• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.217-223
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• 2019

Purpose: Caffeine is the most widely consumed psychostimulant of the methylxanthine class. Among adolescents, high-dose of caffeine consumption has increased rapidly over the last few decades due to the introduction of energy drinks. However, little is known about the time-dependent effect of high doses of caffeine consumption in adolescents. The present study aims to examine the short- and long-term influence of high-dose caffeine on behavior of adolescence. Methods: The animals were divided into three groups: a "vehicle" group, which was injected with 1 ml of phosphate-buffered saline for 14 days; a "Day 1" group, which was injected with caffeine (30 mg/kg), 2 h before the behavioral tests; and a "Day 14" group, which was infused with caffeine for 14 days. An open-field test, a Y-maze test, and a passive avoidance test were conducted to assess the rats'activity levels, anxiety, and cognitive function. Results: High-dose caffeine had similar effects in short-and long-term treatment groups. It increased the level of locomotor activity and anxiety-like behavior, as evidenced by the increase in the number of movements and incidences of rearing and grooming in the caffeine-treated groups. No significant differences were observed between the groups in the Y-maze test. However, in the passive avoidance test, the escape latency in the caffeine-treated group was decreased significantly, indicating impaired memory acquisition. Conclusion: These results indicate that high-dose caffeine in adolescents may increase locomotor activity and anxiety-like behavior and impair learning and memory, irrespective of the duration of administration. The findings will be valuable for both evidence-based education and clinical practice.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.767-773
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• 2012

괴각 추출물의 항불안 효능을 탐색하기 위하여 elevated plus-maze, horizontal wire test 및 open field test와 같은 동물행동실험을 통하여 비교한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. Elevated plus-maze를 이용한 본 연구에서 괴각 추출물의 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg 및 400 mg/kg 투여군에서 대조군에 비하여 open arm에서 머무른 시간의 백분율이 증가하였고, open arm으로의 출입 백분율 또한 증가하였다. Elevated plus-maze를 이용한 길항실험에서는 benzodiazepine 수용체의 antagonist인 flumazenil에 의해 괴각 추출물 400 mg/kg의 항불안 효능이 차단되는 것이 관찰되었다. Locomotor activity 측정에서도 괴각 추출물의 모든 용량에서 총 이동거리의 변화가 없었으며, 또한 horizontal wire test에서도 대조군과 괴각 추출물 투여군 사이에 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 결론적으로, 본 연구의 결과에서 괴각의 메탄올 추출물이 elevated plus-maze test, horizontal wire test 및 open field test를 통하여 locomotor activity 및 근육이완이나 진정 등의 부작용이 없으면서 우수한 항불안 작용을 가지는 천연물이라고 생각되어지며 이러한 작용이 특히 GABA 신경계와 관련이 있음을 시사하고 있다. 향후 괴각의 항불안 작용의 평가를 위하여 다양한 실험모델의 개발이 필요할 것으로 생각되며 또한 이러한 작용에 대한 기전 연구가 포괄적이고 다각적으로 진행되어져야 할 필요성이 있다고 사료된다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.290-296
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• 2014

이 연구의 목적은 mice를 이용하여 elevated plus-maze (EPM) test와 hole-board test를 통해 quercetin의 잠재적인 항불안 작용을 확인하고자 함이다. Quercetin을 1.25, 2.5, 5나 10 mg/kg의 용량으로 각각 행동시험을 측정하기 1 시간 전에 ICR mice에 경구투여하였다. 대조군은 동일한 양의 10% Tween 80을 투여하였고 양성대조군으로 buspirone 2 mg/kg을 투여하였다. Quercetin을 단회 투여하여 EPM test를 실시한 결과, 5 mg/kg 용량에서 open arm에 머문 시간 및 진입한 횟수의 백분율이 control group과 비교하여 통계적으로 유의성 있게 증가하였다(p<0.05). 또한 quercetin을 투여하여 hole-board test를 실시한 결과, 5 mg/kg 용량에서 구멍에 머리를 넣은 횟수가 control group과 비교하여 통계적으로 유의성 있게 증가하였다(p<0.05). 또한 quercetin와 flumazenil ($GABA_A$ antagonist), WAY-100635 ($GABA_{A-{\rho}}$ antagonist) 또는 trans-4-aminocrotonic acid ($GABA_{A-{\rho}}$ agonist)를 병용투여하여 elevated plus-maze를 실험을 하여 신경계와의 관계를 확인한 결과, trans-4-aminocrotonic acid에서만 quercetin의 항불안 작용이 차단되었음을 확인 할 수 있었다. 결론적으로, 본 연구의 결과에서 quercetin이 elevated plus-maze 및 hole-board test, horizontal wire test, open field test를 통하여 locomotor activity 및 근육이완이나 진정 등의 부작용이 없으면서 우수한 항불안 작용을 가지는 소재라고 생각되며 이러한 작용이 특히 GABA 신경계와 관련이 있음을 시사하고 있다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.208-214
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• 2018

