• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.301-307
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• 2014

Fucodiphlorethol G (6'-[2,4-dihydroxy-6-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenoxy)phenoxy]biphenyl-2,2',4,4',6-pentol) is a compound purified from Ecklonia cava, a brown alga that is widely distributed offshore of Jeju Island. This study investigated the protective effects of fucodiphlorethol G against oxidative damage-mediated apoptosis induced by ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation. Fucodiphlorethol G attenuated the generation of 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals and intracellular reactive oxygen species in response to UVB irradiation. Fucodiphlorethol G suppressed the inhibition of human keratinocyte growth by UVB irradiation. Additionally, the wavelength of light absorbed by fucodiphlorethol G was close to the UVB spectrum. Fucodiphlorethol G reduced UVB radiation-induced 8-isoprostane generation and DNA fragmentation in human keratinocytes. Moreover, fucodiphlorethol G reduced UVB radiation-induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, generation of apoptotic cells, and active caspase-9 expression. Taken together, fucodiphlorethol G protected human keratinocytes against UVB radiation-induced cell damage and apoptosis by absorbing UVB radiation and scavenging reactive oxygen species.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.109-114
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• 2017

Monitoring of corrosion is in most cases based on simulation of environmental conditions on a large and complex structure such as a buried pipeline using a small probe, and the measurement of thermodynamics and kinetics of corrosion processes occurring on the probe surface. This paper presents a hybrid corrosion monitoring probe designed for simulating deteriorating conditions wrought by disbonded coatings and for measuring current densities and distribution of such densities on a simulated pipeline surface. The concept of the probe was experimentally evaluated using immersion tests under cathodic protection (CP) in high resistivity aqueous solution. Underneath the disbonded area, anodic currents and cathodic currents were carefully measured. Anodic current densities were used to calculate metal loss according to Faraday's law. Calculated corrosion patterns were compared with corrosion damage observed at the surface of the probe after a series of stringent tests. The capability of the probe to measure anodic current densities under CP, without requiring interruption, was demonstrated in high resistivity aqueous solution. The pattern of calculated metal loss correlated well with corrosion products distribution observed at the array surface. Working principles of the probe are explained in terms of electrochemistry.

• 유체기계공업학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.12a
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• pp.359-365
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• 2000

Port facilities and marine structures used in marine environment were encountered to corrosion damages because of the influence of $Cl^-$. Generally, to protect these accidents, mainly applied anti-corrosion paint and epoxy coating. But it was still remained erosion-corrosion damage such as impingement erosion, cavitation erosion, deposit attack. There was needs to develope the new coating materials to protective those corrosion damages. This paper, polyester glass flake, vinylester glass flake lining and epoxy coating for SS were investigated electrochemical tests and cavitation erosion test for corrosion behaviour under sea water. The main results obtained are as follows, 1) Surface of epoxy coating appear erosion pin hole but surface of polyester glass flake and vinylester glass flake lining do not appear erosion pin hole after impingement-cavitation erosion test in sea water. 2) Weight loss of polyester glass flake and vinylester glass flake lining do not occur after impingement-cavitation erosion test in sea water. 3) Corrosion current density of polyester glass flake lining less drained than epoxy coating and substrate under corrosion potential.. 4) Corrosion current density of vinylester glass flake lining with three coating less drained than that of polyester glass flake lining with two coating.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.479-500
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• 2016

Seismic design criteria allow enhancing the structural ductility and controlling the damage distribution. Therefore, detailing rules and design requirements given by current seismic codes might be also beneficial to improve the structural robustness. In this paper a comprehensive parametric study devoted to quantifying the effectiveness of seismic detailing for steel Moment Resisting Frames (MRF) in limiting the progressive collapse under column loss scenarios is presented and discussed. The overall structural performance was analysed through nonlinear static and dynamic analyses. With this regard the following cases were examined: (i) MRF structures designed for wind actions according to Eurocode 1; (ii) MRF structures designed for seismic actions according to Eurocode 8. The investigated parameters were (i) the number of storeys; (ii) the interstorey height; (iii) the span length; (iv) the building plan layout; and (v) the column loss scenario. Results show that structures designed according to capacity design principles are less robust than wind designed ones, provided that the connections have the same capacity threshold in both cases. In addition, the numerical outcomes show that both the number of elements above the removed column and stiffness of beams are the key parameters in arresting progressive collapse.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.303-310
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• 2017

Kimchi cabbage is in demand all year, but there is an unbalance in its supply and demand due to climate reasons, requiring practical methods for extending storage without high cost. Therefore, this study aimed to assess available storage methods. 'Choongwang' Kimchi cabbages cultivated in Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do were on June 14 harvested and packed in plastic boxes. Control group was treated by loading four to five heads. Moisturized paper was applied as a liner inside the box to prevent dehumidification and damage to the cut root parts, and a small loading amount (three heads) was applied for better air circulation. Weight loss rates after 12 weeks of storage were 13.83% in the control group, 12.57% in the first group, and 13.38% in the second group. Trimming loss rates after 9 weeks of storage were 14.96% in the control group, 12.29% in the first group, and 12.55% in the second group. As a result of the sensory test, the control group lost its marketability after 6 weeks of storage, while the second group maintained it until 9 weeks and the first group maintained it until 12 weeks and scored higher than 6 points. Therefore, the tested methods were effective for extending the freshness of Kimchi.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.607-612
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• 2011

