• 한국암반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국암반공학회 2007년도 특별심포지엄 논문집
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• pp.63-79
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• 2007

Several remedial works were attempted to stabilize the collapsed area of the inlet slopes of diversion tunnel, but prevention of any further movement was being only carried out at beginning stage by filling the area with aggregates and rock debris, after several cracks had been initiated and developed around the area. The extra specialty developed folding zone is consisted with highly weathered Greywacke and Black shale. The suggested solution is to improve the properties of the rock mass of failed area by choosing the optimum level of reinforcement through the increment of slope rock support design so as to control the movement of slopes during the re-excavation. The Bakun hydroelectric project includes the construction of a hydroelectric power plant with an installed capacity of 2,520MW and a power transmission system connecting to the existing transmission networks in Sarawak and Western Malaysia. The power station will consist of a 210m height Concrete Faced Rockfill Dam. During the construction of the dam and the power facilities the Balui River has to be diverted of the tunnels is 12m and the tunnel width is 16m at the portal area. This paper describes the stability analysis and design methods for the open cut rock slopes in the inlet area of the diversion tunnels. The geotechnical parameters employed in stability calculations were given as a function of four defined Rock Mass Type (RMT) which were based on RMR system from Bieniawski. The stability calculations procedure of the rock slopes are divided into two stages. In the first stage, it is calculated for the stability of each "global" slope without any rock support and shotcrete system. In the second stage, it is calculated for each "local" slope stability with berms and supported with rock bolts and shotcrete. The monitoring instrumentation was performed continuously and some of the design modification was carried out in order to increase the safety of failed area based on the unforeseen geological risks during the open cut excavation.

• 농촌계획
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.127-135
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• 2015

In recent years, meteorological disasters have frequently occurred in rural areas. As a result, there have been growing concerns over the protective measures needed. In order to avoid natural risks and damage, and to strengthen countermeasure to meteorological disasters, local governments needs to be prepared. Therefore, this paper seeks to prevent meteorological disasters through mapping of inundation vulnerability in agricultural land, Chungcheongnam-do. In doing so, this study were considered 5 variables (i.e. precipitation, region of altitude below 50m, region of slope gradient is below 10 degree, distance from river within less 50m) for creating vulnerability map. The precipitation was excluded in five variables. Since, the precipitation which include Daily maximum precipitation, 2-Daily maximum precipitation, summer precipitation was not any correlation among them. The results of analysing four variables, exclusive of precipitation, were showed that the agricultural lands where located in Dangjin, Buyeo, Hongseong and Asan were low correlation of inundation vulnerability by overlapping analysis. Moreover, The correlation analysis was showed low correlation between each factors and the annual average area of agricultural lands' inundation, whereas, the correlation analysis which was overlapping each factor showed high correlation. In conclusion, in order to create reliable vulnerability map in agricultural lands, Chungcheongnam-do, it must be considered to overlap analysis of the four main factors such region of altitude below 50m, region of slope gradient is below 10 degree, distance from river within less 50m. We suppose that this study's analysis can help to set the preparedness site of agricultural lands inundation.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제31권1B호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2011

DEM을 이용한 수로망의 생성은 수문해석모형의 적용을 위한 전처리 과정으로써 실제 유역시스템의 배수구조를 결정하는 중요한 인자로 활용된다. 본 연구에서는 DEM으로부터 합리적인 수로망 추출과정 수립을 목적으로 보편적으로 사용되고 있는 면적한계기준과 국부경사와 기여면적사이의 특성에 근거한 경사-면적한계기준 기법을 이용하여 수로망을 생성하고 지형법칙에 의거하여 각 기법에 따른 소규모 유역(진안천 유역; $18.28km^2$) 배수구조의 신뢰성을 평가하였다. 그 결과, 면적한계 기준 기법은 수원유역의 크기의 인위적 결정에 의해 지형법칙을 만족시키지 못하고 유역전체의 배수구조를 왜곡되게 묘사한 반면, 경사-면적한계기준 기법의 경우 물리적인 지형법칙을 만족시키는 우수한 결과를 나타냈다. 따라서 경사-면적한계기준 기법은 DEM 기반의 수문모형을 적용 시 효율적이고 객관적인 수로망 생성을 위한 방법론으로서 활용이 가능하리라 판단된다.

