• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.18-27
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• 2016

A 'flowered-wall,' which are also called a 'flower plant patterned wall,' or a 'flower patterned wall,' is a wall of a building or a fence with various patterns on it. A flowered-wall can be an external mean to look into the owner's authority and values while internally it possesses the symbolic meaning of wishing the well-being and peace of the household. In the research area of the flowered-wall, the walls located in the palace were well researched in various studies across architecture, horticulture, and art design, however, the walls belonging to the local regional traditional folk houses and temples have been involved in little to no research in the landscape architectural area. Taking notice of this perspective this study researched and analyzed the cases of the flowered-walls of the traditional folk houses and the temples that belonged to the national and municipal cultural properties of Jeollabuk-do Province from the landscape architectural perspective. The whole samples were examined and it was shown that there were 9 traditional folk houses with flowered-walls. Among the temples there were 7 cases. Therefore the research focusing on tracing the shape and symbolic meaning of the flowered-walls in the 16 cultural properties located in the Jeollabuk-do Province which consisted of traditional folk houses and temples resulted in the following. Flowered-walls displayed hierarchical differentiation revolving around the main space and its spacial characteristic. This differentiation is variously displayed across the flowered-wall, gable, crack plastering, and chimney. In the case of the folk houses the symbols have the meaning of the prosperity of the household and progeny, exorcism, longevity, number of fortune, harmony, and peace etc that prays for practical wishes such as long life and good health with the prosperity of their descendants. Meanwhile in the temples, symbols indicating an easy passage into eternity, perpetuation of the Buddha-nature, and three marks of existence are applied, differentiating from the folk houses by the appliance of the religious values in the patterns. In conclusion this research resulted in the rightful illumination on the local landscape culture, the possibility of expressing the Korean sentiment through flowered-walls in the contemporary space, the reassessment of flowered-walls, and the provision of basic data for a plan to success the cultural heritage.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 1999.10a
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• pp.449-456
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• 1999

The concrete wall is the most useful of retaining structure which can obtain the engineering stability, but has problems that is not friendly with nature environment in a fine view, such as poor rear drainage, and shrinkage crack by temperature difference, etc. Because of this problems, the research for a segmental crib retaining wall has been performed. A segmental crib retaining wall is quickly and easily erected because is possible to be erected as the individual members, and is not sensitive to differential settlement and earthquakes. Also, it shows effective drainage and has a friendly advantage with nature environment because of being able to be planted with vines and shrubs in retaining walls The design of crib retaining walls has traditionally been based on classical soil mechanics theories. These theories, originally derived by Rankine(1857) and Coulomb(1776), assume that the wall acts as a rigid body. This assumption results in failure being predicted by either monolithic overturning or base sliding mechanisms. However, the wall consists of individual members which have been created a three dimensional grid. This grid confines an fill mass which becomes part of the wall. The filled wall resists the earth pressure with the same mechanism of classical gravity walls. Because of the flexibility of the individual segment, it allows relative movement between the individual members within the wall. The three dimensional flexible grid leads to stress redistribution when the wall is subjected to external or fill loads. Due to the flexibility and the stress redistribution, the failure of segmental crib wall consists of not only overturing and base sliding but the local deformation and the failure between the segmental members. It has been researched in the field that due to this flexibility and load redistribution, serviceability failure of segmental crib walls is unlikely to be due to overturning or base sliding. Therefore, in this study, the relative displacement appearance of retaining wall due to variation of inclination is measured to examine this behavior characteristics. Also, the behavior characteristics of retaining walls by surcharge load, and location of acting point of retaining wall rear, and the displacement characteristics and deflections are estimated about the existence and nonexistence of Rear Stretcher performing an role in transmitting earth pressure of Header and Stretcher organizing retaining walls. This research focuses on the characteristics due to the behavior of retaining walls. This research focuses on the characteristics due to the behavior of retaining walls.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.799-813
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• 2020

