• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제56권7호
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• pp.2859-2874
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• 2024

This paper presents the finite element deformation and failure simulation of a typical Korean high-power reactor vessel under a severe accident characterized by large break loss of coolant (LBLOCA) with in-vessel retention of molten corium through external reactor vessel cooling (IVR-ERVC) conditions. Temperature distributions calculated using Modular Accident Analysis Program Version 5 (MAAP5) as thermal boundary conditions were used, and ABAQUS thermal and structural analyses were performed. After full ablation, the temperature of the inner surface in the thinnest section remained high (920 ℃), but the stress remained relatively low (less than 6 MPa). At the outer surface, the stress was as high as 250 MPa; however, the resulting plastic strain was small owing to the low temperature of 200 ℃. Variations in stress, inelastic strain, and temperature with time in the thinnest section suggest that the plastic and creep strains are saturated owing to stress relaxation, resulting in low cumulative damage. Thus, the lower head of the vessel can maintain its structural integrity under LBLOCA with IVR-ERVC conditions. The sensitivity analysis of internal pressure indicates the occurrence of failure in the thinnest section at an internal pressure >9.6 MPa via local necking followed by failure due to high stresses.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.261-265
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• 2003

복잡지형상의 일 최저기온 공간내삽 과정에서 유용한 설명변수로 등장한 찬 공기 유입량은 적용면적, 즉 공간규모에 따라 그 값이 크게 변하므로, 지형기후학적 최저기온 내삽모형의 실용화를 위해서는 최적규모를 파악해야 한다. 본 연구에서는 동질적인 중규모 기후구역을 대표하는 기준 관측값에 대한, 같은 구역 내 여러 지점의 기온편차를 계산하고, 이를 다양한 반경의 주변지역 찬 공기 유입량에 회귀시켜 일 최저기온에 미치는 지형의 최적 영향권을 도출하고자 하였다. 경남 하동의 배 과원지대에 1 ${\times}$ 1 km 구역을 설정하고 8개 지점에서 2002년 9월부터 2003년 2월까지 10분 간격으로 기온을 측정하였다. 동일 구역 내 기상청 자동기상관측자료를 기준으로 삼아 복사냉각일의 최저기온 편차를 8개 지점별로 얻었다. 연구지역의 고도를 10 m 해상도의 수치고도모형으로 표현하고 이를 토대로 8개 지점의 냉기 유입량을 계산하였다. 이 때 10 m 단위로 100 m까지 반경을 증가시키면서 유입량의 평활화 평균값을 계산하여 최저기온 편차를 회귀시켰다. 그 결과 복사냉각일의 국지적인 최저기온 결정에는 반경 50 m 범위 (약 1 ha) 주변지역 지형이 가장 유효함을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.217-224
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• 2010

본 연구는 3면이 바다로 둘러싸인 우리나라에서 해안지대 기온 관측자료에 포함되어있지도 모르는 바다의 영향을 정량적으로 추정하기 위해 수행하였다. 1981-2009 기간 중 전국 66개 기상관서에서 관측한 일별 최고 및 최저기온자료를 수집하여 월별 평균을 계산하고 이들 가운데 27개 내륙지점 자료만을 이용하여 거리역산가중평균법에 의해 남한 전역의 가상기온 분포도를 제작하였다. 이 가상기온분포도 상에서 해안에 가까운 나머지 39개 지점의 국지기온을 지리지형정보 및 소기후모형에 의해 정밀하게 추정하였다. 실측 기온과 이 추정기온과의 편차를 '외견상의 바다효과'로 간주하고 39개 지점의 해안거리 대수를 독립변수로 하는 회귀모형을 월별로 작성하였다. 이 모형에 의하면 우리나라의 바다는 잠재적으로 여름철 일 최고기온에 $6^{\circ}C$ 냉각효과, 겨울철 일 최저기온에는 $7.5^{\circ}C$의 가온 효과가 있다. 해안은 물론 내륙의 기온자료에도 포함된 공통오차를 제거한 '실제의 바다효과'를 추정한 결과 서해안의 경우 여름철 냉각효과는 $1.5^{\circ}C$, 겨울철 가온효과는 $1.0^{\circ}C$인 반면, 남해안과 동해안은 각각 $3.0^{\circ}C$ 및 $3.5^{\circ}C$ 내외로 판명된다.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.147-155
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• 2020

