• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.69-77
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• 2015

Purpose - Economic status at an early stage of life after one's retirement is often determined by the long-term sacrifice of one's earlier consumption tendencies. In general, the first and foremost way to secure income after retirement is through annuity savings. People sign up for personal annuity savings in order to guarantee a stable economic life upon retirement, and such actions may be heavily influenced by self-efficacy. Confidence in current economic activity is a source of rational decision-making. Inability to achieve self-control can lead to reckless spending and the eventual hindering of proper investment for the future. This paper examines how self-efficacy and self-control affect the intention and action of enrolling in an annuity savings plan in relation to one's level of financial literacy. Research design, data, and methodology - To analyze the proposed model, this study investigates financial consumers over the age of 20. The data were collected from 511 respondents and analyzed with SPSS 21.0 and AMOS 21.0. First, for the one-dimensional test and to measure the convergent validity of each structure, we use the scale purification process. The results of the test and the confirmatory factor analysis ensure the focus of the validity of the single dimension for each structure. In addition, the validity of the measurement was guaranteed from the results of correlation analysis. Results - First, self-efficacy and self-control have positive effects on the purchasing intention of the personal annuity savings plan. Second, purchasing intention positively affects purchasing behavior. Lastly, self-control has a positive effect on purchasing intention among the low financial literacy group, whereas self-efficacy does not have this effect in the high financial literacy one. Conclusions - The time of product benefit is different with age. The younger group would be granted the savings after several decades once they enroll, whereas the older group would wait for a relatively shorter period of time. Therefore, further research should be conducted in order to verify such a difference. However, this study has value through its confirmation that the roles of self-efficacy and self-control play a part in leading to the enrollment in annuity savings plans and by verifying different effects based on levels of financial literacy. Such results suggest a number of implications in a real life setting. First, banks need to put greater emphasis on the stability of annuity savings in general. Second, customers with relatively low levels of financial literacy are able to control their finances through annuity savings, but find self-efficacy difficult due to a lack of financial understanding. Therefore, such customers should be approached from an invest-effectiveness comparison method. Third, customers with high financial literacy tend to put more value in rational economic decision-making and behavior than in self-efficacy. Therefore, such customers should be approached by promoting the reliability of annuity savings and the excellence of the specific bank's annuity savings plan in comparison to those of other financial institutions.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.29-42
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• 2011

With the many advantages of the internet, online shopping has become one of the fastest growing types of retail businesses. However, internet-based firms are much more firmly required to retain existing customers rather than secure new ones, and to make them revisit the site by strengthening trust and loyalty, thereby improving profits and outrivaling competitors. Commitment is an essential part of successful long-term relationships between buyers and sellers. Although commitments by both parties in an exchange can provide the foundation for the development of relational social norms, disproportionate commitments can lead to opportunism by the less committed partner. Moreover, flow, which is characterized by intense concentration and enjoyment, was found to be significantly linked with exploratory use behavior, which in turn was linked to the extent of computer use. The level of flow was, itself, determined by the individual's sense of being in control, and the level of challenge perceived in maneuvering a website. Website attractiveness goes hand in hand with the attractiveness of an internet shopping mall, and it can be conceptualized as the persuasive effectiveness of a message by the use of familiarity, favor, similarity, etc. It occurs when information receivers try to achieve self-satisfaction when they actually or emotionally identify themselves with an information source. This study investigates the relationship between the perceived system characteristics of an internet shopping mall and the loyalty of online consumers, and it examines how perceived website attractiveness and flow play mediating roles between the perceived system characteristics of an internet shopping mall and the affective commitment in the context of a clothes internet shopping mall. For these purposes, a structural model comprising several variables was developed. That model was tested with an analysis of moment structure (AMOS) using data from respondents who had purchased clothing through the internet during the past three months. In this model, the perceived system characteristics of an internet shopping mall, such as familiarity, reputation, uniqueness, positive emotions, self-efficacy, and interactivity, were proposed to affect the website's attractiveness and flow, and lead to a higher affective commitment over time. Thus, the perceived website attractiveness and flow were proposed as core mediating variables between perceived system characteristics and affective commitment. The results of a reliability test using Cronbach's Alpha, and a confirmatory factor analysis warranted using unidimensionality for the measures for each construct. In addition, the nomological validity of the measures was warranted from the results of a correlation analysis. The results of empirical analyses indicated that systematic attributes resulting in website attractiveness and user's characteristics, thereby triggering customers' flow, play a crucial role in inducing customers' affective commitment, and a user's characteristics are twice as important as systematic attributes in this study. Moreover, familiarity, reputation, and uniqueness all have a significant effect on website attractiveness, and the research showed that uniqueness took the first place, and that familiarity and reputation followed in order of magnitude. The fact that reputation was not the most important factor that affects the attractiveness of an internet shopping mall, with uniqueness or familiarity having a greater impact, suggests much deeper implications. Finally, positive emotion, self-efficacy, and interactivity all have a significant effect on customers' flow. In particular, the fact that positive emotion, compared to self-efficacy or interactivity, has much more impact on flow is very suggestive.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.105-114
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• 2017

