• 동양고전연구
• /
• 제49호
• /
• pp.357-392
• /
• 2012

작가는 작품을 통해 자신의 사유(思惟)와 지향(志向)을 드러내기 마련이다. 그런데 그동안 창암(蒼巖)에 대한 연구는 서론과 작품의 형태미를 중점적으로 논의하였을 뿐 작품에 내재되어 있는 사유에 대한 논의는 거의 이루어지지 못하고 있었다. 특히, 창암의 작품은 이광사(李匡師)의 서풍을 계승하면서 복고주의적 성향이 매우 강해서 같은 시기 활동하던 북학파의 영향이 크지 않음을 알 수 있다. 본고에서는 창암의 이러한 서풍을 '복고적 성향'이라고 명명하고, 그의 이러한 복고적 사유가 학서(學書) 과정과 작품에 나타난 구체적 양상을 살펴보았다. 창암은 진적(眞跡) 친필(親筆)자료들을 중시하면서 행초서(行草書)를 즐겨 썼다. 그러나 학서 과정에서 항상 필력을 강조하여 한위(漢魏)의 글씨에 근본을 두었고, 행초서를 쓰더라도 반드시 해서(楷書)를 먼저 익혀 그 필력을 얻어야 한다고 강조하였다. 또한 창암은 평생 동안 왕희지(王羲之) 서풍의 소해(小楷)로 된 작품들을 많이 남겼는데, 이는 조선후기 동국진체(東國眞體)의 서가들이 왕희지의 해서, 특히 소해를 전범으로 하는 것과 일맥상통한다. 이러한 경향은 마음의 스승인 이광사의 영향에 기인한 것으로 보인다. 그러나 창암은 또한 왕희지의 법첩(法帖) 글씨에 부족한 필세를 보완하고자 끊임없이 노력한 흔적들이 발견된다는 점에서 다른 서가들과는 다른 양상을 보인다. 그는 먼저 서예이론에 있어서는 한위(漢魏)의 고법(古法)을 중시하여 채옹(蔡邕)과 종요(鍾繇)를 근본으로 삼고 있음을 확인할 수 있다. 또 대해(大楷)에 있어서는 <구루비(??碑)>의 필세가 가미된 <예학명(?鶴銘)>과 위(魏) 무제(武帝)의 글씨, 안진경(顔眞卿)의 <대당중흥송(大唐中興頌)>과 김생(金生) 글씨 등을 끊임없이 연마하였다. 특히, <구루비>와 <예학명>의 필의(筆意)를 이용한 그의 말년 작품은 기본적으로 해서인 <예학명>의 자형(字形)에 <구루비>의 구불구불한 형세(形勢)를 취해 자신의 독특한 서풍을 보여주는 경지에 이를 수 있었다.

• 한국인구학
• /
• 제11권2호
• /
• pp.54-66
• /
• 1988

I. Introduction Since the 1970's drug abuse among young people has increasingly become a social problem in Korea. In the 1980's, drug abuse, especially glue sniffing, has become the cause of many unfortunated incidents resulting in harm to others as well as the abusers themselves. Taking into consideration of the seriousness of this problem, the Republic of Korea National Red Cross initiated a nation-wide research programme, to understand the present situation and to raise the level of public awareness. The goal of this research was to begin a nation - wide campaign against drug abuse. The research team was composed of the Advisary Committee members and the staff of the Youth Department of the Republic of Korea National Red Cross. The data were collected in February 1988 with the collaboration of the staff and volunteers in the local Chapters. The respondents were allocated nation-wide by the quota sampling method. The questionnaires were distributed to the respondents in three groups :2, 700 to junior and senior high school students, 605 to working youths, and 916 to delinquent youths. A total of 4, 221 questionnaires were collected. II. Characteristics of the Respondents The respondents in each group were selected evenly from rural and urban areas. The general characteristics of the respondents can be described as follow: in case of students, the proportions between male and female respondents, and between senior high school and junior high school students were almost evenly distributed. In case of working youths, the proportion of females (80.5%) was higher than those of the students and the delinquents groups. Delinquent youths were defined as those currently being under custody of the centers for juvenile delinquents. Of this number, 38.8% and 68.2% were junior and senior high school drop-outs respectively. The majority of them (92.6%) were male. As for the family background of the respondents, the proportion of those residing in poverty - stricken areas, and the proportion of those from broken families were higher in case of working youths and delinquent youths than those in case of students. III. Present Patterns of Drug Abuse The following summarizes the presents of drug abuse, as tabulated from the results of the survey. 1. Smoking The percentage of youths who smoke was 36% in the student group, 32% m the working youths group, and 94.4% in the delinquent youths group. 2. Alcohol 50.3% of students, 71.6% of working youths, and 93.3% of delinquent youths has experienced drinking alcohol beverages. 3. Tonic: non - alcoholic, caffeinated beverages popular in Korea and Japan The percentage of those who have used tonic at least once was over 90% in all of the three groups. 4. Sedative About 70% of each group has used sedative with the proportion of working youths use higher than those in other groups. 5. Stimulants Those who have used stimulants comprised around 15% in each group. 6. Tranquilizers Somewhat less than 5% of students and working youths, and 28% of delinquent youths, have used tranquilizers. 7. Hypnotics The users of hypnotics amounted to 0.4% of students, 2.6% of working youths and 7.1% of delinquent youths. 8. Marihuana Those who have used marihuana indicated 0.7% of students, 0.8% of working youths, and 13% of delinquent youths. 9. Glue-sniffing The percentage of glue-sniffing was 3.7%, 5% in the students group and in the youths group respectively, but the proportion was unusually high, at 40.7% in the delinquent youths group. From the results of the survey the present situation of drug abuse in Korea can be summarized as follows: 1. A high percentage of Korean youths have experienced smoking cigarettes and drinking alcoholic beverages. 2. Tonics (non - alcoholic, caffeinated beverages), antipyretic analgesics and stimulants quite regularly used. 3. Tranquilizers, hypnotics, marihuana and glue-sniffing are more widely used among delinquent youths than the other youths. From this fact, there exists a correlation between drug abuse and juvenile delinquency. IV. Time-series Analysis of the First Experience of Drug Abuse and Deviant Behaviour The respoundents were asked when they were first exposed to drugs and when they committed deviant acts. By calculating the average age of each experience, the following pattern was found (See Figure 1). Youths are first exposed to drugs by abuse of tonic(non - alcoholic, caffeinated beverages). At the age of 13, they amoke cigarettes, the use of antipyretic analgesics begins at 14 year old, while at the age of 15, they use tranquilizers, and at 16 hynotics. The period of drug abuse which starts from drinking caffeinated beverages and smoking cigarettes and ends in the use of hypnotics takes about three years. During this period, other delinquent behaviours begin to surface, that is, at the age of 13 when smoking cigarettes begins, the delinquent behaviour pattern starts with truancy. Next, they start taking money from others by using physical force. Prior to the age of 15, they are suspended from school, become hostile to adults, begin running away from home, and start using stimulants and alcohol. Soon they become involved even in glue-sniffing and in the use of marihuana. At the age of 15, they begin to see adult videos and carry weapons. Sexual promiscuity and usage of tranquilizers follows the viewing of adult videos. Consequently, by the time they reach the age of 16, they visit drinking establishments, and are picked up by police for committing delinquent acts. And finally, they come to use hypnotic - type drugs. From the above descriptions, drug abuse can be assumed to have a close correlation with delinquent behaviour. V. Social Factors Related to Drug Abuse As for the Korean youths, glue-sniffing is found to he related to aggressive delinquency, in such cases as run - aways, being picked up by the police, and taking money by force. Smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol is found to be related to seeing adult videos and visiting drinking establishments. Hypnotics and marihuana were found to be representive of drugs which are related to degenerational delinquency, irrespective of social delinquency. The social factors connected with these drug abuse are as follows: 1. Individual factors Male students were more heavily involved in the usage of drug than females. Youths who do not attend church were more likely to be involved in drugs than those who attend. 2. Family factors The youths who were displeased with their mothers smoking and those who thought their parents did not love each other, or those whose parents had used drugs without prescription, were more likely to he drug users. 3. School factors Those youths who found school life boring, were unsuccessful in their studies, spend most of their time with friends, feel their teachers smoke too much, those who had a positive perception of their teachers smoking were likely to he drug users. To sum up, drug abusers depend on the influence of their parents, teachers and peers. IV. Reasons for Drug Abuse Korean students have mainly used drugs to release stress (42.8%), to stay awake (19.7%), and because of the easy accessibility of drugs( 16.6%). Other reasons are due to their ignorance of the side effects of the drugs (3.6%), natural curiosity (4.2%), and to increase strength(3.O%). From the above facts, the major reasons for drug abuse among Korean youths are to release stress and to stay awake in order to prepare exams. Furthermore, since drugs are readily available, we can conclude that drug abuse is caused by the school system(such as entrance exams) in Korea. VII. Conclusion Drug usage among Korean youths are relatively less common than those of western youths. In some cases, such as, glue-sniffing and use of stimulants, the pattern of drug abuse is found. Moreover, early drug abuse is evident, and it has a close connection with deviant behaviour, resulting in juvenile delinquency. Drug abuse cannot be attributed to any one social factor. Specifically, drug abuse depends on parents, peers, teachers and other members of the community, and also is influenced by social institutions such as the entrance exam system. Every person and organization concerned with youth must participate collectively in restraining drug abuse. Finally, it is suggested that social agencial working for youth welfare should make every effort to tackle this serious problem confronted by the Korean youths today.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
• /
• 제6권2호
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 1985

