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• 2005

The purpose of this paper is to estimate the total damage cost (i.e., individual welfare loss) due to dust-sand storm (DSS) in Korea, using contingent valuation method. CV market scenario is designed to elicit individual WTP for reducing the currently 14 days of average DSS per year by 50 percent. Question about the shares of various types of damage costs are directly asked after the respondent answered about his or her WTP in CV questionnaire. The yearly damage cost due to DSS is 29,510 won(95% C.I. 24,565~35,452won) in the case of an individual, therefore amounts to 444.1 billion won(95% C.I. 407.3~481.0 billion won) for the whole nation. The cost of amenity reduction counted as 33.8% is 150.1 billion won(95% C.I. 137.7~162.6 billion won); the cost of increase in morbidity counted as 36.6% amounts to 162.5 billion won(95% C.I. 149.1~176.0 billion won); the cost of averting behaviors counted as 14.5% is 64.4 billion won(95% C.I. 59.1~69.7 billion won); and the cost of car wash, activity restriction and so on, which was counted as 15.1%, amounts to 67.1 billion won(95% C.I. 61.5~72.6 billion won).

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.1597-1603
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• 2017

The incidence of fire in underground utility tunnel is lower than other fires, but the damage caused by fire can cause social loss due to social management paralysis as well as economic loss. Hereupon, this paper presents the results of an empirical test on the construction of the underground utility tunnel condition monitoring system using the leakage coaxial cable installed in the underground utility tunnel. For this reason, a verification test was conducted by connecting a inductive coupler 200 Mbps power line communication modem with insertion loss characteristics of $-6{\pm}2dB$ to the installed the leakage coaxial cable installed in the underground utility tunnel. As a result, We confirmed sending/receiving of IP cameras up to 500 m. Therefore, it is judged that it is possible to construct a condition monitoring system for underground utility tunnel by using the leakage coaxial cables installed in the underground utility tunnels without installing additional communication lines for data transmission.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.52-61
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• 2021

Decay fungi can decompose plant debris to recycle carbon in the ecosystem. Still, they can also be fungal pathogens, which can damage living trees and/or wood material and cause a large amount of timber loss. We isolated and identified basidiomycetous fungi from the decayed bark of Mongolian oak wrapped with sticky roll traps. The degrading enzyme activities were then tested for all fungal isolates. The decay ability of selected isolates was assessed based on the weight loss of wood discs after inoculating with culture suspension of decay fungi under the different humidity levels. A total of 46 basidiomycetous fungal isolates belonged to 12 species, and 10 genera were obtained from Jong Myo (16 isolates), Chang Kyung palace (7 isolates), Cheong Gye (10 isolates), and Gun Po (13 isolates). Gymnopus luxurians was the most dominant fungus in the present study, and this species distributed in all survey sites with 9 isolates in Jong Myo, followed by 3 isolates in Chang Kyung palace, while Cheong Gye and Gun Po had only 1 isolate each. Among 46 isolates, 44 isolates secreted at least one enzyme, while 25 isolates produced both cellulase and phenol oxidase enzymes, and 2 isolates produced neither. The assessment of decay ability by artificial inoculation indicated that the weight loss of wood discs was significantly influenced by humidity conditions when inoculated with bark decay fungi. The percent weight losses by G. luxurians inoculation in RH of 90-100% and RH of 65-75% were 4.61% and 2.45%, respectively. The weight loss caused by Abortiporus biennis were 6.67% and 0.46% in RH of 90-100% and RH of 45-55%, respectively. The humidity reduction approach should be applied for further studies to control the growth and spread of bark decay fungi on the trunks wrapped with sticky roll traps.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.243-252
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• 2024