Purpose - Recently, domestic pharmaceutical market is growing steadily, but top-tier companies are concentrating on sales growth. In this market, SMEs, which account for more than 80% of the entire market, suffer from the problem of lower margins and increasing inventory costs. According to the government's policy changes related to pharmaceuticals, it is pointed out that the management of existing customers and the control of salespeople are important issues for pharmaceutical companies. This study investigates the effect of the control system on the salesperson in domestic pharmaceutical distribution channel on customer-oriented selling behaviors and sales performance. Research design, data, and methodology - To verify the proposed research model and test hypotheses, the authors selected 244 MR(medical representatives)'s responses which have currently relationship with doctors or pharmacists. This study carefully investigated the reliability, content validity, convergent validity, and discriminant validity of the proposed model. Results - The authors find out the following results: capacity control, activity control, and self control have positive effects on customer-oriented selling behaviors and customer-oriented selling behaviors have a positive effect on sales performance. In addition, we present alternative model to check the direct effect between the control systems and the sales performance, but control system factors except self control have no direct influence. Conclusions - First of all, competency control and activity control increases the customer-oriented selling behavior of the salesperson. This means that the salesperson's sales skill, negotiation skill, customer access skill, presentation ability, monitoring, direction and evaluation are important and it is also important to control activities to check the number of visits to customers, report preparation, and customer service etiquette. Second, the fact that self-control of salesperson affects the customer-oriented selling behavior suggests that self-control is not controlled by external factors but rather establishes short/long-term goals. Therefore, it is important for sales organization to create an environment in which members can induce persistent incentives for self-control. Finally, output control did not affect customer-oriented sales behavior, which is less likely to form confidence or motivation to MRs when output control is perceived as a means of monitoring, supervising, or controlling rather than providing information to salespeople.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.31-43
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• 2010

To fabricate porous SiC candle filter for filtration facility of the IGCC system, the candle type filter preforms were fabricated by ramming and vacuum extrusion process. A commercially available ${\alpha}$-SiC powders with various particle size were used as starting raw materials, and $44\;{\mu}m$ mullite, $CaCO_3$ powder were used as non-clay based inorganic sintering additive. The candle typed preforms by ramming process and vacuum extrusion were sintered at $1400^{\circ}C$ for 2h in air atmosphere. The effect of forming method and particle size of filter matrix on porosity, density, strength (flexural and compressive strength) and microstructure of the sintered porous SiC candle tilters were investigated. The sintered porous SiC filters which were fabricated by ramming process have more higher density and strength than extruded filter in same particle size of the matrix, and its maximum density and 3-point bending strength were $2.00\;g/cm^3$ and 45 MPa, respectively. Also, corrosion test of the sintered candle filter specimens by different forming method was performed at $600^{\circ}C$ for 2400h using IGCC syngas atmosphere for estimation of long-term reliability of the candle filter matrix.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.17 no.3 s.87
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• pp.455-464
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• 2005

Today the application of antiwashout underwater concrete to the construction sites is increasing steadily, while its reliability is in issue. Particularly, antiwashout underwater concrete is known to have very weak durability on frost attack, and hence Japan society of civil engineers(JSCE) regulated that not to use of antiwashout underwater concrete where the freezing and thawing is suspected. This study aims the improvement of the freezing and thawing resistance for antiwashout underwater concrete. From the results of fundamental test, FA20 and SG50 showed good performance in fluidity and long term compressive strength than control concrete. Meanwhile, MK10 marked the highest compressive strength through the whole curing age but a defect on fluidity was discovered. The results from the repeated freezing and thawing test show that the large volumes of air entrapped by cellulose based antiwashout underwater admixture gave bad effects to frost durability and hence not much benefits were confirmed from the use of mineral admixtures. However there were some increasing effects on frost durability of MK10 and SG50 by securing $6{\pm}0.5\%$ of entraining air. In the meantime, there was a increasing tendency of frost durability by increasing blame's fineness of ground granulated blast furnace slag.

• Industry Promotion Research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.93-99
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• 2017

This study analyzed the effect of pension insurance on the human resources management of SME workers. As a result of the study, a total of 128 workers were enrolled in 60 SMEs in the Chungnam area who were enrolled in pension insurance. The analysis data were analyzed using frequency analysis, factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, regression analysis And post - analysis. First, pension insurance had a significant effect on human resource management, and the correlation between independent variables (clarity, suitability, and satisfaction) and dependent variables (job efficiency) was high....Second, the correlation between pension insurance and job performance is more important than clarity and job performance (.339), fitness and job performance (.541), satisfaction and job performance (.531), job performance and job efficiency, And the turnover intention (.549). Third, there is no statistically significant difference in the analysis of the difference in turnover intention according to the number of years of service of the employees who are enrolled in pension insurance. The purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of pension insurance on human resources management to achieve successful policy objectives by promoting the long - term employment of the core manpower of SMEs and cultivating manpower.