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70$\pm$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32$\pm$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500, 550, 570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500, 550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100, 300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3, 000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.SpO2 with Plethysmograph.

• 한국우주과학회:학술대회논문집(한국우주과학회보)
• /
• 한국우주과학회 1993년도 한국우주과학회보 제2권2호
• /
• pp.17-17
• /
• 1993

The wall shear stress in the vicinity of end-to end anastomoses under steady flow conditions was measured using a flush-mounted hot-film anemometer(FMHFA) probe. The experimental measurements were in good agreement with numerical results except in flow with low Reynolds numbers. The wall shear stress increased proximal to the anastomosis in flow from the Penrose tubing (simulating an artery) to the PTFE: graft. In flow from the PTFE graft to the Penrose tubing, low wall shear stress was observed distal to the anastomosis. Abnormal distributions of wall shear stress in the vicinity of the anastomosis, resulting from the compliance mismatch between the graft and the host artery, might be an important factor of ANFH formation and the graft failure. The present study suggests a correlation between regions of the low wall shear stress and the development of anastomotic neointimal fibrous hyperplasia(ANPH) in end-to-end anastomoses. 30523 T00401030523 ^x Air pressure decay(APD) rate and ultrafiltration rate(UFR) tests were performed on new and saline rinsed dialyzers as well as those roused in patients several times. C-DAK 4000 (Cordis Dow) and CF IS-11 (Baxter Travenol) reused dialyzers obtained from the dialysis clinic were used in the present study. The new dialyzers exhibited a relatively flat APD, whereas saline rinsed and reused dialyzers showed considerable amount of decay. C-DAH dialyzers had a larger APD(11.70${\pm}$1.32mmHg/min)compared to CF dialyzers(4.32${\pm}$0.55mmHg/min)(p<0.05). However, there was no observable difference in the UFR between the two dialyzers. Neither APD nor UFR showed any significant increase with an increasing number of reuses for up to more than 20reuses. A substantial number of failures observed in APD(larger than 20mmHe/min)on the reused dialyzers(2 out of 40 CP and S out 26 C-DAK) were attributed to the Possible damage on the fibers. The CF 15-11 HFDs which failed APD test did not show changes in the UFR compared to normal dialyzers indicating that APD is a more sensitive test than UFR test to evaluate the integrity of the fibers. 30527 T00401030527 ^x For quantitative measurement of reflected light from a clinical diagnostic strip, a prototype old reflectance photometer was designed. The strip loader and cassette were made to obtain more accurate reflectance parameters. The strip was illuminated at 45˚c through optical fiber and the intensity of reflected light was determined at rectanguLat angle using a photodiode. The kubelka-munk coefficient and reflection optical density were determined ar four different wavelengths(500,550,570 and 610nm) for blood glucose strip. For higher concentration than 300mg/41 about glucose, a saturation state of abforbance was observed at 500,550 and 570nm. The correlation between glucose concentration and parameters was the best at 610nm. 30535 T00401030535 ^x Radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors were grown on the flanks of C3H mice. The mice were divided into two groups. One group was injected with Photofrin II, intravenously (2.5mg/kg body weight). The other group received no Photofrin II. Mice from both groups were irradialed for approximately 15 minutes at 100,300, or 500 mW/cm2 with the argon (488nm/514.5 nm), dye(628nm) and gold vapor (pulsed 628 nm) laser light. A photosensitizer behaved as an added absorber. Under our experimental conditions, the presence of Photolfrin II increased surface temperature by at least 40% and the temperature rise due to 300 mW/cm2 irradiation exceeded values for hyperthermia. Light and temperature distributions with depth were estimated by a computer model. The model demonstrated the influence of wavelength on the thermal process and proved to be a valuable tool to investigate internal temperature rise. 30536 T00401030536 ^x We investigated the structural geometry of thirty-eight Korean femurs. The purpose of this study is to identify major geometrical differences between Korean femurs 3nd others that we believe belong to Caucasians so that we would be able to get insights into the femoral component design that fits Asians including Koreans. We utilized computerized tomography (CT) images of femurs extracted from cadavers. The CT images were transformed into bitmap data by using a film scanner, and then analyzed by using a commercially available software called Image v.1.0 and a Macintosh IIci computer.The resulting data were compared with already published data. The major results show that the geometry of the Korean femurs is significantly different from that of Caucasians: (1) the anteversion angle and the canal flare index are greater by the amount of approximately 8˚ and 0.5, respectively, (2) the shape of the isthmus cross section is more round, and (3) the distance between the teaser trochanter and the proximal border of the isthmus is shelter by about 15 mm. The results suggested that the femoral component suitable for Asians should be different from the currently-used components designed and manufactured mostly by European or American companies. 30537 T00401030537 ^x It is well known that nonlinear propagation characteristics of the wave in the tissue may give very useful information for the medical diagnoisis. In this paper, a new method to detect nonlinear propagation characteristics of the internal vibration in the tissue for the low frequency mechanical vibration by using bispectral analysis is proposed. In the method, low frequency vibration of f0( = 100Hz) is applied on the surface of the object, and the waveform of the internal vibration x (t) is measured from Doppler frequency modulation of silmultaneously transmitted probing ultrasonic waves. Then, the bispectra of the signal x (t) at the frequencies (f0, f0) and (f0, 2f0) are calculated to estimate the nonlinear propagation characteristics as their magnitude ratio, w here since bispectrum is free from the gaussian additive noise we can get the value with high S/N. Basic experimental system is constructed by using 3.0 MHz probing ultrasonic waves and the several experiments are carried out for some phantoms. Results show the superiority of the proposed method to the conventional method using power spectrum and also its usefulness for the tissue characterization. 30541 T00401030541 ^x This paper describes the implementation of a computerized radial pulse diagnosis by aids of a clinical expert. On this base, we composed of the radial pulse diagnosis system in korean traditional medicine. The system composed of a radial pulse wave detection system and a radial pulse diagnosis system. With a detection system, we detected Inyoung and Cheongu radial pulse wave and processed it. Then, we have got the characteristic parameters of radial pulse wave and also quantified that according to the method of Inyoung-Cheongu Comparison Radial Pulse Diagnosis. We defined the jugement standard of radial pulse diagnosis system and then we confirmed the possibility for realization of automatic radial pulse diagnosis in korean traditional medicine. 30545 T00401030545 ^x Microspheres are expected to be applied to biomedical areas such as solid-phase immunoassays, drug delivery systems, immunomagnetic cell separation. To synthesize microspheres for biomedical application, "two stage shot growth method" was developed. The uniformity ratio of synthesized microspheres was always smaller than 1.05. And the surface charge density (or the number of ionizable functional groups) of the microspheres synthesized by "two stage shot growth method" was 6~13 times higher than that of the microspheres synthesized by conventional seeded batch copolymerization. As a previous step for biomedical application, adsorption experiments of bovine albumin on microspheres were carried out under various conditions. The maximum adsorbed amount was obtained in the neighborhood of pH 4.5. Isoelectric point of bovine albumin is pH 5.0, so experimental result shows that it shifted to acid area. The adsorption isotherm was obtained, the plateau region was always reached at 2.Og/L (bulk concentration of bovine albumin).The effect of the kind and the amount of surface functional group was also examined. 