• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2019년도 학술발표회
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• pp.340-340
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• 2019

지구온난화로 유발되는 기후변동성이 증가함에 따라서 정확한 수문인자의 예측은 전 세계적으로 주요 관심사항이 되고 있다. 최근에는 고성능 컴퓨터 자원의 증가로 수문기상학 연구에서 동일한 학습량에 비하여 정확도의 향상이 뚜렷한 기계학습 구조를 활용하여 위성영상 기반의 대기예측, 태풍위치 추적 및 강수량 예측 등의 연구가 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에는 기계학습 중 시계열 분석에 널리 활용되고 있는 순환신경망(Recurrent Neural Network, RNN) 기법의 대표적인 LSTM(Long Short-Term Memory) 네트워크를 이용하여 수문인자를 예측하였다. LSTM 네트워크는 가중치 및 메모리 요소에 대한 추가정보를 셀 상태에 저장하고 시계열의 길이 조정하여 모형의 탄력적 활용이 가능하다. LSTM 네트워크를 이용한 다양한 수문인자 예측결과 RMSE의 개선을 확인하였다. 따라서 본 연구를 통하여 개발된 기계학습을 통한 수문인자 예측기술은 권역별 수계별 홍수 및 가뭄대응 계획을 능동적으로 수립하는데 활용될 것으로 판단된다. 향후 연구에서는 LSTM의 입력영역을 Bayesian 추론기법을 활용하여 구성함으로 학습과정의 불확실성을 정량적으로 제어하고자 한다.

• 한국해안·해양공학회논문집
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.238-245
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• 2021

본 연구에서는 LSTM 모델을 활용하여 낙동강 하구역의 DO 농도 예측을 위한 최적 모델 조건과 적합한 예측변수를 찾기 위한 Case study를 수행하였다. 모델 매개변수 case study 결과, Epoch = 300과 Sequence length = 1에서 상대적으로 높은 정확도를 보였다. 예측변수 case study 결과, DO와 수온을 예측변수로 했을 때 가장 높은 정확도를 보였으며, 이는 DO 농도와 수온의 높은 상관성에 기인한 것으로 판단된다. 상기 결과로부터 낙동강 하구역의 DO 농도 예측에 적합한 LSTM 모델 조건과 예측변수를 찾을 수 있었다.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.672-685
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• 2022

This article proposes a subject-independent application of brain-computer interfacing (BCI). A 32-channel Electroencephalography (EEG) device is used to measure imagined speech (SI) of four words (sos, stop, medicine, washroom) and one phrase (come-here) across 13 subjects. A deep long short-term memory (LSTM) network has been adopted to recognize the above signals in seven EEG frequency bands individually in nine major regions of the brain. The results show a maximum accuracy of 73.56% and a network prediction time (NPT) of 0.14 s which are superior to other state-of-the-art techniques in the literature. Our analysis reveals that the alpha band can recognize SI better than other EEG frequencies. To reinforce our findings, the above work has been compared by models based on the gated recurrent unit (GRU), convolutional neural network (CNN), and six conventional classifiers. The results show that the LSTM model has 46.86% more average accuracy in the alpha band and 74.54% less average NPT than CNN. The maximum accuracy of GRU was 8.34% less than the LSTM network. Deep networks performed better than traditional classifiers.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2021년도 학술발표회
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• pp.373-373
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• 2021

Rainfall forecasting is an important issue that is applied in many areas, such as agriculture, flood warning, and water resources management. In this context, this study proposed a statistical and machine learning-based forecasting model for monthly rainfall. The Bayesian Gaussian process was chosen to optimize the hyperparameters of the Stacked Long Short-term memory (SLSTM) model. The proposed SLSTM model was applied for predicting monthly precipitation of Seoul station, South Korea. Data were retrieved from the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) in the period between 1960 and 2019. Four schemes were examined in this study: (i) prediction with only rainfall; (ii) with deseasonalized rainfall; (iii) with rainfall and minimum temperature; (iv) with deseasonalized rainfall and minimum temperature. The error of predicted rainfall based on the root mean squared error (RMSE), 16-17 mm, is relatively small compared with the average monthly rainfall at Seoul station is 117mm. The results showed scheme (iv) gives the best prediction result. Therefore, this approach is more straightforward than the hydrological and hydraulic models, which request much more input data. The result indicated that a deep learning network could be applied successfully in the hydrology field. Overall, the proposed method is promising, given a good solution for rainfall prediction.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보통신학회 2021년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.391-393
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• 2021

본 논문에서는 일상생활에서의 고령자에게 나타날 수 있는 낙상상황을 감지할 수 있는 텐서플로우를 이용한 장단기 메모리 기반 낙상감지 시스템에 대하여 소개한다. 낙상감지를 위해서 3축 가속도 센서 데이터를 이용하고, 이를 처리하여 다양한 파라미터화하며 일상생활 패턴 4가지, 낙상상황 패턴 3가지로 분류한다. 파라미터화한 데이터는 정규화 과정을 따르며, 학습이 진행된다. 학습은 Loss값이 0.5 이하가 될 때까지 진행된다. 각각의 파라미터인 θ, SVM (Sum Vector Magnitude), GSVM (gravity-weight SVM)에 대하여 결과를 산출한다. 가장 좋은 결과는 GSVM으로 Sensitivity 98.75%, Specificity 99.68%, Accuracy 99.28%로 가장 좋은 결과를 보였다.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.45-56
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• 2023