본 논문은 ESS 화재전용 소화약제 및 소화시스템 개발에 관한 연구이다. ESS 화재를 진압하기 위해 제작된 소화약제는 침윤제 타입으로 주된 소화효과인 냉각작용과 더불어 질식작용과 함께 표면장력 및 점도를 낮춘 침투성이 높은 소화약제로 ESS 모듈 내부의 배터리 셀까지 소화약제가 침투 가능한 특징이 있다. 소화시스템의 경우 랙 단위로 화재를 진압하는 국소방출방식으로 설계하였고, 소화효과를 극대화하기 위해 랙에 장착되는 일반형 노즐과 ESS 모듈 후면 홀에 삽입하는 360° 회전형 노즐을 제작하고, 가스방출압력에 의해 소화약제가 강하게 방사되도록 하였다. ESS 모듈 1단위 및 모듈 3단위 화재진압성능 실험결과 소화약제 방사 후 각각 8 s 및 9 s 만에 눈에 보이는 화염이 모두 소멸되었다. 또한, 소화약제 방사종료 후 600 s 동안 재발화 여부를 확인한 결과 모든 화재진압성능 실험에서 재발화가 일어나지 않고 ESS 화재가 완벽히 진압되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.248-255
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• 2017

Many rivers and seas have been affected by environmental contamination. Therefore, city water supplies often require a high-degree purification treatment to provide safe drinking water. However, in order to achieve a high-degree purification treatment, a large amount of chlorine has to be added to sterilize city drinking water. The added chlorine reacts chemically with water and forms hypochlorous and chlorine ions. The hypochlorous ionizes with hypochlorous ions and hydrogen ions. As a result, the city water contains a large amount of chlorine ion. As such, when city water is used with domestic boilers, many kinds of heat exchangers, and the engines of vehicle and ships, there are often corrosion problems. In this study, alkali water was electrochemically made by electrolysis of city water, and corrosion properties between alkali and city water were investigated with an electrochemical method. Most of the chlorine ions are thought to not be contained in the alkali water because the alkali water is created in the cathodic chamber with an electrolysis process. In other words, the chlorine ion can be mostly removed by its migration from a cathodic chamber to an anodic chamber. Moreover, the alkali water also contains a large amount of hydroxide ion. The alkali water indicated relatively good corrosion resistance compared to the city water and the city water exhibited a local corrosion pattern due to the chlorine ion created by a high-degree purification treatment. In contrast, the alkali water showed a general corrosion pattern. Consequently, alkali water can be used with cooling water to inhibit local corrosion by chlorine ions in domestic boilers, various heat exchangers and the engine of ships and for structural steel in a marine structure.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.745-759
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• 2013

The characteristics of meteorological conditions and air pollution were investigated in a valley city (Yangsan) on bad visibility days (from 05:00 to 09:00 LST) of the cold half year (November 2008 to April 2009). This analysis was performed using the hourly observed data of meteorological variables (temperature, wind speed and direction, relative humidity, and 2 m and 10 m temperature) and air pollutants ($NO_2$, $SO_2$, $PM_{10}$, and $O_3$). In addition, visibility data based on visual measurements and a visibility meter were used. The bad visibility days were classified into four types: fog, mist, haze, and the mixture (mist+haze). The results showed that the bad visibility days of the four types in the valley city were observed to be more frequently (about 50% of the total study period (99 days except for missing data)) than (27%) those near coastal metropolitan city (Busan). The misty days (39%) in the valley city were the most dominant followed by the hazy (37%), mixture (14%), and foggy days (10%). The visibility degradation on the misty days in Yangsan was closely related to the combined effect of high-level relative humidity due to the accumulation of water vapor from various sources (e.g. river, stream, and vegetation) and strong inversion due to the development of surface radiative cooling within the valley. On the hazy days, the visibility was mainly reduced by the increase in air pollutant (except for $O_3$) concentrations from the dense emission sources under local conditions of weaker winds from the day before and stronger inversion than the misty days. The concentrations of $NO_2$, $PM_{10}$, and $SO_2$ (up to +36 ppb, $+25{\mu}g/m^3$, and +7 ppb) on the hazy days were a factor of 1.4-2.3 higher than those (+25 ppb, $+14{\mu}g/m^3$, and +3 ppb) on the misty days.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.592-598
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• 2008