30575 T00401030575 ^x A medical image workstation was developed using multimedia technique. The system based on PC-486DX was designed to acquire medical images produced by medical imaging instruments and related audio information, that is, doctors' reporting results. Input information was processed and analyzed, then the results were presented in the form of graph and animation. All the informations of the system were hierarchically related with the image as the apex. Processing and analysis algorithms were implemented so that the diagnostic accuracy could be improved. The diagnosed information can be transferred for patient diagnosis through LAN(local area network). 30592 T00401030592 ^x In the conventional infrared imaging system, complex infrared lens systems are usually used for directing collimated narrow infrared beams into the high speed 2-dimensional optic scanner. In this paper, a simple reflective infrared optic system with a 2-dimensional optic scanner is proposed for the realization of medical infrared thermography system. It has been experimentally proven that the intfrared thermography system composed of the proposed optic system has the temperature resolution of 0.1˚c under the spatial resolution of lmrad, the image matrix size of 256 X 240, and tile imaging time of 4 seconds. 30593 T00401030593 ^x In this paper, MIIS (Medical Image Information System) has been designed and implemented using INGRES RDBMS, which is based on a client/server architecture. The implemented system allows users to register and retrieve patient information, medical images and diagnostic reports. It also provides the function to display these information on workstation windows simultaneously by using the designed menu-driven graphic user interface. The medical image compression/decompression techniques are implemented and integrated into the medical image database system for the efficient data storage and the fast access through the network. 30594 T00401030594 ^x In this paper, computerized BEAM was implemented for the space domain analysis of EEG. Trans-formation from temporal summation to two-dimensional mappings is formed by 4 nearest point inter-polaton method. Methods of representation of BEAM are two. One is dot density method which classify brain electrical potential 9 levels by dot density of gray levels and the other is colour method which classify brain electrical 12 levels by red-green colours. In this BEAM, instantaneous change and average energy distribution over any arbitrary time interval of brain electrical activity could be observed and analyzed easily. In the frequency domain, the distribution of energy spectrum of a special band can easily be distinguished normality and abnormality. 30608 T00401030608 ^x Laboratory information system (LIS) is a key tool to manage laboratory data in clinical pathology. Our department has developed an information system for routine hematology using down-sized computer system. We have used an IBM 486 compatible PC with 16MB main memory, 210 MB hard disk drive, 9 RS-232C port and 24 pin dot printer. The operating system and database management system were SCO UNIX and SCO foxbase, respectively. For program development, we used Xbase language provided by SCO foxbase. The C language was used for interface purpose. To make the system use friendly, pull-down menu was used. The system connected to our hospital information system via application program interface (API), so the information related to patient and request details is automatically transmitted to our computer. Our system interfaced with fwd complete blood count analyzers(Sysmex NE-8000 and Coulter STKS) for unidirectional data tansmission from analyzer to computer. The authors suggests that this system based on down-sized computer could provide a progressive approach to total LIS based on local area network, and the implemented system could serve as a model for other hospital's LIS for routine hematology. 30609 T00401030609 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. To use as the structural matrix of the composite, collagen was purified from human umbilical cord. The obtained collagen was treated by pepsin to remove telopeptides, and finally, the immune-free atelocollagen was produced: The cross linked atelocollagen was highly resistant to the collagenase induced collagenolysis. The cross linked collagen demonstrated an improved tensile strength. 30618 T00401030618 ^x This paper is a study on the design of adptive filter for QRS complex detection. We propose a simple adaptive algorithm to increase capability of noise cancelation in QRS complex detection with two stage adaptive filter. At the first stage, background noise is removed and at the next stage, only spectrum of QRS complex components is passed. Two adaptive filters can afford to keep track of the changes of both noise and QRS complex. Each adaptive filter consists of prediction error filter and FIR filter The impulse response of FIR filter uses coefficients of prediction error filter. The detection rates for 105 and 108 of MIT/BIH data base were 99.3% and 97.4% respectively. 30619 T00401030619 ^x To develop an artificial bone substitute that is gradually degraded and replaced by the regenerated natural bone, the authors designed and produced a composite that is consisted of calcium phosphate and collagen. Human umbilical cord origin pepsin treated type I atelocollagen was used as the structural matrix, by which sintered or non-sintered carbonate apatite was encapsulated to form an inorganic-organic composite. With cross linking atelocollagen by UV ray irradiation, the resistance to both compressive and tensile strength was increased. Collagen degradation by the collagenase induced collagenolysis was also decreased. 30620 T00401030620 ^x We have developed a monoleaflet polymer valve as an inexpensive and viable alternative, especially for short-term use in the ventricular assist device or total artificial heart. The frame and leaflet of the polymer valve were made from polyurethane, To evaluate the hemodynamic performance of the polymer valve a comparative study of flow dynamics past a polymer valve and a St. Jude Medical prosthetic valve under physiological pulsatile flow conditions in vitro was made. Comparisons between the valves were made on the transvalvular pressure drop, regurgitation volume and maximum valve opening area. The polymer valve showed smaller regurgitation volume and transvalvular pressure drop compared to the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. The results showed that the functional characteristics of the polymer valve compared favorably with those of the mechanical valve at higher heart rate. 30621 T00401030621 ^x Explosive evaporative removal process of biological tissue by absorption of a CW laser has been simulated by using gelatin and a multimode Nd:YAG laser. Because the point of maximun temperature of laser-irradiated gelatin exists below the surface due to surface cooling, evaporation at the boiling temperature is made explosively from below the surface. The important parameters of this process are the conduction loss to laser power absorption (defined as the conduction-to-laser power parameter, Nk), the convection heat transfer at the surface to conduction loss (defined as Bi), dimensionless extinction coefficient (defined as Br.), and dimensionless irradiation time (defined as Fo). Dependence of Fo on Nk and Bi has been observed by experiment, and the results have been compared with the numerical results obtained by solving a 2-dimensional conduction equation. Fo and explosion depth (from the surface to the point of maximun temperature) are increased when Nk and Bi are increased.To find out the minimum laser power for explosive evaporative removal process, steady state analysis has been also made. The limit of Nk to induce evaporative removal, which is proportional to the inverse of the laser power, has been obtained. 