• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.37-57
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• 2017

On 9 March 2017, a Tribunal constituted under the ICSID Convention issued its ruling in the case of Ansung Housing v. People's Republic of China, dismissing with prejudice all claims made by the Claimant, Ansung Housing Co., Ltd., in its Request for Arbitration, pursuant to ICSID Arbitration Rule 41(5). Ansung Housing v. PRC has drawn attention since it is the first case where an investor with Korean nationality initiated an ICSID arbitration on the basis of the Korea-China Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) as amended in 2007 between the Republic of Korea and the People's Republic of China. The Tribunal finds that its ruling is about a lack of jurisdiction of the ICSID and of its own competence as well as regarding manifest lack of legal merit due to a lack of temporal jurisdiction, since a Respondent's Rule 41(5) objection is concerned with the three-year limitation period in Article 9(7) of the Korea-China BIT. The Tribunal held that, under Article 9(7) of the Korea-China BIT, the limitation period begins with an investor's first knowledge of the fact that it has incurred loss or damage, not with the date on which it gains knowledge of the quantum of that loss or damage. Finally, the Tribunal held that Ansung submitted its dispute to ICSID and made its claim for purposes of Article 9(3) and (7) of the BIT after more than three years had elapsed from the date on which Ansung first acquired knowledge of loss or damage and that the claim is time-barred and, as such, is manifestly without legal merit. It remains to be seen whether the aggrieved Claimant initiates annulment proceedings before an ad hoc committee under the ICSID Convention. It is quite interesting to see whether the decisions by the Tribunal should be reversed on the basis of the Claimant's arguments as to the start date as well as the end date of the limitation period under the Korea-China BIT.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.119-126
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• 2016

Across the world, the industrialization has increased the frequency of climate anomaly. The size of damage due to recent natural disasters is growing large and fast, and the human damage and economic loss due to disasters are consistently increasing. Urbanization has a structure vulnerable to natural disasters. Therefore, in order to reduce damage from natural disasters, both hardware and software approaches should be utilized. Currently, however, the development of a statistical access process for 'analysis of disaster occurrence factor' and 'prediction of damage costs' for disaster prevention and overall disaster management is inadequate. In case of local governments, overall disaster management system is not established, or even if it is established, unscientific classification system and management lead to low utility of natural statistics of disaster year book. Therefore, in order to minimize disaster damage and for rational disaster management, the disaster damage survey process should be improved. This study selected gale as the focused analysis target among natural disasters recorded in disaster year book such as storm, torrential rain, gale, high seas, and heavy snow, and analyzed disaster survey process. Based on disaster year book, the gale damage size was analyzed and the issues occurring from the correlation of gale and damage amount were examined, so as to suggest an improvement plan for reliable natural disaster information collection and systematic natural disaster damage survey.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.19-40
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• 2017

A scientific and objective sound exposure criterion for underwater sound damage on fish has been required since there has been many disputes between an underwater sound maker and a fish damage receiver. The existing criteria are still incomplete scientifically owing to a degree of variability of underwater sounds, diversity of fish hearing sensitivity and damage types, etc. This study reviews existing studies on a hearing mechanism of fish species, manmade underwater sound characteristics and sound exposure assessment parameters, and recent sound exposure criteria. A governing equation for damage coverage estimation and damage coverage dependency on sound source level, ambient noise and transmission loss are also reviewed and interpreted based on sound exposure environments. The foreign and Korean (National Environmental Dispute Medication Commission) criteria are reviewed and compared based on scientific aspects. In addition, the deficit and limit of Korean criteria are presented. The objective of this study is to give a direction for related researches and legislation of sound exposure criteria on fish.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.239-249
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• 2020

The characteristics of cavitation-erosion damage with changes in the amplitude of 5052-O aluminum alloy for ships were investigated in a seawater environment. In the cavitation-erosion experiment, the cavitation environment was created using a vibration-generating device with a piezo-electric effect. The amplitudes of 5 ㎛, 10 ㎛, and 30 ㎛ were created by changing the geometric shape of the cavitation horn. The resistance characteristics of cavitation-erosion damage were evaluated by weight loss and pitting area. The damaged surface was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and 3D optical microscopy. As the amplitude increased, the amount of damage and the area of the damaged surface increased, and the damage was concentrated at the center and edge of the specimen. The pit was created after the initial incubation period with increasing experimental time, and then the pits were merged to grow and propagate into craters, and eventually, the surface was detached and damaged. The cavitation-erosion damage after 30 minutes with amplitude of 10 ㎛ and 30 ㎛ was 1.48 and 2.21 times compared to 5 ㎛, respectively.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.209-221
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• 2023

The Mw=7.7 (Pazarcık-Kahramanmaraş) and Mw=7.6 (Elbistan-Kahramanmaraş) earthquakes that occurred in Türkiye on 06.02.2023 with 9 hours' intervals, caused great losses of life and property as the biggest catastrophe in the instrumental period. The earthquakes affecting an area of 14% of the country were enormous and caused a great deal of loss of life and damage. Numerous buildings have collapsed or damaged at different levels, both in the city centers and in rural areas. Within the scope of this study, masonry structure damage built from different types of materials in the earthquake region was taken into consideration. In this study, the damage and causes of such masonry structures that do not generally receive engineering services were examined and explained in detail. Insufficient interlocking between wall-wall and wall-roof, inadequate masonry, lack of horizontal and vertical bond beams, usage of low-strength materials, poor workmanship, and heavy earthen roof are commonly caused to structural damages. Separation at the corner point and out-of-plane mechanism in structural walls, and heavy earthen roof damages are common types of damage in masonry structures.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.253-263
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• 2021