• 한국재난정보학회 논문집
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.111-122
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• 2020

연구목적: 효율적인 급경사지관리를 위하여 급경사지 관리 절차의 문제점을 진단하고 개선된 프레임워크를 제안을 통해 인명 및 재산피해를 경감하고자 함에 있다. 연구방법: 붕괴위험지역 지정 절차검토, 지자체 인터뷰, 전문가 자문을 통해 급경사지 관리 전반적 문제점을 도출함 연구결과: 평가 전 선정단계, 관리의 주체, 관리 방법과 관리 단계별 개선되어야 할 요소들을 도출하였다. 결론: 본논문은 제기된 문제점을 확인하여 개선점을 도출하였고 새로운 시스템(안), 급경사지 발전을 위한 연구 방향을 제시하였다.

• 한국농업기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농업기계학회 2000년도 THE THIRD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY ENGINEERING. V.II
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• pp.124-131
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• 2000

In this study, the NEURAL NETWORK (hereinafter referred to as NN) was applied to control of the nonlinear factors for turning movement of the crawler vehicle and experiment was carried out using a small model of crawler vehicle in order to inspect an application of NN. Furthermore, CHAOS NEURAL NETWORK (hereinafter referred to as CNN) was also applied to this control so as to compare with conventional NN. CNN is especially effective for plane in many variables with local minimum which conventional NN is apt to fall into, and it is relatively useful to nonlinear factors. Experiment of turning on the slope of crawler vehicle was performed in order to estimate an adaptability of nonlinear problems by NN and CNN. The inclination angles of the road surface which the vehicles travel on, were respectively 4deg, 8deg, 12deg. These field conditions were selected by the object for changing nonlinear magnitude in turning phenomenon of vehicle. Learning of NN and CNN was carried out by referring to positioning data obtained from measurement at every 15deg in turning. After learning, the sampling data at every 15deg were interpolated based on the constructed learning system of NN and CNN. Learning and simulation programs of NN and CNN were made by C language ("Association of research for algorithm of calculating machine (1992)"). As a result, conventional NN and CNN were available for interpolation of sampling data. Moreover, when nonlinear intensity is not so large under the field condition of small slope, interpolation performance of CNN was a little not so better than NN. However, when nonlinear intensity is large under the field condition of large slope, interpolation performance of CNN was relatively better than NN.

• 한국도로학회논문집
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.107-115
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• 2018

PURPOSES : As the population of the mobility handicapped, who are classified as the disabled, the elderly, pregnant women, children, etc., has increased, the voices for guaranteeing their rights have been increasing as well. Thus, the design manuals for roads and sidewalks for the mobility handicapped were developed by the local government, such as the Ministry of Land, Transport, and Tourism, in Seoul City. However, according to the 2013 survey results of the Seoul Metropolitan City, the mobility handicapped still feel uncomfortable with the sidewalks, and particularly request for the improvement of the step and slope of the sidewalk curb. Therefore, in this study, we conducted an empirical experimental study to determine the slope of the sidewalk curb and height of the steps considering the mobility handicapped and analyzed whether there is a statistically significant difference. METHODS : The methodology of this study is an empirical experimental one. In the study, five non-disabled people, 10 wheelchair users, and 10 eye patch and stick users walked about 2-3 min on the sidewalk plates of the sloped type (0%, 5%, 6.3%, 8.3%) and stepped type (0 cm, 1 cm, 3 cm, 6 cm), and their human physiological responses, such as the skin temperature, volume of perspiration on forehead and chest, and heart rate, were measured and recorded. After combining the data, we conducted a nonparametric test, ANOVA, or t-test to determine whether there was a statistically significant difference according to each slope and step type. RESULTS : It was found that for the non-disabled, there was no significant difference in human physiological responses according to the slope and steps of the sidewalk. It can be said that the non-disabled do not feel much physiological discomfort while walking. In the case of the sloped sidewalk plate, the heart rate of the wheel chair users increased when the slope was 6.3%. In the case of the eye patch and stick users, the volume of perspiration on the chest increased at a slope of 5.0%. In general, it is judged that a sidewalk with a slope that is less than 5% does not cause a change in the physiological response. In the case of a stepped sidewalk plate, when 0 cm, 1 cm, and 3 cm were compared for wheelchair users, the amount of forehead perspiration increased from 1 cm. Meanwhile, in the case of the eye patch and stick users, when 0 cm and 6 cm were compared, the amount of perspiration on the forehead and chest as well as the heart rate all increased at 6 cm. Taken together, in the case of wheelchair users, a difference was shown when the height of the step of the sidewalk plate was 1 cm, suggesting that installing it at 0 cm does not cause any physiological discomfort. Moreover, in the case of the eye patch and stick users, when comparing only 0 cm and 6 cm, 0 cm was considered to be suitable, as there was a difference in physiological response at 6 cm. CONCLUSIONS : In this study, we set the human physiological responses such as chest skin temperature, amount of perspiration, and heart rate as evaluation items, and our study was considered to be a meaningful experiment that targeted wheelchair users as well as eye patch and stick users. The validity of the evaluation items was confirmed, as the results of human physiological responses were significant. As for the sidewalk design, according to the experiment result, it is considered that differential application should be implemented according to the type of mobility handicap, rather than uniformly applying a sidewalk step of 2 cm and sidewalk slope of 1/25, which are the current legal standards.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1121-1121
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• 2001