30622 T00401030622 ^x N1 and N2 gross neural action potentials were measured from the round window of the guinea pig cochlea at the onset of the acoustic stimuli. N1-N2 audiograms were made by means of regulating stimulant intensities in order to produce constant N1-N2 potentials as criteria for different input tone pip frequencies. The lowest threshold was measured with an input tone pip I5 dB SPL in intensity and 12 KHz in frequency when the animal was in normal physiological condition. The procedure of experimental measurements is explained in detail. This experimental approach is very useful for the investigation of the Cochlear function. Both noN1inear and active functions of the Cochlea can be monitored by N1-N2 audiograms. 30623 T00401030623 ^x In electrical impedance tomography(EIT), we use boundary current and voltage measurements toprovide the information about the cross-sectional distribution of electrical impedance or resistivity. One of the major problems in EIT has been the inaccessibility of internal voltage or current data in finding the internal impedance values. We propose a new image reconstruction method using internal current density data measured by NMR. We obtained a two-dimensional current density distribution within a phantom by processing the real and imaginary MR images from a 4.77 NMR machine. We implemented a resistivity mage reconstruction algorithm using the finite element method and sensitivity matrix. We presented computer simulation results of the mage reconstruction algorithm and furture direction of the research. 30624 T00401030624 ^x A new method of digital image analysis technique for discrimination of cancer cell was presented in this paper. The object image was the Thyroid eland cells image that was diagnosed as normal and abnormal (two types of abnormal: follicular neoplastic cell, and papillary neoplastic cell), respectively. By using the proposed region segmentation algorithm, the cells were segmented into nucleus. The 16 feature parameters were used to calculate the features of each nucleus. A9 a consequence of using dominant feature parameters method proposed in this paper, discrimination rate of 91.11% was obtained for Thyroid Gland cells. 30625 T00401030625 ^x An electrical stimulator was designed to induce locomotion for paraplegic patients caused by central nervous system injury. Optimal stimulus parameters, which can minimize muscle fatigue and can achieve effective muscle contraction were determined in slow and fast muscles in Sprague-Dawley rats. Stimulus patterns of our stimulator were designed to simulate electromyographic activity monitored during locomotion of normal subjects. Muscle types of the lower extremity were classified according to their mechanical property of contraction, which are slow muscle (msoleus m.) and fast muscle (medial gastrocneminus m., rectus femoris m., vastus lateralis m.). Optimal parameters of electrical stimulation for slow muscles were 20 Hz, 0.2 ms square pulse. For fast muscle, 40 Hz, 0.3 ms square pulse was optimal to produce repeated contraction. Higher stimulus intensity was required when synergistic muscles were stimulated simultaneously than when they were stimulated individually. Electrical stimulation for each muscle was designed to generate bipedal locomotion, so that individual muscles alternate contraction and relaxation to simulate stance and swing phases. Portable electrical stimulator with 16 channels built in microprocessor was constructed and applied to paraplegic patients due to lumbar cord injury. The electrical stimulator restored partially gait function in paraplegic patients. 30626 T00401030626 ^x Two-Dimensional modelling of the Cochlear biomechanics is presented in this paper. The Laplace partial differential equation which represents the fluid mechanics of the Cochlea has been transformed into two-dimensional electrical transmission line. The procedure of this transformation is explained in detail. The comparison between one and two dimensional models is also presented. This electrical modelling of the basilar membrane (BM) is clearly useful for the next approach to the further. Development of active elements which are essential in the producing of the sharp tuning of the BM. This paper shows that two-dimension model is qualitatively better than one-dimensional model both in amplitude and phase responses of the BM displacement. The present model is only for frequency response. However because the model is electrical, the two-dimensional transmission line model can be extended to time response without any difficult. 30627 T00401030627 ^x A method has been proposed for the fully automatic detection of left ventricular endocardial boundary in 2D short axis echocardiogram using geometric model. The procedure has the following three distinct stages. First, the initial center is estimated by the initial center estimation algorithm which is applied to decimated image. Second, the center estimation algorithm is applied to original image and then best-fit elliptic model estimation is processed. Third, best-fit boundary is detected by the cost function which is based on the best-fit elliptic model. The proposed method shows effective result without manual intervention by a human operator. 30628 T00401030628 ^x The intelligent trajectory control method that controls moving direction and average velocity for a prosthetic arm is proposed by pattern recognition and force estimations using EMG signals. Also, we propose the real time trajectory planning method which generates continuous accelleration paths using 3 stage linear filters to minimize the impact to human body induced by arm motions and to reduce the muscle fatigue. We use combination of MLP and fuzzy filter for pattern recognition to estimate the direction of a muscle and Hogan's method for the force estimation. EMG signals are acquired by using a amputation simulator and 2 dimensional joystick motion. The simulation results of proposed prosthetic arm control system using the EMf signals show that the arm is effectively followed the desired trajectory depended on estimated force and direction of muscle movements. 30638 T00401030638 ^x A new neural network architecture for the recognition of patterns from images is proposed, which is partially based on the results of physiological studies. The proposed network is composed of multi-layers and the nerve cells in each layer are connected by spatial filters which approximate receptive fields in optic nerve fields. In the proposed method, patterns recognition for complicated images is carried out using global features as well as local features such as lines and end-points. A new generating method of matched filers representing global features is proposed in this network. 30659 T00401030659 ^x An implementation scheme of the magnetic nerve stimulator using a switching mode power supply is proposed. By using a switching mode power supply rather than a conventional linear power supply for charging high voltage capacitors, the weight and size of the magnetic nerve stimulator can be considerably reduced. Maximum output voltage of the developed magnetic nerve stimulator using the switching mode power supply is 3,000 volts and switching time is about 100 msec. Experimental results or human nerve stimulations using the developed stimulator are presented. 30768 T00401030768 ^x In this paper, we describe the design methodology and specifications of the developed module-based bedside monitors for patient monitoring. The bedside monitor consists of a main unit and module cases with various parameter modules. The main unit includes a 12.1" TFT color LCD, a main CPU board, and peripherals such as a module controller, Ethernet LAN card, video card, rotate/push button controller, etc. The main unit can connect at maximum three module cases each of which can accommodate up to 7 parameter modules. They include the modules for electrocardiograph, respiration, invasive blood pressure, noninvasive blood pressure, temperature, and SpO2 with Plethysmograph.