Conventional carbon mild steel is a type of steel known for its low carbon content and generally used in the construction industry. Its easily formable and weldable properties make this steel a widely preferred material for buildings, bridges and various construction projects. Other advantages of these steels are their low cost and good mechanical properties. However, high temperatures have an impact on the microstructure and mechanical characteristics of these materials. When high temperatures are present during a fire, steels show significant microstructural changes. Elevated temperatures often decrease the mechanical characteristics of steels. For this purpose, evaluating the post-fire behavior of conventional structural mild steel is an important issue in terms of safety. A combined experimental and parametric study was conducted to estimate fire damage to steel buildings, which is an important issue in the construction field. Tensile test coupons were cut from conventional structural S235JR mild steel sheets with thicknesses ranging from 6 mm to 12 mm. These samples were exposed to temperatures as high as 1200 ℃. After heat treatment, the specimens were allowed to naturally cool to ambient temperature using air cooling before being tested. A tensile test was performed on these coupons to evaluate their mechanical properties after fire, such as their elastic modulus, yield strength, and ultimate tensile strength. The mechanical behavior of conventional S235JR structural steel changed significantly when the heating temperature reached 600℃. The thickness of the steel had a negligible effect on yield strength loss, with the highest measured loss being 50% for 8 mm thickness at 1200℃. For thinner sections (6 mm), yield strength decreased by up to 40%, while thicker samples (12 mm) showed similar reductions. Ultimate tensile strength also showed minimal changes up to 600℃, but beyond this point, a notable decline occurred, with approximately 30% strength loss at 1200℃. The modulus of elasticity remained almost constant up to 800℃, but at 1200℃, the loss reached around 20% for thicker sections (10 mm and 12 mm) and up to 35% for thinner sections (6 mm and 8 mm). Overall, high temperatures led to significant deterioration in both yield and ultimate strength, with a general loss of load-bearing capacity above 600℃. A new equation was formulated from experimental results to predict changes in the mechanical properties of S235JR steels. This equation offers a precise evaluation of buildings made from conventional structural S235JR mild steel after fire exposure. Furthermore, the empirical equation is applicable to low-strength steels with yield strengths ranging from 235 MPa to 420 MPa.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.49
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• pp.283-324
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• 2011

The purpose of this paper is to research the air waybill and the carrier's liability in respect of the carriage of cargo by air under the Montreal Convention of 1999. The Warsaw Convention for the unification of certain rules for international carriage by air was adopted in 1929 and modified successively in 1955, 1961, 1971, 1975 and 1999. The Montreal Convention of 1999 modernized and consolidated the Warsaw Convention and related instruments. Under the Montreal Convention, in respect of the carriage of cargo, the air waybill shall be made out by the consignor. If, at the request of the consignor, the carrier makes it out, the carrier shall be deemed to have done so on behalf of the consignor. The air waybill shall be made out in three orignal parts. Under the Montreal Convention, the consignor shall indemnify the carrier against all damages suffered by the carrier or any other person to whom the carrier is liable, by reason of the irregularity, incorrectness or incompleteness of the particulars and statement furnished by the consignor or on its behalf. The air waybill is not a document of title or negotiable instrument. Under the Montreal Convention, the air waybill is prima facie evidence of the conclusion of the contract, of the acceptance of the cargo and of the conditions of carriage. If the carrier carries out the instructions of the consignor for the disposition of the cargo without requiring the production of the part of the air waybill, the carrier will be liable, for any damage which may be accused thereby to any person who is lawfully in possession of the part of the air waybill. Under the Montreal Convention, the carrier is liable by application of principle of strict liability for the damage sustained during the carriage of cargo by air. The carrier is liable for the destruction or loss of, or damage to cargo and delay during the carriage by air. The period of the carriage by air does not extend to any carriage by land, by sea or by inland waterway performed outside an airport. Under the Montreal Convention, the carrier's liability is limited to a sum of 17 Special Drawing Rights per kilogramme. Any provision tending to relieve the carrier of liability or to fix a lower limit than that which is laid down in this Convention shall be and void. Under the Montreal Convention, if the carrier proves that the damage was caused by the negligence or other wrongful act or omission of the person claiming compensation, or the person from whom he derives his rights, the carrier shall be wholly or partly exonerated from ist liability to the claimant to the extent that such negligence or wrongful act or omission caused the damage. Under the Montreal Convention, any action for damages, however founded, whether under this Convention or in contract or in tort or otherwise, can only be brought subject to the conditions and such limits of liability as are set out in this Convention. Under the Montreal Convention, in the case of damage the person entitled to delivery must complain to the carrier forthwith after the discovery of the damage, and at the latest, within fourteen days from the date of receipt of cargo. In the case of delay, the complaint must be made at the latest within twenty-one days from the date on which the cargo has been placed at his disposal. if no complaint is made within the times aforesaid, no action shall lie against the carrier, save in the case of fraud on its part. Under the Montreal Convention, the right to damage shall be extinguished if an action is not brought within a period of two years, reckoned from the date of arrival at the destination, or from the date on which the aircraft ought to have arrived, or from the date on which the carriage stopped. In conclusion, the Montreal Convention has main outstanding issues with respect to the carrier's liability in respect of the carriage of cargo by air as follows : The amounts of limits of the carrier's liability, the duration of the carrier's liability, and the aviation liability insurance. Therefore, the conditions and limits of the carrier's liability under the Montreal Convention should be readjusted and regulated in detail.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.93-123
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• 2005

