• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.155-166
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• 2000

When the marcher visited Korea in fall 1994, he was shocked to see high rise apartment buildings around the capitol region including Seoul and Suwon, resulting from rising demand of housing because of urban migration followed by second and third industrial development. After 6 years in March 2000, the researcher witnessed more apartment buildings and vinyl house complexes, one of the evidences of continued economic progress in Korea. Korea had to receive the rescue finance from International Monetary Fund (IMF) because of financial crisis in 1997. However, the sign of recovery was seen in a year, and the growth rate of Gross Domestic Products (GDP) in 1999 recorded as high as 10.7 percent. During this period, the Korean government has been working on restructuring of banks, enterprises, labour and public sectors. The major directions of government were; localization, reducing administrative manpower, limiting agricultural budgets, privatization of public enterprises, integration of agricultural organization, and easing of various regulations. Thus, the power of central government shifted to local government resulting in a power increase for city mayors and county chiefs. Agricultural extension services was one of targets of government restructuring, transferred to local governments from central government. At the same time, the number of extension offices was reduced by 64 percent, extension personnel reduced by 24 percent, and extension budgets reduced. During the process of restructuring, the basic direction of extension services was set by central Rural Development Administration Personnel management, technology development and supports were transferred to provincial Rural Development Administrations, and operational responsibilities transferred to city/county governments. Agricultural extension services at the local levels changed the name to Agricultural Technology Extension Center, established under jurisdiction of city mayor or county chief. The function of technology development works were added, at the same time reducing the number of educators for agriculture and rural life. As a result of observations of rural areas and agricultural extension services at various levels, functional responsibilities of extension were not well recognized throughout the central, provincial, and local levels. Central agricultural extension services should be more concerned about effective rural development by monitoring provincial and local level extension activities more throughly. At county level extension services, it may be desirable to add a research function to reflect local agricultural technological needs. Sometimes, adding administrative tasks for extension educators may be helpful far farmers. However, tasks such as inspection and investigation should be avoided, since it may hinder the effectiveness of extension educational activities. It appeared that major contents of the agricultural extension service in Korea were focused on saving agricultural materials, developing new agricultural technology, enhancing agricultural export, increasing production and establishing market oriented farming. However these kinds of efforts may lead to non-sustainable agriculture. It would be better to put more emphasis on sustainable agriculture in the future. Agricultural extension methods in Korea may be better classified into two approaches or functions; consultation function for advanced farmers and technology transfer or educational function for small farmers. Advanced farmers were more interested in technology and management information, while small farmers were more concerned about information for farm management directions and timely diffusion of agricultural technology information. Agricultural extension service should put more emphasis on small farmer groups and active participation of farmers in these groups. Providing information and moderate advice in selecting alternatives should be the major activities for consultation for advanced farmers, while problem solving processes may be the major educational function for small farmers. Systems such as internet and e-mail should be utilized for functions of information exchange. These activities may not be an easy task for decreased numbers of extension educators along with increased administrative tasks. It may be difficult to practice a one-to-one approach However group guidance may improve the task to a certain degree.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.103-119
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• 2007

The survey on dental health condition and eating habit of local residents in Daegu and Kyungbuk had been conducted. Through the analysis of influence of dental health condition on eating habit I could get the following result. The number of subjects of survey is 630. The period of survey is from June 2006 to September 2006. 1. General quality of subjects is that forty-four point four percent of subjects are male and fiftyfive pointsix percent are female. The age of thirty point one percent of subjects is between 20 and 29. Fifty-six point two percent of subjects are married. Fifty-one point four percent of subjects have above bachelor degree. Monthly income of forty-four point eight percent of subjects is less than one million won. Twenty-four point four percent of subjects are students. Fifty-five point seven percent of subjects are living in big cities. 2. Forty-seven point seven percent of male and fifty-one point eight percent of female answered their subjective dental health condition is bad. Marital status, age and academic background have relationship with answer. Forty-three point nine percent of married subjects and forty-one point five percent of divorced or bereaved subjects said they have bad dental health condition. The older he is or the lower academic background he has subjects think they have bad dental health condition. Forty-seven point four percent of non-educated subjects answered their dental health condition is bad. Forty-six percent of self-employed subjects and subjects who live in the country have tendency to think their dental health condition is bad. 3. About eating habit knowledge, male's knowledge of 2.03$\pm$0.20 is lower than female's of 2.08$\pm$0.21. This shows there is statistically significant difference(p<0.01). 4. There is significant relationship between subjective dental health condition and health condition of subjective. This means subject who has better health condition has also better dental health condition(37.5%). About subjective dental health condition, subject who eats restoratives has worse dental health condition. This shows there is a relationship between dental health condition and eating restoratives(p=0.004) and subject who works out steadily has better dental condition. 5. About relation between dental health condition and eating habit, subject who eats vegetables has worse dental health condition by fifty point seven percent. As cross tabulation result, p-value is 0.002. In level of significance of 0.05, there is statistically significant difference in eating habit. 6. It seems that eating habit has an effect on marital status, age, academic background, income and also on dental prosthetic treatment situation. Many subjects think their dental health condition is bad. About eating habit, subjects who eat meat have better dental health condition. Subjects who drink green tea and fruit juice has better dental health condition than who drink coffee and Balanced diet is good for dental health condition. As eating habit is important for developing dental health, government should make a proper program. Dental health education program especially for elderly, low-eduacted, residents in the country and poor people should be developed. Government, dental health organization, dental health specialist, associated research institution and people work in the press should be concerned and devote to improve quality of life. Primary prevention education will help for dental health.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.1-16
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• 2005