• 한국기록관리학회지
• /
• 제1권1호
• /
• pp.19-35
• /
• 2001

조선왕조의 기록관리 전통의 맥이 끊어진지 거의 한세기가 지난 1999년도에 한국은 "공공기관의 기록물관리에 관한 법률"을 제정 시행함으로써 기록관리의 새로운 시대를 맞이했다. 조선왕조실록에는 국사 전반에 걸쳐 오백년 간의 중요한 역사적 사실들이 기록되었다. 이것은 인류역사상 주요한 업적이며 전세계적으로 귀한 사례이다. 이것이 가능했던 것은 실록이 누대(累代)의 사관들이 저술하고 편찬한 일차자료인 기록물을 수집, 선정한 것이기 때문이다. 근대적 기록보존소에서는 중요한 공공기록물이 원형대로 보존될 필요가 있기 때문에 기록보존을 위해 중요한 국가 기록물을 평가 선별하는 근대적 기록보존제도를 확립해야 했다. 그러나 일제에 의한 식민지화로 그 기회를 빼앗겼고 우리의 훌륭한 기록보전 전통은 계승되지 못했다. 중앙화된 기록보존제도는 1969년 총무처에 정부기록보존소를 설립함으로써 발전하기 시작했다. 정부기록보존소는 조선왕조의 사고 전통을 계승해서 1984년 부산에 현대적 사고시설을 건축했다. 1998년 정부기록보존소는 대전정부종합청사로 본부를 이전하고 첨단 시청각기록물 서고를 갖추었다. 1996년부터 정부기록보존소는 마이크로필름 보존을 보완하고 수작업 등록시스템을 개선하기 위하여 기록물 관리시스템 전산화를 도입했다. 소장 기록물의 디지털화는 이용자에게 디지털 이미지를 제공하기 위한 주요한 사업이었다. 이를 위해 정부기록보존소는 새로 컴퓨터/서버 시스템을 구입하고 응용 소프트웨어를 개발했다. 이와 병행하여 정부기록보존소는 역사학 및 문헌정보학 배경을 가진 아키비스트들을 증원하여 고도의 전문화를 이루는 방향으로 인력구조를 크게 혁신하였다. 보존연구직과 전산직 역시 채용되었다. 새로운 기록물관리법은 2000년 1월 1일부터 시행되고 있다. 이 법은 한국의 기록물관리에 있어 다음과 같은 변화를 가져왔다. 첫째, 이 법은 입법 사법 행정부, 헌법기관, 육해공군, 국가정보원 등 모든 공공기관의 기록물을 규정한다. 범국가적으로 통일된 기록물관리체계가 갖추어지게 되었다. 둘째, 각 기관의 수준별로 공공기록물 관리 기관을 두게 되었다. 중앙기록물관리기관, 국회 및 사법부에 특수기록물관리기관, 대도시 및 도에 지방기록물 관리기관, 공공기관에 자료관 또는 특수자료관, 각 과단위에서는 기록물관리책임자가 기록관리를 책임지게 되었다. 셋째, 공공기관의 기록물은 생산시에 컴퓨터에 등록된다. 따라서 인터넷이나 컴퓨터망을 통해 기록물을 쉽게 추적, 검색할 수 있게 될 것이다. 넷째, 기록관리학 분야에서 전문적 훈련을 받은 기록물관리 전문요원 배치를 의무화함으로써 기록물의 전문적 관리를 보장하게 된다. 다섯째, 공공기록물의 불법적 처리는 처벌을 받을 수 있는 범죄를 구성한다. 앞으로 공공기록물관리는 한국정부의 '전자정부 추진정책'과 함께 발전할 것이다. 다음과 같은 변화가 예상된다. 첫째 공공기관에서는 전자결재 문서 외에 종이문서, 시청각기록물, 간행물 등도 모두 디지털화하여 행정의 효율화 및 생산성을 제고할게 될 것이다. 둘째, 국회는 이미 특수기록관을 설립하였다. 법원과 국가정보원도 뒤를 따를 것이다. 시도 차원에서 더 많은 기록관들이 설립될 것이다. 셋째, 우리 사회가 지식정보사회화 될수록 기록관리기능은 더욱 중요한 국가기능이 될 것이다. 더 많은 대학교, 학회, 시민단체들이 기록보존에 고한 인식제고에 참여하고, 기록보존운동이 범국민적 차원으로 심화될수록 한국의 기록물관리는 현재보다 눈에 띄게 발전할 것이다.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
• /
• 제1권
• /
• pp.147-162
• /
• 1989

