• 말소리와 음성과학
• /
• 제2권2호
• /
• pp.17-25
• /
• 2010

This study explores whether Koreans exploit their native coda-neutralization process when recognizing words in Korean continuous speech. According to the phonological rules in Korean, coda-neutralization process must come before the liaison process, as long as the latter(i.e. liaison process) occurs between 'words', which results in liaison-consonants being coda-neutralized ones such as /b/, /d/, or /g/, rather than non-neutralized ones like /p/, /t/, /k/, /ʧ/, /ʤ/, or /s/. Consequently, if Korean listeners use their native coda-neutralization rules when processing speech input, word recognition will be hampered when non-neutralized consonants precede vowel-initial targets. Word-spotting and word-monitoring tasks were conducted in Experiment 1 and 2, respectively. In both experiments, listeners recognized words faster and more accurately when vowel-initial target words were preceded by coda-neutralized consonants than when preceded by coda non-neutralized ones. The results show that Korean listeners exploit the coda-neutralization process when processing their native spoken language.

• 말소리와 음성과학
• /
• 제2권2호
• /
• pp.3-16
• /
• 2010

This study aims at setting the hierarchy of difficulty of the 7 Korean monophthongs for Mongolian learners of Korean according to Prator's theory based on the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis. In addition to that, it will be shown that the difficulties and errors for Mongolian learners of Korean as a second or foreign language proceed directly from this hierarchy of difficulty. This study began by looking at the speeches of 60 Mongolians for Mongolian monophthongs; data were investigated and analyzed into formant frequencies F1 and F2 of each vowel. Then, the 7 Korean monophthongs were compared with the resultant Mongolian formant values and are assigned to 3 levels, 'same', 'similar' or 'different sound'. The findings in assessing the differences of the 8 nearest equivalents of Korean and Mongolian vowels are as follows: First, Korean /a/ and /$\wedge$/ turned out as a 'same sound' with their counterparts, Mongolian /a/ and /ɔ/. Second, Korean /i/, /e/, /o/, /u/ turned out as a 'similar sound' with each their Mongolian counterparts /i/, /e/, /o/, /u/. Third, Korean /ɨ/ which is nearest to Mongolian /i/ in terms of phonetic features seriously differs from it and is thus assigned to 'different sound'. And lastly, Mongolian /$\mho$/ turned out as a 'different sound' with its nearest counterpart, Korean /u/. Based on these findings the hierarchy of difficulty was constructed. Firstly, 4 Korean monophthongs /a/, /$\wedge$/, /i/, /e/ would be Level 0(Transfer); they would be transferred positively from their Mongolian counterparts when Mongolians learn Korean. Secondly, Korean /o/, /u/ would be Level 5(Split); they would require the Mongolian learner to make a new distinction and cause interference in learning the Korean language because Mongolian /o/, /u/ each have 2 similar counterpart sounds; Korean /o, u/, /u, o/. Thirdly, Korean /ɨ/ which is not in the Mongolian vowel system will be Level 4(Overdifferentiation); the new vowel /ɨ/ which bears little similarity to Mongolian /i/, must be learned entirely anew and will cause much difficulty for Mongolian learners in speaking and writing Korean. And lastly, Mongolian /$\mho$/ will be Level 2(Underdifferentiation); it is absent in the Korean language and doesn‘t cause interference in learning Korean as long as Mongolian learners avoid using it.