The present study is designed to provide basic data for the future health promotion projects to be aimed at improving quality of life for the elderly people in the increasingly aging society of Korea by investigating factors related to the yangseng of old people in rural areas. The results of this study are intended to serve as fundamental for efficient approach toward health promotion projects for the elderly in rural communities. For this purpose, a survey by questionnaires was conducted to rural inhabitants from May to June 2004. The replies were analyzed from the perspective of Oriental medicine for yangseng. 1. The average points of health care appeared to be 3.24. In details by sub-areas, morality was 3.79, followed by 3.74 for activities and rest, 3.73 for sleeping, 3.29 for diet, 3.25 for mind, 2.88 for season, 2.12 for exercise and 1.95 for sexual life in sequence, showing that the yangseng of morality was scored highest while the area of sexual life were rated lowest. 2. As for the extent of health care depending on the characters of the subjects, spoused ones, married couples living alone, while the higher educated and the more leisure is utilized, the more the care is paid for yangseng. 3. Concerning the extent of yangseng depending on the general characters of the subjects, men showed more yangseng in activities and rest. The group aged 70 to 74 acquired the highest points in mind yangseng. The group with spouse featured higher concern for yangseng in the categories of morality, diet, activities and rest, sleeping and sexual life. Married couples who are living with no other family members recorded the highest points in the areas of morality, diet, sleeping and sexual life(P<0.05). 4. In terms of socioeconomic characters, the more one is educated, the more he/she is tended to take yangseng in the exercise, sleeping and sexual life. The group with occupation is inclined to take more yangseng in the activities and rest and sleeping. When people have to work for their keep, they usually showed to have highest yangseng for sleeping. People who enjoy leisure showed higher yangseng in all areas except for morality. In case man has religion, he showed more yangseng in the activities and rest, exercise and sleeping(P<0.05). 5. Those who reply they are confident with health showed higher yangseng. No significant difference was found in all areas except for sexual life in which high care is taken for yangseng, as far as one has no disease. Those who are confident with health had highest yangseng in all areas except for season yangseng(P<0.05). As seen above, extents of yangseng by the old people in the rural area are found to have difference depending on the individual and socioeconomic characters, factors which should be seriously considered in the local health promotion projects and projects for the health of the elderly. Particularly important is to launch health promotion programs and to analyze their effects to promote health care particularly in the areas of sexual life, exercise and season yangseng that turned out to be lowest by taking into account of yangseng in each sub-area.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.87-94
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• 2014

Today, the growing number of international architects enters the open market of South Korean architecture and interior from exhibition spaces such as art galleries to buildings of major companies. Establishing new local landmarks, their works have a considerable influence on the development of architecture. Among many, French architect Jean-Michel Wilmotte has worked consistently in South Korea. The purpose of this study is to analyze and put together the expression characteristic of the interior design in his exhibition spaces including Gana Art Gallery. Jean-Michel Wilmotte has designed based on the history, culture, society, and arts in France and other European countries, and is influenced by architects like Charles Rennie Mackintosh, Josef Hoffmann, and Carlo Scarpa. Such an influence is shown in the form of contrast between verticality and horizontality as well as the fortification in his modern classical characteristic, which is one of his expression characters. In his work of improving the ancient architecture, Wilmotte is good at creating a modern space through contextual expression, and the textural contrast between materials of the past and the present. Thus I performed an analysis of the expression characteristic of the interior design in National Museum of Contemporary Art of Chiado in Lisbon, Cognac Hennessy Museum in France, Gana Art Gallery in Korea, Mus$\acute{e}$e du Pr$\acute{e}$sident Jacques Chirac in Sarran, France, Ullens Center for Contemporary Art (UCCA) in Beijing, and lastly Mus$\acute{e}$e d'Orsay in Paris. The results show that he maintains the spatial context by applying contemporary design to the preserved existing structure, continues the flow of exhibition through the lightings in the corridors and on the ceiling, and seeks for a balance by adding vertical or horizontal elements to the elevation. In the interior, the staircase and exhibition structure are turned into objects, and the contrasting texture of the wall vitalizes the space. Wilmotte redesigns the space of the past and the present by using indirect joint that allows an organic connection of the old and new structures, and by minimizing the conflict between the two elements through prefabrication. The expression character of his interior design will be potential resources for architects and interior designers to develop their own design languages.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.98-104
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• 2019