The current status of the application and interpretation of the Warsaw Convention and its subsequent Protocols in Asian countries is in its fredgling stages compared to the developed countries of Europe and North America, and there is thus little published information about the various Asian governments' treatment and courts' views of the Warsaw System. Due to that limitation, the accent of this paper will be on Korea and Japan. As one will be aware, the so-called 'Warsaw System' is made up of the Warsaw Convention of 1929, the Hague Protocol of 1955, the Guadalajara Convention of 1961, the Guatemala City Protocol of 1971 and the Montreal Additional Protocols Nos. 1,2,3 and 4 of 1975. Among these instruments, most of the countries in Asia are parties to both the Warsaw Convention and the Hague Protocol. However, the Republic of Korea and Mongolia are parties only to the Hague Protocol, while Burma, Indonesia and Sri Lanka are parties only to the Warsaw Convention. Thailand and Taiwan are not parties only to the convention or protocol. Among Asian states, Indonesia, the Phillipines and Pakistan are also parties to the Guadalajara Convention, but no country in Asia has signed the Guatemala City Protocol of 1971 or the Montreal Additional Protocols, which Protocols have not yet been put into force. The People's Republic of China has declared that the Warsaw Convention shall apply to the entire Chinese territory, including Taiwan. 'The application of the Warsaw Convention to one-way air carriage between a state which is a party only to the Warsaw Convention and a state which is a party only to the Hague Protocol' is of particular importance in Korea as it is a signatory only to the Hague Protocol, but it is involved in a great deal of air transportation to and from the united states, which in turn is a party only to the Warsaw Convention. The opinion of the Supreme Court of Korea appears to be, that parties to the Warsaw Convention were intended to be parties to the Hague Protocol, whether they actually signed it or not. The effect of this decision is that in Korea the United States and Korea will be considered by the courts to be in a treaty relationship, though neither State is a signatory to the same instrument as the other State. The first wrongful death claim in Korea related to international carriage by air under the Convention was made in Hyun-Mo Bang, et al v. Korean Air Lines Co., Ltd. case. In this case, the plaintiffs claimed for damages based upon breach of contract as well as upon tort under the Korean Civil Code. The issue in the case was whether the time limitation provisions of the Convention should be applicable to a claim based in tort as well as to a claim based in contract. The Appellate Court ruled on 29 August 1983 that 'however founded' in Article 24(1) of the Convention should be construed to mean that the Convention should be applicable to the claim regardless of whether the cause of action was based in tort or breach of contract, and that the plaintiffs' rights to damages had therefore extinguished because of the time limitation as set forth in Article 29(1) of the Convention. The difficult and often debated question of what exactly is meant by the words 'such default equivalent to wilful misconduct' in Article 25(1) of the Warsaw Convention, has also been litigated. The Supreme Court of Japan dealt with this issue in the Suzuki Shinjuten Co. v. Northwest Airlines Inc. case. The Supreme Court upheld the Appellate Court's ruling, and decided that 'such default equivalent to wilful misconduct' under Article 25(1) of the Convention was within the meaning of 'gross negligence' under the Japanese Commercial Code. The issue of the convention of the 'franc' into national currencies as provided in Article 22 of the Warsaw Convention as amended by the Hague Protocol has been raised in a court case in Korea, which is now before the District Court of Seoul. In this case, the plaintiff argues that the gold franc equivalent must be converted in Korean Won in accordance with the free market price of gold in Korea, as Korea has not enacted any law, order or regulation prescribing the proper method of calculating the equivalent in its national currency. while it is unclear if the court will accept this position, the last official price of gold of the United States as in the famous Franklin Mint case, Special Drawing Right(SDR) or the current French franc, Korean Air Lines has argued in favor of the last official price of gold of the United States by which the air lines converted such francs into us Dollars in their General Conditions of Carriage. It is my understanding that in India, an appellate court adopted the free market price valuation. There is a report as well saying that if a lawsuit concerning this issue were brought in Pakistan, the free market cost of gold would be applied there too. Speaking specifically about the future of the Warsaw System in Asia though I have been informed that Thailand is actively considering acceding to the Warsaw Convention, the attitudes of most Asian countries' governments towards the Warsaw System are still wnot ell known. There is little evidence that Asian countries are moving to deal concretely with the conversion of the franc into their own local currencies. So too it cannot be said that they are on the move to adhere to the Montreal Additional Protocols Nos. 3 & 4 which attempt to basically solve many of the current problems with the Warsaw System, by adopting the SDR as the unit of currency, by establishing the carrier's absolute liability and an unbreakable limit and by increasing the carrier's passenger limit of liability to SDR 100,000, as well as permiting the domestic introduction of supplemental compensation. To summarize my own sentiments regarding the future, I would say that given the fact that Asian air lines are now world leaders both in overall size and rate of growth, and the fact that both Asian individuals and governments are becoming more and more reliant on the global civil aviation networks as their economies become ever stronger, I am hopeful that Asian nations will henceforth play a bigger role in ensuring the orderly and hasty development of a workable unified system of rules governing international commercial air carriage.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
• /
• 제45권3호
• /
• pp.60-79
• /
• 2012