• 말소리와 음성과학
• /
• 제6권4호
• /
• pp.91-99
• /
• 2014

Speaking styles tend to have an influence on spectral characteristics of produced speech. There are not many studies on the spectral characteristics of speech because of complicated processing of too much spectral data. The purpose of this study was to examine spectral characteristics and formant bandwidths of English vowels produced by nine American males with different speaking styles: clear or conversational styles; high- or low-pitched voices. Praat was used to collect pitch-corrected long-term averaged spectra and bandwidths of the first two formants of eleven vowels in the speaking styles. Results showed that the spectral characteristics of the vowels varied systematically according to the speaking styles. The clear speech showed higher spectral energy of the vowels than that of the conversational speech while the high-pitched voice did the same over the low-pitched voice. In addition, front and back vowel groups showed different spectral characteristics. Secondly, there was no statistically significant difference between B1 and B2 in the speaking styles. B1 was generally lower than B2 when reflecting the source spectrum and radiation effect. However, there was a statistically significant difference in B2 between the front and back vowel groups. The author concluded that spectral characteristics reflect speaking styles systematically while bandwidths measured at a few formant frequency points do not reveal style differences properly. Further studies would be desirable to examine how people would evaluate different sets of synthetic vowels with spectral characteristics or with bandwidths modified.

• 음성과학
• /
• 제11권4호
• /
• pp.199-206
• /
• 2004

This paper attempts to provide a substantial explanation of different prosodic implementations on segments in English and Spanish, arguing that the phonetic modification invoked by prosody may effectively reflect phonological structure. In English, a high front vowel in accented syllables is acoustically realized as higher F1 and F2 frequencies than in unaccented syllables, due to its more peripheral and sonorous articulation (Harrington et al. 1999). In this paper, an acoustic experiment was conducted to see if such a manner of segmental modification invoked by prosody in English extends to other languages such as Spanish. Results show that relatively more prominent syllables entail higher F1 values as a result of their more sonorous articulation in Spanish, but either front or back vowel does not show a higher F2 or a lower F2 frequency. This is interpreted as an indication that a prosodically prominent syllable entails its vocalic enhancement in both horizontal and vertical dimensions of articulation in English. In Spanish, however, only the vertical dimensional articulation is maximized, resulting in a higher F1. I suggest that this difference may be attributed to the different phonological structures of vowels in English and Spanish, and that sonority expansion alone would be sufficient in the articulation of prosodic prominence as long as the phonological distinction of vowels is well retained.

• 전자공학회논문지T
• /
• 제35T권3호
• /
• pp.9-14
• /
• 1998

장모음 음성인식을 전자회로로 수행하였다. 레벨 압축은 음성 파형을 직렬 펄스로 변화시킬 수 있었다 이 펄스들로 모음을 구별하는 정보가 된다. 펄스의 샘풀링은 한 단위로 모음의 피치 직렬신호를 얻어지는 레지스터 에 의해서 이루어진다. 샘풀링 펄스에 의한 시간제어 펄스는 음성파형의 첩두치 펄스에 의해 발진되어 진다. 이 레지스터에 있는 병렬 데이터는 만약 OO이면 OO이다는 규칙으로 이루처지는 의지결정 회로의 뜻에 따라 음성 심볼이 인식되어진다.

• 비교문화연구
• /
• 제24권
• /
• pp.112-119
• /
• 2011

This study presents experiments which examined the role of amplitude and fundamental frequency (f0) in the phonetic perception of short versus long stop length contrasts in Japanese (e.g., [t] vs. [tt]). Stop length contrasts are normally characterized by differences in the duration of stop closures. However, closure duration can be unreliable as a perceptual cue when one considers variability in the rate at which people speak. Acoustically, the amplitude and f0 of the vowel following stop consonants are known to covary with the length distinction of stops in Japanese. Given this fact, the current study examined amplitude and f0 as potential secondary cues to the distinction. The results indicate that even though both amplitude and f0 are robust correlates, Japanese listeners do not use these cues in categorizing short versus long stops.