As the international commercial transaction has drastically grown up with the mainland China, commercial disputes that are required to settle through ADR have tremendously increased during the last decade. Since China has not been fully exposed to the Free World for a long period of time, there would have been a great amount of misunderstanding about their competency and integrity to deal with internationally oriented commercial transactions with a view to internationally acceptable manner. This arbitration case was related to the contract in dispute of C&A Inc. as the importer v. China XX Importation Co. as the exporter for the sale of Silicon Metal. But after the contract were formed, exporter(respondent) declined to deliver the goods under the contracts because the market price of Silicon Metal increased according to the argument of the importer(claimant). Importer had to purchase alternative goods from other companies to substitute for the goods subject to the contracts in dispute. Importer purchased silicon metal of the same quality as under the contracts from two other Chinese companies as the necessary measure to mitigate the loss, paying prices higher than the contract price. Since exporter had breached the contracts, importer's loss should be compensated by the exporter as the Arbitration Tribunal decided for supporting importer's claim of loss for the substitute goods. This study is aiming at analyzing the rationale of the arbitral awards made by the Shanghai Commission in terms of (l)Place of Arbitration, (2)Applicable Law, (3)Validity of the Contracts, (4)Doctrine of Frustration, (5)Responsibility for the Mitigation of Damage by the Importer.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.84-92
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• 2020

Patients undergoing radiation therapy for head and neck cancer (HNC) experience significant early and long-term side effects. The likelihood and severity of complications depends on a number of factors, including the total dose of radiation delivered, over what time it was delivered and what parts of the head and neck received radiation. Late side effects include: permanent loss of saliva; osteoradionecrosis; radiation recall myositis, pharyngoesophageal stenosis; dental caries; oral cavity necrosis; fibrosis; impaired wound healing; skin changes and skin cancer; lymphedema; hypothyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, lightheadedness, dizziness and headaches; secondary cancer; and eye, ear, neurological and neck structures damage. Patients who undergo radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma tend to suffer from chronic sinusitis. These side effects present difficult challenges to the patients and their caregivers and require life-long strategies to alleviate their deleterious effect on basic life functions and on the quality of life. This review presents these side effects and their management.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.308-314
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• 2018

Injury is a serious problem that not only causes death but also significantly degrades the quality of life of the people and causes loss of socioeconomic opportunities and costs. Damage occurs as a result of an accident. Among them, natural disasters and artificial disasters take lives of many people in a short time and threaten their physical and mental health. The United States has responded to the disaster by establishing relevant laws and regulations and a response system with the recognition that health is recognised soon to be as national security in the wake of the 9/11 terrorist attacks and the Katrina disaster. It is necessary to build a knowledge infrastructure to train disaster response experts in public health area and to have health competence to cope with disasters.