Deep sea water is found more than 200 m under the surface. As no sunlight reaches, no photosynthesis takes place, and it has very little organic matter or bacteria. In addition, deep sea water maintains a consistently low temperature throughout the year, and it does not mix with the water found closer to the surface, which means that its cleanliness is preserved. It is a long-term mature sea water resource that is rich in minerals. This paper examined the physical characteristics and the uses of deep sea water, a subject that has been attracting a great deal of public attention recently, together with the current status of domestic research into it and the direction of research in the USA and Japan, focusing on the existing literature. The aim of this paper was to provide are source to researchers in the field. Since the 1970s, scientists around the world have recognized the importance of deep sea water, and have been conducting research into it. In the USA, deep sea water has been researched with the view of its application to cooling, alternative energy, farming, and the development of new materials. In Japan, about 10 local self-governing bodies are currently promoting research and business relating to deep sea water, which has resulted in a number of products that have been released to the market. In Korea, the ministry of land transport and marine affairs has been studying deep sea water since 2000, and full-scale national R&D projects have been performed by 24 organizations, including KORDI, through industrial/academic cooperation. Large companies are participating in deep sea water research projects in several ways. A study of data foundusing NDSL relating to domestic studies of deep sea water found 50 theses, 177 domestic patents, 6 analyses, 2 reports, and 2 etc. in other areas.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.47-53
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• 2015

Recently, the bending process is greatly applied to fabricate the pipe line. Bending process can reduce welding joints and then decrease the number of inspection. Thus, the maintenance cost will be reduced. Induction heat bending process is composed of bending deformation by repeated local heat and cooling. By this thermal process, corrosion properties and microstructure can be affected. This work focused on the effect of induction heating bending process on the properties of ASME SA106 Gr. C low carbon steel pipes. Microstructure analysis, hardness measurements, and immersion corrosion test were performed for base metal and bended area including extrados, intrados, crown up, and down parts. Microstructure was analyzed using an optical microscope and SEM. Hardness was measured using a Rockwell B scale. Induction heat bending process has influenced upon the size and distribution of ferrite and pearlite phases which were transformed into finer structure than those of base metal. Even though the fine microstructure, every bent area showed a little lower hardness than that of base metal. It is considered that softening by the bending process may be arisen. Except of I2, intrados area, the others showed a similar corrosion rate to that of base metal. But even relatively high rate of intrados area was very low and acceptable. Therefore, it is judged that induction heat bending process didn't affect boric acid corrosion behaviour of carbon steel.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.120-126
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• 2015

The usage of bending products recently have increased since many industries such as automobile, aerospace, shipbuilding, and chemical plants need the application of pipings. Bending process is one of the inevitable steps to fabricate the facilities. Induction heat bending is composed of compressive bending process by local heating and cooling. This work focused on the effect of induction heat bending process on the properties of ASME SA312 Gr. TP304 stainless steel pipes. Tests were performed for base metal and bended area including extrados, intrados, crown up, and down parts. Microstructure was analyzed using an optical microscope and SEM. In order to determine intergranular corrosion resistance, Double Loop Electrochemical Potentiokinetic Reactivation (DL-EPR) test and ASTM A262 practice A and C tests were done. Every specimen revealed non-metallic inclusion free under the criteria of 1.5i of the standard and the induction heat bending process did not affect the non-metallic inclusion in the alloys. Also, all the bended specimens had finer grain size than ASTM grain size number 5 corresponding to the grain sizes of the base metal and thus the grain size of the pipe bended by induction heat bending process is acceptable. Hardness of transition start, bend, and transition end areas of ASME SA312 TP304 stainless steel was a little higher than that of base metal. Intergranular corrosion behavior was determined by ASTM A262 practice A and C and DL-EPR test, and respectively step structure, corrosion rate under 0.3 mm/y, and Degree of Sensitization (DOS) of 0.001~0.075% were obtained. That is, the induction heat bending process didn't affect the intergranular corrosion behavior of ASME SA312 TP304 stainless steel.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.15-20
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• 2015

본 연구의 목적은 전기동력 자동차의 전기-전자 장비들을 효과적으로 냉각시키면서 자체적으로 에너지 소비를 최소화 시킬 수 있는 노력의 일환으로, 단순 열전달 모델을 이용하여 윅이 있는 히트파이프의 열전달 및 유동 특성을 고찰하는 것이다. 이를 위하여 히트파이프는 COMSOL프로그램을 이용하여 해석하였고, 작동유체로 물을 이용하였다. 또한, 히트파이프의 속도 및 온도 특성을 히프파이프 길이에 따라 해석하였고, 국소 및 평균 Nu수를 계산하였다. 결과적으로, 히트파이프의 관성력은 가열면과 냉각면의 온도차에 의하여 발생하였다. 히트파이프내 열전달은 가열면에서 냉각면으로 발생하고 히트파이프 중앙으로 갈수록 증가하였다. 더불어, 가열면의 Nu수는 최대 4.47로 나타났으며, 평균 Nu수는 1.88이고, 냉각면의 Nu수는 최대 0.7로 나타났으며, 평균 Nu수는 0.1이다.