Concrete structures are damaged by aging and external environmental factors. This type of damage is to appear in the form of cracks, to proceed in the form of spalling. Such concrete damage can act as the main cause of reducing the original design bearing capacity of the structure, and negatively affect the stability of the structure. If such damage continues, it may lead to a safety accident in the future, thus proper repair and reinforcement are required. To this end, an accurate and objective condition inspection of the structure must be performed, and for this inspection, a sensor technology capable of detecting damage area is required. For this reason, we propose a deep learning-based image processing algorithm that can detect spalling. To develop this, 298 spalling images were obtained, of which 253 images were used for training, and the remaining 45 images were used for testing. In addition, an improved loss function and data augmentation technique were applied to improve the detection performance. As a result, the detection performance of concrete spalling showed a mean intersection over union of 80.19%. In conclusion, we developed an algorithm to detect concrete spalling through a deep learning-based image processing technique, with an improved loss function and data augmentation technique. This technology is expected to be utilized for accurate inspection and diagnosis of structures in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.66-73
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• 2021

This report documents the results of an at-power internal events Level 1 Probabilistic Safety Assessment (PSA) for a Korea research reactor (KRR). The aim of the study is to determine the accident sequences, construct an internal level 1 PSA model, and estimate the core damage frequency (CDF). The accident quantification is performed using the AIMS-PSA software version 1.2c along with a fault tree reliability evaluation expert (FTREX) quantification engine. The KRR PSA model is quantified using a cut-off value of 1.0E-15/yr to eliminate the non-effective minimal cut sets (MCSs). The final result indicates a point estimate of 4.55E-06/yr for the overall CDF attributable to internal initiating events in the core damage state for the KRR. Loss of Electric Power (LOEP) is the predominant contributor to the total CDF via a single initiating event (3.68E-6/yr), providing 80.9% of the CDF. The second largest contributor is the beam tube loss of coolant accident (LOCA), which accounts for 9.9% (4.49E-07/yr) of the CDF.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society For Composite Materials Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.74-77
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• 2001

The impact response and damage of CLAS panel was investigated experimentally. The facesheet material used was RO4003 woven-glass hydrocarbon/ceramic and the core material was Nomex honeycomb with a cell size of 3.2mm and a density of 96 kg/$\textrm{m}^{3}$. The shield plane used was RO4003 and 2024-T3 aluminum. Static indentation and impact test was conducted to characterize the type and extent of the damage observed in two CLAS panels, and the performance of antenna used in a wireless LAN system. Correlation of peak contact force, residual indentation and the delamination area shows impact damage of the panel with an aluminum shield plane is larger than that of the panel with RO4003 shield plane, although tile former is more penetration resistant. The damage was observed by naked eye, ultrasonic inspection and cross sectioning. The shape and size of delamination was estimated by ultrasonic inspection, and the area of delamination linearly increases as impact energy increases. The performance of impact damaged antenna was estimated by measuring return loss and radiation pattern.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.141-150
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• 2012

Ship damage caused by maritime casualties leads to marine pollution and loss of life and property. To prevent serious damage from maritime casualties, several types of safety regulations are applied in ship design. Damage stability regulation is one of the most important safety issues. Designs of ships for long international voyages must comply with these regulations. Current regulations, however, do not consider the characteristics of the operating route of each ship and reflect only ship size and type of cargo. In this paper, a damage safety assessment was undertaken for a ship carrying radioactive waste in actual wave conditions. Damage cases for safety assessment were constructed on the basis of safety regulations and related research results. Hull form, internal arrangement, loading condition and damage condition were modeled for damage safety simulation. The safety simulation was performed and analyzed for 10 damage cases with various wave heights, frequency and angle of attack on an operating route. Based on evaluation results, a design alternative was generated, and it was also simulated. These results confirmed that damage safety analysis is highly important in the design stage in consideration of the operating route characteristics by simulation. Thus a ship designer can improve safety from damage in this manner.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.415-426
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• 2009

This study focuses on the concept of multi-scale wireless sensor networks for damage detection in civil infrastructure systems by first over viewing the general network philosophy and attributes in the areas of data acquisition, data reduction, assessment and decision making. The data acquisition aspect includes a scalable wireless sensor network acquiring acceleration and strain data, triggered using a Restricted Input Network Activation scheme (RINAS) that extends network lifetime and reduces the size of the requisite undamaged reference pool. Major emphasis is given in this study to data reduction and assessment aspects that enable a decentralized approach operating within the hardware and power constraints of wireless sensor networks to avoid issues associated with packet loss, synchronization and latency. After over viewing various models for data reduction, the concept of a data-driven Bivariate Regressive Adaptive INdex (BRAIN) for damage detection is presented. Subsequent examples using experimental and simulated data verify two major hypotheses related to the BRAIN concept: (i) data-driven damage metrics are more robust and reliable than their counterparts and (ii) the use of heterogeneous sensing enhances overall detection capability of such data-driven damage metrics.