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the biological and sleep-promoting effects of combined ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) using caffeine-induced sleepless fruit flies, ICR mice, and Sprague-Dawley rats. MATERIALS/METHODS: Video-tracking analysis was applied to investigate behavioral changes of Drosophila melanogaster. Pentobarbital-induced sleep test and electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns were used for analysis of sleep latency, duration, and quantity and quality of sleep in vertebrate models. RESULTS: Administration of combined GABA/5-HTP could significantly reverse the caffeine induced total distance of flies (P < 0.001). Also, individually administered and combined GABA/5-HTP significantly increased the total sleeping time in the caffeine-induced sleepless ICR mice (P < 0.001). In the caffeine-induced sleepless SD-rats, combined GABA/5-HTP showed significant differences in sleep quality between individual amino acid administrations (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, we identified inhibitory effects of combined GABA/5-HTP in locomotor activity, sleep quantity and quality in caffeine-induced sleepless models, indicating that combined GABA/5-HTP may be effective in patients with insomnia by providing sufficient sleep.

• International Journal of Contents
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.74-81
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• 2012

The aim is to investigate the analgesic effect of transcranial direct current stimulation(tDCS) on central neuropathic pain(CNP) in spinal cord contusive rat model. Twenty Sprague-Dawley rats($250{\pm}50$ g, male) were used. Thoracic spinal cord(T10) was contused using New York University(NYU) spinal cord impactor. The animals were randomly assigned to two groups; GroupI: Non-treatment after SCI induction(n=10), GroupII: application of tDCS(0.1 mA, 20 min/time, 2 times/day, 5 days/6week) after SCI induction(n=10). Assess the effect of tDCS using the Basso Beattie Bresnahan(BBB) locomotor rating scales, Touch $test^{TM}$ sensory evaluator(TTSE), Plantar test$^{\circledR}$after contusion at the $2^{nd}$, $3^{rd}$, $4^{th}$, $5^{th}$, $6^{th}$ week and the immunohistochemistric response of c-fos in the thalamus, cerebral cortex after contusion at the $3^{rd}$, $6^{th}$ week after SCI. The scores of BBB scales were significantly different from $3^{rd}$week. TTSE were different significantly over time, but there were no differences at each evaluation times on between-measure time effects. Plantar test were different significantly over time and there were difference at the $4^{th}$, $6^{th}$ week after SCI on between-measure time effects. Also, immunohistochemistric response of c-fos was reduced significantly from $3^{rd}$, $6^{th}$ week after SCI in tDCS group compared with control group in thalamus and cortex. These results identified that tDCS of non-invasive therapeutic method may have beneficial analgesic effect on CNP after SCI with behavioral test and immunohistochemical test.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.313-322
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• 2013

Previous studies have demonstrated that repeated administration of the exogenous stress hormone corticosterone (CORT) induces dysregulation in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and results in depression and anxiety. The current study sought to verify the impact of catechin (CTN) administration on chronic CORT-induced behavioral alterations using the forced swimming test (FST) and the elevated plus maze (EPM) test. Additionally, the effects of CTN on central noradrenergic systems were examined by observing changes in neuronal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity in rat brains. Male rats received 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg CTN (i.p.) 1 h prior to a daily injection of CORT for 21 consecutive days. The activation of the HPA axis in response to the repeated CORT injections was confirmed by measuring serum levels of CORT and the expression of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) in the hypothalamus. Daily CTN administration significantly decreased immobility in the FST, increased open-arm exploration in the EPM test, and significantly blocked increases of TH expression in the locus coeruleus (LC). It also significantly enhanced the total number of line crossing in the open-field test (OFT), while individual differences in locomotor activities between experimental groups were not observed in the OFT. Taken together, these findings indicate that the administration of CTN prior to high-dose exogenous CORT significantly improves helpless behaviors, possibly by modulating the central noradrenergic system in rats. Therefore, CTN may be a useful agent for the treatment or alleviation of the complex symptoms associated with depression and anxiety disorders.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.11-18
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• 2020