Paju Mok was the local administrative office of the Joseon Dynasty as the administrative and transportation center of western part of Gyeonggi-do and used as a Haenggung when the king visited the royal tomb of the Joseon Dynasty. Paju Mok Government Office was adjacent to Uiju-ro, which connects Hanyang and Uiju in the Joseon Dynasty. Paju Mok Government Office is an important place in the northern part of Gyeonggi, where the king stayed when he visited the Jereung, Hulleung which are located in the northern part of Hwanghae Province and Paju Yeongreung and Jangneung, Paju Mok Government Office was maintained until the 1900s. After the Japanese colonial Period, Government Office buildings are used for other purposes, and their function as a Government office is impaired. In addition, most of the buildings disappeared due to the Korean War, and now the state of Paju Mok Government Office was lost. In order to restore the lost Paju Mok Government Office, it is necessary to study the composition of Government Office, such as the place where Paju Mok Government Office is located and major buildings. Therefore, if you find out the location Estimation, spatial composition and size of Paju Mok Government Office by analyzing and analyzing ancient documents and ancient books related to Paju Mok Government Office, and the topographic map and cadastral map and land survey department during the Japanese colonial period, you can be used as basic data when restoring Paju Mok Government Office.

• The Journal of Korea Assosiation for Disability and Oral Health
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.73-76
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• 2008

Hemophilia A is an X-linked disorder resulting from a deficiency in factor VIII. Hemophilia A is classified into severe, moderate, and mild forms. A 12-month old boy visited for uncontrolled bleeding on the upper labial frenum area. Spontaneous bleeding occurred about 13 days ago. We sutured the wound. However, the patient returned after 6 days with large hematoma formation. Consultation to the hematologist and laboratory examination were carried out. Activated PTT was elongated and factor VIII was only 6%. He was diagnosed as mild hemophilia A. Fresh frozen plasma (FFP) was provided and hemostasis was achieved. At 5-day check-up, no more bleeding was observed. For the management of prolonged bleeding in hemophilia A patient, not only local hemostatic measures, but factor VIII replacement therapy, antifibrinolytics, and Desmopressin are also available. Mild hemophilia A often occurs without either familial or medical history. It is often first detected by dental trauma.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.143-153
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• 2008

Recently has there been a great increase of the interests in the excavation of governing institutions and their restoration. There also arise discussions on whether the municipal governments should appoint old governing institutions as the historical spots. In the course of the excavation and restoration of old governing institutions, their practical use becomes a matter of concern. So the reproduction of the past ritual ceremonies and events in the governing institutions attracts considerable attention. But the discovery and the analysis of historical materials are very insufficient to meet the recent increase of such demand. In that point of view, this study aims to analyze the ceremony of Kwanchalsa's(觀察使; a provincial governor) arrival at one's post and the use of governing institutions for it and to examine the Kwanchalsa's route of sulryeok(巡歷) and the ritual ceremonies held in the cities he visited. The Chungcheong-Gamsa(忠淸監司; the governor of Chungcheong-Do) in the 18th century is the subject of this analysis and three local officials' diaries - Chungcheong Gamyeong Ilgi ($\ulcorner$忠淸監營日記$\lrcorner$), Hoseo Gamyeong Ilgi ($\ulcorner$湖西監營日記$\lrcorner$), Geumyeong Ilgi($\ulcorner$錦營日記$\lrcorner$) - are closely investigated for that purpose.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.34
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• pp.77-108
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• 2007