A previous study (Berzaghi et al., 2001) evaluated the performance of 3 calibration methods, modified partial least squares (MPLS), local PLS (LOCAL) and artificial neural networks (ANN) on the prediction of the chemical composition of forages, using a large NIR database. The study used forage samples (n=25,977) from Australia, Europe (Belgium, Germany, Italy and Sweden) and North America (Canada and U.S.A) with reference values for moisture, crude protein and neutral detergent fibre content. The spectra of the samples were collected using 10 different Foss NIR Systems instruments, only some of which had been standardized to one master instrument. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the behaviour of these different calibration methods when predicting the same samples measured on different instruments. Twenty-two sealed samples of different kind of forages were measured in duplicate on seven instruments (one master and six slaves). Three sets of near infrared spectra (1100 to 2500nm) were created. The first set consisted of the spectra in their original form (unstandardized); the second set was created using a single sample standardization (Clone1); the third was created using a multiple sample procedure (Clone6). WinISI software (Infrasoft International Inc., Port Mathilda, PA, USA) was used to perform both types of standardization, Clone1 is just a photometric offset between a “master” instrument and the “slave” instrument. Clone6 modifies both the X-axis through a wavelength adjustment and the Y-axis through a simple regression wavelength by wavelength. The Clone1 procedure used one sample spectrally close to the centre of the population. The six samples used in Clone 6 were selected to cover the range of spectral variation in the sample set. The remaining fifteen samples were used to evaluate the performances of the different models. The predicted values for dry matter, protein and neutral detergent fibre from the master Instrument were considered as “reference Y values” when computing the statistics RMSEP, SEPC, R, Bias, Slope, mean GH (global Mahalanobis distance) and mean NH (neighbourhood Mahalanobis distance) for the 6 slave instruments. From the results we conclude that i) all the calibration techniques gave satisfactory results after standardization. Without standardization the predicted data from the slaves would have required slope and bias correction to produce acceptable statistics. ii) Standardization reduced the errors for all calibration methods and parameters tested, reducing not only systematic biases but also random errors. iii) Standardization removed slope effects that were significantly different from 1.0 in most of the cases. iv) Clone1 and Clone6 gave similar results except for NDF where Clone6 gave better RMSEP values than Clone1. v) GH and NH were reduced by half even with very large data sets including unstandardized spectra.

• 한국지형학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.51-70
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• 2013