The present study was aimed to explore the neuroprotective role of imatinib in global ischemia-reperfusion-induced cerebral injury along with possible mechanisms. Global ischemia was induced in mice by bilateral carotid artery occlusion for 20 min, which was followed by reperfusion for 24 h by restoring the blood flow to the brain. The extent of cerebral injury was assessed after 24 h of global ischemia by measuring the locomotor activity (actophotometer test), motor coordination (inclined beam walking test), neurological severity score, learning and memory (object recognition test) and cerebral infarction (triphenyl tetrazolium chloride stain). Ischemia-reperfusion injury produced significant cerebral infarction, impaired the behavioral parameters and decreased the expression of connexin 43 and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (p-STAT3) in the brain. A single dose administration of imatinib (20 and 40 mg/kg) attenuated ischemia-reperfusion-induced behavioral deficits and the extent of cerebral infarction along with the restoration of connexin 43 and p-STAT3 levels. However, administration of AG490, a selective Janus-activated kinase 2 (JAK2)/STAT3 inhibitor, abolished the neuroprotective actions of imatinib and decreased the expression of connexin 43 and p-STAT3. It is concluded that imatinib has the potential of attenuating global ischemia-reperfusion-induced cerebral injury, which may be possibly attributed to activation of JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway along with the increase in the expression of connexin 43.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.483-497
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• 2017

Background : Behavioral stress has been suggested as one of the significant factors that is able to disrupt physiological systems and cause depression as well as changes in various body systems. The stressful events can alter cognition, learning, memory and emotional responses, resulting in mental disorders such as depression and anxiety. Results : We used a restraint stress model to evaluate the alteration of behavior and stress-related blood parameter. The animals were randomly divided into two groups of five animals each group. Furthermore, we assessed the change of body weight to evaluate the locomotor activity as well as status of emotional and anxiety in mice. After 7 days of restraint stress, the body weight had significantly decreased in the restraint stress group compared with the control group. We also observed stress-associated behavioral alterations, as there was a significant decrease in open field and forced swim test, whereas the immobilization time was significantly increased in the stress group compared to the control group. We observed the morphological changes of neuronal death and microglia by immunohistochemistry and western blot. In our study restraint stress did not cause change in neuronal cell density in the frontal cortex and CA1 hippocampus region, but there was a trend for an increased COX-2 and iNOS protein expression and microglia (CD11b) in brain, which is restraint stress. Conclusion : Our study, there were significant alterations observed in the behavioral studies. We found that mice undergoing restraint stress changed behavior, confirming the increased expression of inflammatory factors in the brain.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제9권12호
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• pp.391-399
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• 2009

본 연구의 목적은 중추신경계 손상의 쥐에 운동강도에 따른 신경계 회복을 알아보기 위해 부하수영과 무부하수영이 혈청 BDNF 농도와 행동학적 변화에 어떠한 영향을 미치는가를 확인하고자 하였다. 실험동물로는 Sprague-Dawley 수컷 흰쥐를 사용하였으며, Ketamine을 복강 내에 주사하여 마취한 뒤 제 1-2요추의 척수에 6-OHDA를 $100{\mu}{\ell}$ 주입하여 척수손상을 유발시켰다. 척수 손상으로 유발된 행동학적 변화를 알아보기 위해 BBB와 경사판 검사를 기록하였다. 혈청 BDNF는 수술 후 14일에 혈액을 채취해 흡광도를 측정하였다. 척수 손상 후 무부하군에서는 행동변화가 대조군에 비해 유의하게 증가하였고, 혈청 BDNF 농도는 다른 군에 비해 무부하군에서 증가하였다. 이러한 결과로 보아 저강도 수영운동을 중추신경 손상 후 초기에 적용하면 신경조직의 회복에 영향을 주리라 생각된다.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.84-89
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to characterize the putative anxiolytic-like effects of the aqueous extract of the root of Polygala tenuifolia ( AEPT) using an elevated plus maze (EPM) and hole-board apparatus in mice. The AFPT was orally administered at 50, 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg to ICR mice, 1 h before the behavioral evaluation in the EPM respectively. Control mice were treated with an equal volume of saline, and positive control mice with buspirone (2 mg/kg). Single treatments of the AEPT significantly increased the percentage of time spent and arm entries into the open arms of the EPM vedrsus saline controls (P<0.05). Moreover, there were no changes in the locomotor activity and myorelaxant effects in any group compared with the saline controls. In the hole-board test,single treatments of the AEPT (200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly increased the number of headdips versus saline controls (P<0.05). In addition, the anxiolytic-like effects of the AEPT were blocked by WAY 100635(0.3mg/kg, I.p), a5-$HT_{1A}$ receptor antagonist not by flumazenil, a $GABA_{A}$ antagonist. These results indicate that P. tenuifolia is an effective anxiolytic agent, andsuggest that the anxiolytic-like effects of P. tenuifolia is mediated via the serotonergic nervous system.