The occurrence of grape berry shattering and decay is influenced by the pre- and/or postharvest infection of decay organisms and pest. Postharvest infection is associated with physical damage due to rough handling. To control quality loss during storage of table grapes, the effects of slow releasing $SO^2$ pad on storability of 'Rosario Bianco' (Vitis vinifera) and 'Campbell Early' (Vitis labruscana) grapes were examined, respectively. The $SO^2$ concentration in package of tables grapes reached to at about 40 $ug{\cdot}L^{-1}$ after 40 days of treatment and remained more than 80 days above 15 $ug{\cdot}L^{-1}$. Decay was found in untreated 'Rosario Bianco' and 'Campbell Early' grapes at each for 44 and 85 days after storage, but not in $SO^2$ pad treated grapes. The storage potential of grape berries at $0^{\circ}C$ increased 2~3 times depending on cultivar by $SO^2$ pad treatment. The application of $SO^2$ pad is confirmed to be effective on the increase of market potential with minimizing quality loss such as berry shattering and decay.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.336-340
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• 2007

In this study, "housewives" are defined as married women who take care of housework mostly and do not work outside of home. Changing family types and higher education level of housewives enable them to be more interested in heath, beauty, and appearance. Increased interest and more frequent visits to hair salons cause scalp damage as well as hair damage, which results in hair loss. Moreover, some women suffers from scalp and hair damage due to childbirth, but many of them are not aware of it. Therefore, this study tries to find out the following; housewives' perceptions on hair and scalp management, and how such perceptions are formed. In addition, this study will present the direction for beauty marketing taking into account the characteristics of housewives and provide data necessary for them to keep their hair and scalp healthy. For these purposes, a survey was carried out after modifying the questionnaire through a presurvey. The survey tried to find 1) perceptions on hair and scalp management according to demographic characteristics, and attitude toward hair and scalp management according to demographic characteristics. Data were analyzed using frequency analysis, cross tabulation, t-test, factor analysis, and Analysis of Variance. The results were as follows, most recognize the importance of hair and scalp management but do not receive management because of the high cost, most of them receive information about hair and scalp management from people around them, and the higher the education level and health status, the more active the attitude toward hair and scalp management. These differences were all statistically significant.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.34
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• pp.77-108
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• 2007

The traditional name given to the insurance of third party liabilities and certain contractual liabilities which arise in connection with the operation of ships is protection and indemnity(P & I) insurance. P & I insurance is very different from traditional hull and machinery insurance in that shipowners' hull and machinery insurance is designed primarily to protect the assured against losses to his vessel, whereas P & I insurance seeks to indemnify an shipowner in respect of the discharge of legal liabilities he has incurred in operating his own vessels. This study is to examine the background of establishment of British P & I clubs md, therefore, the identity of P & I insurance. The present British P & I clubs are the remote descendants of the many small and local hull mutual insurance clubs that were formed by British shipowners in the end of 18th century. At that time, British shipowners were dissatified with the state of marine insurance market and, therefore, established clubs together in mutual hull insurance clubs. After the removal of the company monopoly in 1824, greater competition had a good effect on the rates, terms of cover and service offered by the commercial marine insurance market and by Lloyd's underwriters, and the hull clubs became less necessary and went into decline. The burden of British shipowners on liabilities to third parties was steadily increased after the middle of the 19th century, but the amount insured under hull policy was limited in the insured value of the ship. Eventually, the first protection club, that is, the Shipowners' Mutual Protection Society was formed in 1855. It was designed to like past mutual hull clubs, but to cover liabilities for loss of life and personal injury and also the collision risks excluded from the current marine policies, particularly the excess above the limits in hull policies. In 1870, the risks of liability for loss of or damage to cargo carried on board the insured ship was first awarded by the British shipowners. After 1874, many protection clubs formed indemnity club to cover the risk of liability for loss or damage to cargo. As mentioned above, British P & I clubs have been steadily changed according to the response of shipowners under the rapidly changing law of British shipowners' liability, and so on in the future.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.305-312
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• 2021

This study was carried out to investigate insect pests and their damage caused to commercial amaranth in Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Korea, during 2019-2020. A total of seven families and 18 species were identified including three species of aphids, twelve species of stink bugs, and four species of moths. Among them, five species caused significant economic damage due to a large number of occurrences; Aphis fabae, Nysius plebejus, Polymerus cognatus, Spoladea recurvalis and Spodoptera exigua. Aphids started to occur from the end of April, and showed the greatest incidence in early June. Three Nysius species occurred from mid-May and showed the maximum density in late August, and then its population decreased from the beginning of September. Two species of moth caterpillars began to occur from mid-August and damaged amaranth until mid-October. Comparing the yields between amaranth plants with and without a spray of pesticides for each pest, the yield loss of seed by aphids and stink bugs were 51.9% and 69.8%, respectively. Also, the reduction rates of leaf biomass by S. recurvalis and S. exigua were 72.5% and 36.5%, respectively.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.17 no.4 s.83
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• pp.41-47
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• 2005

Costume heritages of an excavated silk fabrics should be preserved without damage. In order to artificially restore the excavated silk fabrics, alkaline aqueous solution, as a simulated corpse, and two kinds of silk fabrics were used. Two kinds of silk fabrics were treated by aqueous alkaline solution according to strength retention value(100, 80, 60, 40, 20$\%$). The fine structure and physical properties of alkaline treated silk fabrics were investigated with various techniques such as wide-angle X-ray diffraction, tensile test, weight loss, shrinkage, SEM. and yellowness. As the alkaline treatment time increased tensile strength of silk fabrics decreased. However, weight loss and shrinkage slightly increased. The diffraction intensity of $\beta-form$ crystal declined and $\alpha-form$ crystal diffraction intensity disappeared with the treatment.