Vibration-based structural health monitoring is used to ensure the safety of structures by installing sensors in structures. The peak picking method, one of the applications of vibration-based structural health monitoring, is a method that analyze the dynamic characteristics of a structure using the peaks of the frequency response function. However, the results may vary depending on the person predicting the peak point; further, the method does not predict the exact peak point in the presence of noise. To overcome the limitations of the existing peak picking methods, this study proposes a new method to automate the modal analysis process by utilizing long short-term memory, a type of recurrent neural network. The method proposed in this study uses the time series data of the frequency response function directly as the input of the LSTM network. In addition, the proposed method improved the accuracy by using the phase as well as amplitude information of the frequency response function. Simulation experiments and lab-scale model experiments are performed to verify the performance of the LSTM network developed in this study. The result reported a modal assurance criterion of 0.8107, and it is expected that the dynamic characteristics of a civil structure can be predicted with high accuracy using data without experts.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.359-369
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• 2023

Servo-motor driven uniaxial shake tables have been widely used for education and research purposes in earthquake engineering. These shake tables are mostly displacement-controlled by a digital proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller; however, accurate reproduction of acceleration time histories is not guaranteed. In this study, a control strategy is proposed and verified for uniaxial shake tables driven by a servo-motor. This strategy incorporates a deep-learning algorithm named Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network into a displacement PID feedback controller. The LSTM controller is trained by using a large number of experimental data of a self-made servo-motor driven uniaxial shake table. After the training is completed, the LSTM controller is implemented for directly generating the command voltage for the servo motor to drive the shake table. Meanwhile, a displacement PID controller is tuned and implemented close to the LSTM controller to prevent the shake table from permanent drift. The control strategy is named the LSTM-PID control scheme. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed LSTM-PID improves the acceleration tracking performance of the uniaxial shake table for both bare condition and loaded condition with a slender specimen.

• 시스템엔지니어링학술지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.18-31
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• 2023

Exploring artificial intelligence and machine learning for nuclear safety has witnessed increased interest in recent years. To contribute to this area of research, a machine learning model capable of accurately predicting nuclear power plant response with minimal computational cost is proposed. To develop a robust machine learning model, the Best Estimate Plus Uncertainty (BEPU) approach was used to generate a database to train three models and select the best of the three. The BEPU analysis was performed by coupling Dakota platform with the best estimate thermal hydraulics code RELAP/SCDAPSIM/MOD 3.4. The Code Scaling Applicability and Uncertainty approach was adopted, along with Wilks' theorem to obtain a statistically representative sample that satisfies the USNRC 95/95 rule with 95% probability and 95% confidence level. The generated database was used to train three models based on Recurrent Neural Networks; specifically, Long Short-Term Memory, Gated Recurrent Unit, and a hybrid model with Long Short-Term Memory coupled to Convolutional Neural Network. In this paper, the System Engineering approach was utilized to identify requirements, stakeholders, and functional and physical architecture to develop this project and ensure success in verification and validation activities necessary to ensure the efficient development of ML meta-models capable of predicting of the nuclear power plant response.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.41-52
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• 2019

The purpose of the work is to develop a simple solar irradiance prediction model using a deep learning method, the LSTM (long term short term memory). Other than existing prediction models, the proposed one uses only the cloudiness among the information forecasted from the national meterological forecast center. The future cloudiness is generally announced with four categories and for three-hour intervals. In this work, a daily irradiance pattern is used as an input vector to the LSTM together with that cloudiness information. The proposed model showed an error of 5% for learning and 30% for prediction. This level of error has lower influence on the load prediction in typical building cases.

• 정보처리학회논문지:소프트웨어 및 데이터공학
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• 제7권8호
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• pp.307-324
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• 2018

최근 순환 신경 망(Recurrent Neural Networks)은 시간에 대한 의존성을 고려한 구조를 통해 순차 데이터(Sequential data)의 예측 문제 해결에서 각광받고 있다. 하지만 순차 데이터의 시간 스텝이 늘어남에 따라 발생하는 그라디언트 소실(Gradients vanishing)이 문제로 대두되었다. 이를 해결하기 위해 장단기 기억 모델(Long Short-Term Memory)이 제안되었지만, 많은 데이터를 저장하고 장기간 보존하는 데에 한계가 있다. 따라서 순환 신경망과 메모리 요소(Memory component)를 활용한 학습 모델인 메모리-증대 신경망(Memory-Augmented Neural Networks)에 대한 연구가 최근 활발히 진행되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 딥 러닝(Deep Learning) 분야의 화두로 떠오른 메모리-증대 신경망 주요 모델들의 구조와 특징을 열거하고, 이를 활용한 최신 기법들과 향후 연구 방향을 제시한다.