전남 담양군 서부 지역에 있는 병풍산, 삼인산과 같은 산지를 개석하는 영산강 지류인 대전천과 수북천이 형성한 퇴적층의 성격을 조사하였다. 본 연구에서는 퇴적 환경을 분석하기 위하여 현장 조사와 최근에 이뤄진 한국지질자원연구원의 시추 조사 결과를 이용하였다. 영산강 주변의 지류 유입 부분과 상류 부분의 퇴적층의 심도는 지금까지 추정되던 것보다 얇은 4~7m내외인 것으로 나타났다. 퇴적층의 기저는 기반암의 풍화대로 이루어져 있으며 전반적인 기복 경사는 현재의 지표면과 상당히 유사한 것으로 나타났다. 영산강의 유로가 퇴적물로 피복되기 이전에 비하여 급격히 변화하지는 않은 것으로 사료된다. 한편, 지류 주변의 퇴적물은 각력으로 입자의 크기가 크고 점토 등이 포함되어 분급이 불량한 산지 홍수성 퇴적층이다. 산록면이나 배후 산지의 전면부에 단구 퇴적물 또는 사면 퇴적물의 형태로 존재하는 사면 물질이 주된 퇴적물의 공급원 이었다. 일부에서는 다각형 구조가 나타나 퇴적물의 생산과 공급과정에 다양한 지형 형성이 과정이 복합적으로 작용하는 것으로 볼 수 있다. 퇴적층으로 구성된 평야에 산재하는 구릉들은 주로 기반암의 풍화 산물로 구성되어 있으며, 구릉의 말단부에서 퇴적층이 나타나는 경우 층후가 매우 얇았다. 따라서 현재 수북천과 대전천 유역 가운데 퇴적이 우세한 구역은 기복면이 얇게 피복한 지형으로 부분적으로 기반암 풍화대의 기복에 의해 지배되는 것으로 볼 수 있다.

• 한국도로학회논문집
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.125-131
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• 2011

본 연구는 도로 운영시 강우로 인하여 발생하는 배수 취약구간에 대하여 현장 조사를 통하여 도로 배수 취약구간의 발생 원인을 과학적이고 구체적으로 규명하는데 목적이 있다. 도로 배수 취약구간의 발생 원인을 규명하기 위하여 배수취약구간에 대한 기존 연구결과 및 현황 자료를 검토하였으며, 도로 노면 배수시설과 도로 인접지 배수시설에 대한 취약구간을 조사 및 분석한 결과, 시공 및 기타의 원인으로 발생한 배수 취약구간이 45.7%, 도로의 기하구조가 원인이 된 배수 취약구간은 32.3%, 도로의 수리 수문의 원인은 22.0%로 분석되었으며, 분석된 원인 별 개선 방안으로서 i)시공 및 기타 부분에서는 토사측구의 재료 변경, 단면의 크기 상향 및 수리학적 근거를 바탕으로 한 용량의 산정을, ii)도로의 기하구조 측면에서는 편경사 및 종단선형을 고려한 합성경사의 도출 및 범위 산정과 종단 오목부 구간의 배수구조물 적정 간격의 제시를, iii)도로의 수리 수문 측면에서는 1분단위 강우강도식의 사용과 노면 강우의 부등류 흐름 해석 기법의 적용과 선형 배수방식에 따른 도로 노면 강우의 신속배제를 개선 방안으로 제안하였다.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.213-225
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• 2004

일반 국도의 선형개량사업 및 도로 확포장 사업의 일환으로 터널의 수가 증가하고 있는 실정이다. 최근들어 집중호우 및 이상기후로 인하여 국지적인 강우가 발생하여 갱구사면의 붕괴도 적지 않게 발생하고 있다. 따라서, 국내의 터널 갱구사면 피해 및 유지관리를 효율적으로 대처할 필요성이 대두되었다. 본 연구는 일반국도변에 기설치 운영되고 있는 터널 갱구사면의 현황 및 상태에 대한 조사를 실시하고 수집된 데이터의 효율적인 관리를 위한 데이터베이스 시스템을 개발, 향후 유지관리를 위한 상태평가 기법을 개발하는 것이다. 연구방법으로는 국도변의 터널 갱구사면의 형태를 분석하기 위하여 현장 조사를 통하여 국내의 터널을 진입형태, 갱문형식, 터널 유형 등 기하학적인 형태에 따른 분석을 실시하였다. 수집된 자료의 효율적인 관리를 위해서 그래픽 사용자 인터페이스를 사용하여 입력, 수정 및 조회가 가능한 데이터베이스 관리 시스템을 개발하였고, 조사된 갱구사면의 위험상태에 대한 등급을 분류하기 위한 상태평가 기준표를 제시하고 이에 따른 등급을 분류하였다. 본 상태평가를 이용하여 국도변의 터널 갱구사면을 분류하여 위험 등급에 따라 향후 지속적으로 유지 관리를 실시할 수 있도록 기초자료로 활용하고자 하는 것이 주 목적이다.