Fatigue cracks of rib-to-deck (RD) joints have been frequently observed in the orthotropic steel decks (OSD) using conventional U-ribs (CU). Thickened edge U-rib (TEU) is proposed to enhance the fatigue strength of RD joints, and its effectiveness has been proved through fatigue tests. In-depth full-scale tests are further carried out to investigate both the fatigue strength and fractography of RD joints. Based on the test result, the mean fatigue strength of TEU specimens is 21% and 17% higher than that of CU specimens in terms of nominal and hot spot stress, respectively. Meanwhile, the development of fatigue cracks has been measured using the strain gauges installed along the welded joint. It is found that such the crack remains almost in semi-elliptical shape during the initiation and propagation. For the further application of TEUs, the design curve under the specific survival rate is required for the RD joints using TEUs. Since the fatigue strength of welded joints is highly scattered, the design curves derived by using the limited test data only are not reliable enough to be used as the reference. On this ground, an experiment-numerical hybrid approach is employed. Basing on the fatigue test, a probabilistic assessment model has been established to predict the fatigue strength of RD joints. In the model, the randomness in material properties, initial flaws and local geometries has been taken into consideration. The multiple-site initiation and coalescence of fatigue cracks are also considered to improve the accuracy. Validation of the model has been rigorously conducted using the test data. By extending the validated model, large-scale databases of fatigue life could be generated in a short period. Through the regression analysis on the generated database, design curves of the RD joint have been derived under the 95% survival rate. As the result, FAT 85 and FAT 110 curves with the power index m of 2.89 are recommended in the fatigue evaluation on the RD joint using TEUs in terms of nominal stress and hot spot stress respectively. Meanwhile, FAT 70 and FAT 90 curves with m of 2.92 are suggested in the evaluation on the RD joint using CUs in terms of nominal stress and hot spot stress, respectively.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.59-72
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• 1996

The stratigraphy of the Gomso-Bay tidal flat consists of basement, preHolocene oxidized unit, and Holocene tidal sequence in ascending order. The oxidized unit is a yellowish brown stiff mud of the last stadial (or subglacial) stage before 12,000 yr B.P. This yellowish brown preHolocene unit does not contain any marine fossils, but contains plant roots, plant fragments, and also vertical and horizontal microfractures indicating soil-formation when exposed. It is regarded as interfluve deposits. The Holocene tidal sequence is composed of lower mud facies (upper-flat muds), upper sand and muddy sand facies (middle to lower-flat sands). This coarsening-upward and retrograding pattern of Holocene tidal deposits reflects a Holocene sea-level rise. The plots of $\^$14/C-age versus depth of dated samples (peats and shells) show that the sea level of 7,000 yr B.P. was located about 6.5 m below the present mean sea level, and the sea levels of 4,000 yr B.P. and 2,000 yr B.P. were also situated about 3 m and 2.5 m below the present mean sea level, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.839-854
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• 2018

This study was performed to evaluate the performance of GFRP plate reinforced segments for TBM tunnel support. Recently, the SFRC segment has been applied to prevent local damage such as reduction of the amount of reinforcing bars of the segment, crack control and breakage. However, the steel fiber used in the SFRC segment has a problem of durability deterioration due to fiber corrosion. Compared with the RC segment, the maximum flexural load reduction of the SFRC segment hinders the broad application range of the TBM tunnel segment. Therefore, GFRP plate was considered as a stiffener for the maximum load increase of SFRC segment, and structural synthetic fiber without corrosive concern was used as a substitute for steel fiber. The flexural performance of the segment was evaluated by using the type of reinforcing fiber and GFRP plate thickness as the main parameters. As a result, the maximum load and the flexural toughness were increased by 21.78~23.03% and 0.5~7.96%, respectively, as compared with the segments reinforced with reinforcing fiber and GFRP plate of 3 mm thickness.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.37-42
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• 1984

This paper deals with the characterics of the stability of uncontinuous plate structures with cracks. The relation between the J-intergal of the cracks existing in the stress-concentrated regions and local strain are investigated experimentally and theoretically. The BEM(boundary element method)analysis and test results lead to the follow conclusions: 1. A non-dimensional J was computed in a plate stress and strain condition for several kind of loads and crack types. The J design curves are defined as follows: J sub(E)/$\sigma$ sub(y) super(2) a=3.345(e/e sub(y) ) super(2) at e/e sub(y)$\leq$1 J sub(E)/$\sigma$ sub(y) super(2) a=3.345(e/e sub(y) ) at e/e sub(y)$\geq$1 2. Use of this curve provides a good estimation for the uncontinuous plate structures with cracks existing in the stress and strain concentrated region. 3. The stability of the characteristics is mainly depenent upon not the length of cracks but the type of the cracks.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.15-28
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• 2024