• Geotechnical Engineering
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.129-142
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• 1998

This research is focused on the inducement of the constitutive equation considering the creep strain component and on the development of a finite element method program. The purpose of this research was to contribute to the design of construction structures or to the construction management in soft clay ground through predicting the long-term strain of construction structures reasonably bused on the above program. Modified Cam Clay model was adopted to describe the elastic-plastic behavior of clayey soil. And in the calculation of the creep sprain, the secondary coefficient of consolidation C. was applied for considering the volumetric creep element and the constants m, $\alpha$, A were rosed by the empirical creep equation proposed by Singh 8E Mitchell for considering the deviatoric creep element. To examine the reliability of the program which is developed in this study, the estimated values by this program were compared with the theoretical solution and the experimental results. And the applicability of the developed program was found to be reliable from the sensitive analysis of each parameters used in this study. According to the results obtained from the application of the program on the field measurement data, the estimated values by the program were found with be consistent with the actual values. And from the analysis of the displacement of embankments, the case of considering the creep behavior induced much fower errors than the case of neglecting it. But the results obtained from considering the volumetric creep behavior only were slightly underestimated the results from considering the deviator creep behavior showed the slightly overestimated values. Therefore, it remains the task of further studios to develop the laboratory test devices to obtain the reliable creep parameters, and to select the appropriate soil parameters, etc.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.341-348
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• 2016

Harbor facilities require long-term durability and safety, and also maintain the performance requirement until the durability life. However, existing harbor facilities are becoming superannuated with durable years and durability is declined by erosion of the sea and damage from sea. In addition, harbor facilities will be in demand for the expansion of harbor and offshore structures with rising economic power by enhancement of domestic industry and increase of import and export. Therefore, in this study, two kinds of nondestructive test (NDT) techniques (schmidt rebound hammer and ultrasonic sensor) are verified for the effective maintenance of underwater concrete structures including harbor facilities. Sea field applicability of Schmidt hammer and ultrasonic sensor was verified by comparing field test result with sea field test result and also deduced the compressive strength estimation equation by depth of the water. On the basis of the sea field test result, compressive strength estimation equation which was deduced by multiple regression analysis indicated highest accuracy compared to other equations, especially it will be more likely to be used in underwater because of the depth of water correction. In the future, if schmidt hammer and ultrasonic sensor which were invented as waterproofing are used with ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle), it will be possible to make a diagnosis of high reliability for underwater concrete structures and set up a ubiquitous concept of NDT system.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.123-142
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• 2010

Objectives : The knee pain is the main reason of getting acupuncture treatment. In order to have confidence in the results of a study, it is necessary to establish that questionnaire is both valid and reliable in questionnaire related study. The aim of this study was to review the instruments that are currently in sue for assessing the knee joint. Methods : A literature study was performed to choose appropriate scales for assessment for pain and the function of the knee. Theoretically based scales were selected for review. Therefore, 18 scales for knee and 9 scale for pain were reviewed. the status of scales involved in knee treatment of acupuncture throughout several countries was evaluated. Results & Conclusion : Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale, Cincinnati knee rating system(CKRS) are adequate for ligament injury in knee. International Knee Documentation Committee scoring system(IKDC) may become a publication requirement for journals in view of the international standing of the committee. The available outcome measure for use in osteoarthritis are Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index(WOMAC), Lequesne Functional Severity Index(LFI) and Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score(KOOS), and in rheumatoid arthritis are McMaster-Toronto Arthritis patient function preference questionnaire(MACTAR), Quality of Life-Rheumatoid Arthritis Scale(QoL-RA Scale). Visual analog scale(VAS), verbal rating scale(VRS) are commonly used for the standard pain scale. For long term follow-up study The Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36(SF-36), Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales(AIMS), Health Assessment Questionnaire(HAQ) should be included. Each measurement has its own composition and characteristics. Their validity, reliability, responsiveness and practical characteristics were already evaluated. We found 20 domestic and 28 overseas papers about knee treatment using acupuncture assessed with knee scales.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.1-8
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• 2020

The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport of Korea has been trying to spread integrated railway communication network technologies based on a major railway policy since 2012. As a result, the world's first commercial Long-Term Evolution - Railway (LTE-R) network was established on the Gangneung line (Manjong station - Gangneung station) and has been commercially operating as a railway communication system since 2017. Special function and performance requirements are needed for safe and efficient railway operations, such as group calls, emergency calls, functional addressing, and train control based on wireless communications. In this paper, we present functional and performance railway communications requirements that are based on European wireless railway communications systems. In addition, we measured communications characteristics and performance using a KTX field test on the Gangneung line to analyze the validity and reliability of the LTE-R network. Although the average Radio Frequency (RF) conditions were satisfied in the requirements, we found sudden communications quality degradation, such as Radio Link Failure (RLF) in some railway sections. We propose a way to improve performance and network installations based on in-depth analysis of LTE-R communications field-test results.