• 한국전자통신학회논문지
• /
• 제10권1호
• /
• pp.65-72
• /
• 2015

스크램블링 기술을 적용한 AMI/HDB-3 방식은 장거리 데이터전송 회선부호화에 주로 사용된다. 본 논문은 정보통신용 부호 표준(KS X 1001 ; 2014 확인)에 규정되어 있는 한글낱자, 한글고어낱자용 부호집합에 대하여 데이터 링크 계층에서 HDLC Flag의 비트 또는 문자 스터핑과 물리계층의 AMI/HDB-3 스크램블링 측면에서 데이터 전송효율을 높이는 새로운 한글낱자용 부호집합 체계를 제시하였다. 기존 부호집합 체계와 비교를 위해 ($4{\times}4$) 비트 원천부호화 규칙과 한글낱자 사용빈도 통계를 적용한 결과, 약 22.01%의 데이터 처리효율이 향상되는 것으로 나타났다.

• 말소리와 음성과학
• /
• 제12권4호
• /
• pp.73-80
• /
• 2020

본 연구에서는 연속음성에서의 장시간 jitter 성분 측정 방법에 대해 고찰하였다. 기존의 jitter측정방법으로는 지속 발성한 모음을 대상으로 변동성을 측정하는 방법을 주로 사용하여왔다. 문장음성 등 연속음성의 경우는 문장에 따른 운율정보의 영향으로 기존의 측정법으로는 왜곡이 발생하게 된다. 이에 연속 발성에 대해 운율정보의 피치 변동을 상쇄시키는 방법을 제안하고자 한다. 피치 변동을 제거하는 방법으로는 분석구간내에서의 피치 변동을 다항식 보간법에 의해 변동 경향을 대표하는 곡선을 구하고 그 곡선을 기준으로 변이를 제거하였다. 이후 변이가 제거된 피치의 궤적으로부터 jitter를 측정하는 방법을 적용하여 피치 주파수의 변동성을 측정하고 기존의 지속모음에 의한 측정 방법과 비교하였다. 제안한 방법의 효용성 측정을 위해 Kay Pentax MEEI DB의 음성 표본을 사용하였다. 통계분석 결과 제안된 방법에 의해 연속음성으로부터 측정한 jitter 값은 동일 화자의 지속모음으로부터 측정한 파라미터 값과 유사한 변동성을 보여 주었다.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
• /
• 제38호
• /
• pp.113-124
• /
• 1999

It is well known that Japanese prosodic structure assumes mora below the syllable tier. Syllables with V or CV structure are counted as having one morn whereas those with coda consonants /-pp, -tt, -kk, -ss, -N/ or long vowels are counted as having two morns in Japanese. This study measured the acoustic duration of these special moras ('tokusyuhaku') produced by Tokyo dialect speakers to see if they are isochronic with V or CV. It also examined the production of Korean(Seoul/Kyungsang dialect) and Chinese native speakers loaming Japanese as a second language to examine how the learners' first language influence their second language. Finally, it examined how speakers of the Akita dialect, which is blown as a syllabeme dialect in Japanese, produced them. The results showed that intra-speaker variation as well as inter-speaker variation was observed in the production by Akita dialect speakers. Production of native speakers of Chinese and Kyungsang dialect of Korean -- which have vowel length contrast in their phonological systems -- showed a similar result to Tokyo dialect speakers, which implies the influence of the learners' first language on the acquisition of the second language.

• 대한음성학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한음성학회 1996년도 10월 학술대회지
• /
• pp.367-371
• /
• 1996

Most Koreans agree that Korean traditional singing voice has a very peculiar sound comparing to Western singing voice. The goal of this paper is to investigate the acoustic characteristics of Korean traditional singing voice called 'Pansori' Materials are analyzed from 3male professional singers and 4 female professional singers. Their singing was compared with their own conversation and other non-singers' conversation. Long term average spectra indicated that all the singers showed a much less spectral tilt than non-singers. The phenomenon was prevailing for professional singers not only in their singing, but also in their conversation. This suggests that it is not the result of a temporary effort but it may involve a certain permanent change in their physiological configuration. (To assess this hypothesis, voice source should be looked at directly. Therefore, in further research, using Rothenberg mask (Rothenberg, 1973) is strongly recommended.) In addition to LTA, individual vowel formants will be studied later.