This paper proposes a method to acquire image data inside tunnel structures and a method to structure the acquired image data. By improving the conditions by which image data are acquired inside the tunnel structure, high-quality image data can be obtained from area type tunnel scanning. To improve the data acquisition conditions, a longitudinal rail of the tunnel can be installed on the tunnel ceiling, and image data of the entire tunnel structure can be acquired by moving the installed rail. This study identified 0.5 mm cracked simulation lines under a distance condition of 20 m at resolutions of 3,840 × 2,160 and 720 × 480 pixels. In addition, the proposed image-data-structuring method could acquire image data in image tile units. Here, the image data of the tunnel can be structured by substituting the application factors (resolution of the acquired image and the tunnel size) into a relationship equation. In an experiment, the image data of a tunnel with a length of 1,000 m and a width of 20 m were obtained with a minimum overlap rate of 0.02% to 8.36% depending on resolution and precision, and the size of the local coordinate system was found to be (14 × 15) to (36 × 34) pixels.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.9-21
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• 2002

In Korea, many open-air upper palaeolithic sites are located at the river valley, particularly exposed in gently rotting terrain along the river course. They are situated at an altitude less trail 30 m above present river bottom, and covered with the blankets of slope deposits of several meters in thickness. The purpose of this research is to eluridate depositional and vegetational environment of the alluvial upper palaeolithic Jangheung-ri sites on the basis of analytical properties of grain size population, chronology, palynology, soil chemistry and clay mineralogy and magnetic susceptibility of the Jangheung-ri Quaternary formations. The lithostratograpy of Jangheung-ri sit is subdivided into 3 layers based on the depositional sequence and radiocarbon ages. From bottom to top, they are composed of slope deposits with lower paleosol layers, young fluvial sand and gravel with backswamp organic muds, and upper paleosol layers. The upper paleosol was formed under rather dry climatic condition between each flooding period. Dessication cracks were prevalent in the soil solum which was filled with secondarily minuted fragments due to pedogenetic process. The soil structure shows typical braided-typed cracks in the root part of cracking texture, and more diversified pattern of crackings downward. The young fluvial sand gravel were formed by rather perennial streams after LGM. The main part of organic muds was particularly formed after 15Ka. Local backswamp were flourished with organic muds and graded suspension materials in the flooding muds were intermittently accumulated in the organic muds until ca. 11Ka. This episode was associated with migration of Nam River toward present course. Organic muds were formed in backswamp or local pond. Abies/Picea-Betula with Ranunculaceae, Compositae, Cyperaceae were prevalent. This period is characterized with B$\Phi$lling, Older Dryas, Allerod, and Younger Dryas (MIS-1). Stone artefacts were found in the lower paleosol layers formed as old as 18Ka-22Ka. Based on the artefacts and landscape settings of the Jangheung-ri site, it is presumed that settlement grounds of old people were buried by frequent floodings of old Nam River, the river-beds of which were heavily fluctuated laterally and river-bed erosions were activated from south to north in Jangheung-ri site until the terminal of LGM9ca 17Ka).

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.513-523
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• 2015

In steel moment frames constructed of H-shapes, strong-axis moment connections should be used for maximum structural efficiency if possible. And most of cyclic seismic testing, domestic and international, has been conducted for strong-axis moment connections and cyclic test data for weak-axis connections is quite limited. However, when perpendicular moment frames meet, weak-axis moment connections are also needed at the intersecting locations. Especially, both strong- and weak-axis moment connections have been frequently used in domestic practice. In this study, cyclic seismic performance of RBS (reduced beam section) weak-axis welded moment connections was experimentally investigated. Test specimens, designed according to the procedure proposed by Gilton and Uang (2002), performed well and developed an excellent plastic rotation capacity of 0.03 rad or higher, although a simplified sizing procedure for attaching the beam web to the shear plate in the form of C-shaped fillet weld was used. The test results of this study showed that the sharp corner of C-shaped fillet weld tends to be the origin of crack propagation due to stress concentration there and needs to be trimmed for the better weld shape. Different from strong-axis moment connections, due to the presence of weld access hole, a kind of CJP butt joint is formed between the beam flange and the horizontal continuity plate in weak-axis moment connections. When weld access hole is large, this butt joint can experience cyclic local buckling and subsequent low cycle fatigue fracture as observed in this testing program. Thus the size of web access hole at the butt joint should be minimized if possible. The recommended seismic detailing such as stickout, trimming, and thicker continuity plate for construction tolerance should be followed for design and fabrication of weak-axis welded moment connections.