The traditional name given to the insurance of third party liabilities and certain contractual liabilities which arise in connection with the operation of ships is protection and indemnity(P & I) insurance. P & I insurance is very different from traditional hull and machinery insurance in that shipowners' hull and machinery insurance is designed primarily to protect the assured against losses to his vessel, whereas P & I insurance seeks to indemnify an shipowner in respect of the discharge of legal liabilities he has incurred in operating his own vessels. This study is to examine the background of establishment of British P & I clubs md, therefore, the identity of P & I insurance. The present British P & I clubs are the remote descendants of the many small and local hull mutual insurance clubs that were formed by British shipowners in the end of 18th century. At that time, British shipowners were dissatified with the state of marine insurance market and, therefore, established clubs together in mutual hull insurance clubs. After the removal of the company monopoly in 1824, greater competition had a good effect on the rates, terms of cover and service offered by the commercial marine insurance market and by Lloyd's underwriters, and the hull clubs became less necessary and went into decline. The burden of British shipowners on liabilities to third parties was steadily increased after the middle of the 19th century, but the amount insured under hull policy was limited in the insured value of the ship. Eventually, the first protection club, that is, the Shipowners' Mutual Protection Society was formed in 1855. It was designed to like past mutual hull clubs, but to cover liabilities for loss of life and personal injury and also the collision risks excluded from the current marine policies, particularly the excess above the limits in hull policies. In 1870, the risks of liability for loss of or damage to cargo carried on board the insured ship was first awarded by the British shipowners. After 1874, many protection clubs formed indemnity club to cover the risk of liability for loss or damage to cargo. As mentioned above, British P & I clubs have been steadily changed according to the response of shipowners under the rapidly changing law of British shipowners' liability, and so on in the future.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.14
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• pp.82-89
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• 1998

During the boom of museum building in the 1970s-80s two museum wee erected in Germany. They are James Stirling's Neue Stattsgalerie Stuttgart and hans Hollein's Stadtisches Museum Abteiberg Monchengladbach, These two museums share the folowing point of similarity : Stirling's Neue Stattsgalerie Stuttgart and Hollein's Staditisches Museum Abetiberg Monchenbladbach both manifest the conditions of the times in light of their respective cities' local characters and historical contexts without being bound to traditional formality. Stirling and Hollein attempted to grasp the meaning of the 기nuseum as a city in miniature." Taking into account the t two museums’s territorial characteristics of being situated on a slope, both Stirling and Hollein made the walker to pass t through their building complex and introduced the concept of a public square within them. As a result, the museums are not j just two large buildings but are architecture composed of a collage of various structures. S Stirling’s architecture employs the method of attaching additional elements on top of basic constituents, which is suggestive '||'&'||'#61551; of the historical fragment from Shinkel's Altes Museum. On the other hand, Hollein applies a collage-style method as if he w were doing urban planning, maintaining the distinctiveness of each of the various forms and materials of buildings. T The object style buildings of the two museums actively demonstrate the contrast of double meaning to represent the a ambiguous and multifarious characteristics of the modern times. Stirling explores the theme of opposition and coexistence in h his Neue Stattsgalerie Stuttgart by placing a series of opposing concepts, such as the past and present and histor${\gamma}$ and t technology, in one space. Thereby, the contradiction and its appeal are manifested. Hollein made use of the visual illusion and c contradiction in alluding to the irony of the modern reality induced by nature and culture and history and technology. F For the above reasons and methods, James Stirling ’ s Neue Stattsgalerie Stuttgart allowed the penetration of art into daily l life and became the general public’s favored museum for its free and unrestrained environment. Likewise, Hans Hollein’s S Stadtisches Museum Abteiberg Moncbengladbach contribute to the development of museum function as it an expression of art i in the form of a complex piece of scupture on its own.ts own.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.169-176
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• 1988

A retrospective study was performed on 15 patients with suprasellar germ cell tumors treated by megavoltage external beam irradiation between Feb. 1979 and Dec. 1985. Follow-up period of survivors was 30 to 91 months. Histologic diagnosis was obtained before radiation therapy in 10patients (9 germinomas and 1 mixed). Five patients were treated without histologic verification. In 9 patients with biopsy-proven germinomas radiation therapy was delivered to the craniospinal axis in 6, to the whole brain in 3. In 5 patients with mixed germ cell tumor or elevated tumor marker, irradiation was delievered to the craniospinal axis in 2, to the whole brain in 2, and to the primary site only in 1. Total doses ranged from 5,000 to 5,500 cGy to the primary site, 3,000 to 4,400 cGy to the whole brain, and 1,300 to 3,000 cGy to the spine. In these 14, local tumor was controlled and primary or spinal failure was not observed. One patient without elevated tumor marker was treated to the whole brain. The tumor was not controlled and he had spinal recurrence. Overall survival and disease-free survival rates were $86\%$ at 5 year. It is proven that radiation therapy is an effective treatment for suprasellar germ cell tumors. The neuroendocrinologic presentation, tumor marker status, early response to radiation measured on CT seem to be useful means for selecting patients for radiation therapy when tissue diagnosis is not available.