고대 중국 불교사원이 있는 환경은 향촌(鄕村), 명산(名山), 도시(都市) 세개의 유형으로 나눌 수 있다. 이는 또한 사원이 존재하는 환경의 차이를 만들며 이로써 불교의 발전에 영향을 미쳤고 또한 사원과 사회관계의 다른 유형을 만들었다. 본고는 향촌 사회가 사원과 승려뿐 아니라 불교의 존재와 발전에 가져온 각종 이해(利害)에 대해 설명한다. 사원이 사회구조 속에서 다른 환경적 위치, 즉 도시와 향촌에 놓였을 때 그들은 결국 다른 외재적(外在的) 내재적(內在的) 사회적 응성을 발생시킬 수 밖에 없다. 중국 고대 불교사원은 위에 말한바와 같이 향촌, 명산, 도시에 위치하고 있으나 동진십육국 이후 사원이 크게 늘고 명산이 사원과 승려의 집중지가 됨에 따라 명산과 도시의 사원은 비슷한 양상을 띠며 발전한다. 그러나 향촌의 사원은 이와는 좀 다른 영향을 받고, 비쳤으므로 그를 중심으로 서술하고자 한다. 향촌 지역의 사원과 승려들이 서로 미치는 영향은 크게 네가지가 있다. 첫째, 향촌의 승려들은 그 지역, 혹은 그 부근으로부터 왔기 때문에 사회와 비교적 친밀한 관계를 형성한다. 그러므로 향촌 지역의 세력은 사원 승려집단이 구성하는 영향력을 제한한다. 둘째, 향촌 사원은 지방경제에 의탁하며 서로 동고동락 하였다. 향촌의 사원은 그 사회의 공공장소가 되었고 종종 시장 소재지가 되기도 하였다. 사실 사찰의 축조와 존재는 원래 지역 경제에 있어 하나의 추동력이 되었다. 왜냐하면 사찰건물 축조에는 공장(工匠)과 재료가 필요하며 어떤 절은 향객(香客)과 향촉(香燭) 소비 등에서 모두 많게든 적게든 상품 경제를 대동하기 때문이다. 그리고 소재 향촌이 어떤 자연재해 혹은 인재를 만나거나 수확이 좋지 않거나 경제가 불황일 때는 승려들이 흩어져 사원 또한 존속할 수 없는 결과를 낳기도 하였다. 셋째, 향촌 사원과 신도들의 관계는 도시와 명산의 사원과 구별된다. 왜냐하면 중국에서 사원은 승려들이 수행하는 장소일뿐 아니라 일반 가신도(家信徒)들이 조배(朝拜)하는 장소이기 때문에 그 주위엔 항상 많은 신도 무리가 있었기 때문이다. 넷째, 향촌 불교와 지방 민간신앙의 결합은 꽤 큰 정도로 불교의 민간화를 주도하였다. 이것은 하나의 상호작용 과정이다. 불교가 가지고 있는 전국성(全國性) 종교로서의 우세(優勢) 때문에 종종 지방특색을 가지고 있는 숭배는 불교 신앙으로 바뀌거나 불교 적색채에 물들었다. 향촌의 사원은 현지 사회와 밀접한 관계를 유지하면서 지방의 영향을 받음과 동시에 또 영향을 주기도 하였다. 대표적으로 향촌에서 비교적 문화가 발달된 곳으로서의 각종 문화와 관련된 시설 - 예를들어 학교, 병원 등 - 의 역할을 대신하여 모범 행동을 보이기도 하였다. 사찰이 향촌의 장례(葬禮)에 미친 영향도 매우 컸다. 중국인의 분묘(墳墓)는 주로 향촌에 세워졌는데 도시에 사는 사람이더라도 죽은 후에는 본적(本籍)으로 돌아와 묻히거나 적어도 도시가 아닌 교외(郊外)에 묻혔다. 향촌의 사찰은 일반적으로 장사 치르는 일에 참여하였다. 이상은 대다수의 유명한 불교 사찰은 명산에 있는것이 아니라 도시에 있음에도 불구하고 사원의 다수는 오히려 광대한 향촌에 있으며 그들은 향촌 사회와의 상호 융합을 통하여 90%이상의 중국 민중과 연결되어 있으며 불교가 중국에서 가장 중요하게 존재하는 기초가 되었음을 표명한다. 향촌 사원과 현지 사회 민중간의 상호 영향은 전방위(全方位)적인 것이며, 많게 혹은 적게 사회 생활 각 방면에 파급되었다. 향촌 지역에 이렇듯 사묘(寺廟)가 시(時) 공간(空簡)적으로 광범위하게 분포해 있는 것은 불교 사원과 중국 고대 농촌 사회의 긴밀한 결합을 설명하기에 족하다.

• 한국전통조경학회지
• /
• 제29권4호
• /
• pp.111-123
• /
• 2011

본 연구는 한국, 중국, 일본의 계단식 논의 현황 및 보전관리방안을 중점적으로 살펴보고, 한국 계단식 논이 명승자원으로 보전되고, 지속적으로 연구될 수 있는 기초자료 제시를 목적으로 하며, 본 연구에서 도출한 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 우리 선조들은 경사지를 개간하면서도 경관의 훼손을 최소화 하며 다랑이 논을 축조하는 방법을 전수하였으며, 다랑이 논은 한국 고유의 전통 경관으로 가치를 지니고 있다. 그러나 경작의 운용면에서 불리한 환경에 놓여있어, 휴경(休耕)되거나 폐경(廢耕)되어 사라져가는 다랑이 논의 면적이 증가하고 있는 추세이다. 이러한 문제에 대하여 정부는 소실되어가는 전통 경관인 다랑이 논의 보전을 위해서 '한국 다랑이 논 데이터베이스 구축'을 실시하여 우수 경관자원 발굴의 토대를 마련해야 할 것이다. 문화 경관적 가치가 높다고 판단되는 다랑이 논은 명승지나 기념물로 지정 관리되어 법적 보호를 받을 필요가 있다. 둘째, 한국 계단식 논의 효율적 관리와 지속적인 연구를 위한 국 내외 문헌조사 분석의 결과는 다음과 같다. 관련 법규 부분에서 계단식 논은 문화재보호법에 의해 명승으로 지정 관리되고 있을 뿐, 그 외에 경관법 및 농어촌관련법은 계단식 논 경관계획 수립을 위한 참고사항으로 법적 구속력 및 실효성이 없는 상태이다. 이에 계단식 논의 효율적 보전과 관리를 위해서는 계단식 논 관련법의 제정, 제도의 보완과 확립이 반드시 이뤄져야 할 것으로 판단된다. 셋째, 본 연구에서 한국, 중국, 일본 계단식 논의 조사분석 결과가 시사하는 바는 다음과 같다. 계단식 논의 보전을 위한 관련 법규는 조금씩 국가별 차이를 보이고 있으나, 우수한 경관자원의 보전과 보호에 바탕을 두고 지정 관리하고 있다는 점에서 유사하다. 국가별 계단식 논 관련 법규의 조사결과로 일본의 문화재보호법과 경관법의 연동, 중국의 자치지구 법규 등의 제도 도입을 통한 한국 계단식 논 경관의 보전 방안이 보완되어야 할 것이다. 넷째, 한국 계단식 논의 효율적 보전을 위해 주민 자체의 교육을 통한 인식 향상과 함께 계단식 논 관리를 위한 마을 단위 조직을 운영해야 한다. 한국 계단식 논 마을주민들의 자발적 참여를 위한 대책들을 도입할 경우, 각 지역의 마을에서 주민들의 합의나 논의 관리, 주변 환경미화 등의 부분에서 서로 일체감을 유발하여 마을의 활성화가 가능할 것으로 사료된다. 또한 마을단위 주민자치 운영회는 문화재청 관계자, 대학교수 등 전문가 집단의 자문 기구를 두어 운영에 대한 자문 및 지원을 쉽게 받을 수 있는 시스템을 구축해야 하며, 도시 주민과의 교류를 통한 계단식 논 지역의 활성화 또한 중요하다고 사료된다.

• 한국전통조경학회지
• /
• 제41권2호
• /
• pp.35-45
• /
• 2023

첫째, 본 연구는 지역 원림국이 집계한 한단시 노거수의 수종과 수령 등 기본 정보를 결합해 노거수의 공간적 분포 특징을 ArcGIS 그림으로 분석하였다. 수종의 유형, 수령분포, 소유권 현황, 성장세 및 다양성 현황을 종합적으로 분석하였다. 통계적으로 콩나무과의 회화나무속, 아카시아속, 쥐엄나무속, 자귀나무속이 다수의 비중을 차지하였고, 이중 회화나무은 가장 높은 비중을 차지하였다. 회화나무는 한단시 각 현 및 구에 이르기까지 널리 또한 집중적으로 군락을 이루어 분포되어 있었다. 수령 및 분포를 보면 1000년 이상의 노거수는 회화나무, 느티나무, 향나무, 산뽕나무, 황단나무, 쥐엄나무, 황련목, 측백나무가 주를 이루었다. 둘째, 각 유형의 노거수 현황에서 발견한 바와 같이 다양한 유형의 노거수의 현황을 조사한 결과, 한단시 노거수보호 관리 체계, 보호 관리 과정 및 보호 관리 이점을 연구하여 자연성지 보호 관리에서 한단시 노거수의 역할을 분석하여, 노거수의 보호는 주로 지역사회를 주체로 하는 문화, 신앙적 보호형태를 보이며 보호상태는 성장환경과 밀접한 관련이 있다. 현재 노거수 보호의 핵심 동력은 주로 노거수에 대한 숭배이다. 그 신성함을 노거수에 기탁하여 자연이 노거수에 부여한 자연적 성품을 사회 활동의 지도의식으로 승화시켜 자연의 '미(美)'와 인격의 '선(善)'이 잘 결합되어 있다. 노거수의 보호 상태는 주변 환경과의 상호 작용 정도 및 여러 문화 및 주체의 참여와 밀접한 관련이 있다. 장기간의 노거수 성장 과정에서 점차 주변 환경과 지속적으로 상호 작용하여 상향식 및 하향식의 교차 지역, 다문화 및 다중 주체가 참여하는 '자연-문화-경관' 시스템이 자발적으로 구축되는 과정에서 노거수를 중심으로 자연성지가 형성된 것으로 보인다. 셋째, 중국은 노거수보호와 회복 조치를 중점으로 하였지만, 노거수 자원의 관리 과정에서 노거수에 대한 역사, 문화적 가치, 식물 다양성 의의 및 사회적 가치에 대한 종합적인 고려가 부족하여 보호 관리시스템이 허술하다. 공간의 지역적 특징, 재산권 및 보호 상 특징, 가치상 특징의 세 가지 지표는 한단시 노거수의 자연성지 평가에 있어서 노거수를 중심으로 하여 자발적으로 형성 중인 자연성지를 발견할 수 있으며, 이는 전통 의식 관리, 자원 보호 실천, 신앙 체계 구축, 생명공동체 가치 실현 면에서 높은 가치가 있다. 이들을 장기간 보호하고 발전시킬 수 있는지에 대해서는 체계적인 관리 체계가 뒷받침되어야 한다. 넷째, 현재 중국에서는 보호 구역에 대한 인식이 아직 성숙하지 않아 '자연성지'는 자연보호구역 체계가 구축되는 과정에서 중요한 연구 내용으로 다루어야 한다. 상향식 지역사회 참여를 주체로 하는 자연성지 관리 형태는 현재 중국의 하향식 자연보호구역 관리 유형에 대한 강력한 보완이다. 이를 기초로 하여 노거수 보호를 자연보호구역 체계에서 천연기념물이라는 자연보호구역 형태에 포함해야 한다. 또한 자연보호구역 주변 지역 주민도 생물 다양성 보전의 주체 중 하나가 되어야 한다.

• 한국전통조경학회지
• /
• 제32권4호
• /
• pp.24-36
• /
• 2014

동악산 청류구곡 일원은 아름다운 계류를 따라 와폭(臥瀑)과 담(潭), 소(沼), 대(臺) 등의 암반경관과 성리문화의 전형으로 향유되어온 구곡문화가 실증적으로 대입된 사례로, 1872년 곡성현 지방도에서 "삼남제일암반계류 청류동(三南第一巖盤溪流 淸流洞)"으로 명기된 바와 같이 풍치가 탁월한 승경처임을 보여준다. 경물(景物)과 경구(警句)가 육로와 수로에 쌍으로 설정되어 차별성을 갖는 청류구곡은 일제강점기인 1916년 이전, 정순태와 조병순의 주도로 설정된 것으로 판단되지만 성리학자들은 물론 불교지도자, 독립운동가 등 선현들의 장구처 등이 다수 발견되는 것으로 볼 때 오래전부터 명인(名人)들의 산수탐방과 은일처로 활용된 것으로 추정된다. 도림사계곡의 기반암 암상에 구성된 청류구곡은 산지형 하천으로 총 길이 약 1.2km, 평균 곡거리 149m로 국내 여타 구곡에 비해 짧은 것으로 나타났다. 전남지역에서 유일하게 확증된 동악산 3개 구곡의 바위글씨는 총 165건으로 국내에서 가장 많은 바위글씨의 집결지로 판단된다. 특히 112개소로 집계된 청류구곡 바위글씨의 내용 분석결과, '수신(修身)'의 의미가 49점(43.8%)으로 가장 많았으며 다음으로 '인명' 21건(18.8%), '경물' 16건(14.2%), 장구처 등 장구지소' 12건(10.6%) 등이었고 '시구(詩句)'가 차지하는 비율은 6건(3.6%)으로 나타났다. 육로상의 제1곡 쇄연문과 수로상의 제9곡 제시인간별유천(除是人間別有天)은 박세화(朴世和)가 충북 제천에 설정한 용하구곡(用夏九曲)의 제1곡 홍단연쇄(虹斷烟鎖) 및 제9곡 제시인간별유천과 일치하는 것으로 동일한 시원(始原)을 갖는 구곡명으로 유추된다. 또한 육로상 제6곡 대은병(大隱屛)은 주자 무이구곡의 제7곡과 일치하는 것으로 구곡원림의 거점으로 인식되며, 7곡과 8곡 사이의 '암서재(巖棲齋)'와 '포경재(抱經齋)' 바위글씨와 석축 흔적 등은 무이구곡 은병봉 아래 무이정사와 비견되는 것으로, 기호사림의 청류동 활동거점으로 파악된다. 선사어제(鮮史御帝), 보가효우(保家孝友, 고종), 사무사(思無邪, 명나라 의종), 백세청풍(百世淸風, 주자), 청류수석 동악풍경(흥선 대원군) 등 명인들의 명구들이 망라된 동악산 구곡은 높은 유가미학적 가치를 표출함은 물론 의미론적 상징문화경관의 보고라 할 수 있다. 아울러 청류구곡은 수심양성을 위한 유가적 가치체계와 불교 및 도교적 관념 등이 공존하는 유불선(儒彿仙) 3교 문화경관의 결집체로 특성이 부각된다. 청류구곡은 최익현(崔益鉉), 전우(田愚), 기우만(奇宇萬), 송병선(宋秉璿), 황현(黃玹) 등으로 대변되는 조선 후기 사림계층이 성리학의 도통의식을 계승하고 '위정척사'와 '존왕양이(尊王攘夷)', '항일의지 고취' 등의 수단으로 설정되고 활용하는 과정에서 배태(胚胎)된 항일 역사문화 항쟁의 거점으로서 장소성과 의미론적 특성에 충일하다.