• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.141-146
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• 1997

Postmortem examination was conducted on 350 (three hundred and fifty) chickens. Related samples (Liver, heart, ovary, spleen, bone-marrow, and caecal junction) were collected. The appropriate materials from the samples were cultured into different media. A total 40(forty) isolates of salmonella pullorum and S. gallinarum were identified and preserved. Characterization of the isolates were done by cultural, morphological, biochemical, and serological tests. Salmonella pullorum antigen was prepared from the local isolate, standardized and tested. This antigen was used in the field for the detection of pullorum or fowl typhoid infection or carrier birds. The antigen consisted of suspension of Salmonella pullorum in 0.50 percent sodium chloride plus 1.5 percent sodium sulfate and inactivated with 1% formalin U.S.P. and standardized with McFarland scale iv or by pour plate method containing 800 million organisms per milliliter and stained by the addition of alcoholic crystal violet. Sterility, safety and potency were tested and found as good as other international antigens. The antigen was found to retain its quality for six months when preserved at room temperatures. The test was made by mixing one drop of the antigen with a drop of blood or a drop of serum, on a glass plate or white tile. The locally produced antigen was as good as antigens from Japan, Hungary, Holland and India. A serological study was conducted with the locally prepared antigen in different farms, and the incidence was 0-4% in government farms, 5-10% in commercial imported breeds and 0-3% in cross breed local farms respectively.

• The Journal of Korea Institute of Information, Electronics, and Communication Technology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.201-210
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• 2019

This paper proposes the AMCS(Agricultural Machine Control System that distinguishes farms using satellite photos or drone photos of farms and controls the self-driving and operation of farm drones and tractors. The AMCS consists of the LSM(Local Server Module) which separates farm boundaries from sensor data and video image of drones and tractors, reads remote control commands from the main server, and then delivers remote control commands within the management area through the link with drones and tractor sprinklers and the PSM that sets a path for drones and tractors to move from the farm to the farm and to handle work at low cost and high efficiency inside the farm. As a result of AMCS performance analysis proposed in this paper, the PSM showed a performance improvement of about 100% over Dijkstra algorithm when setting the path from external starting point to the farm and a higher working efficiency about 13% than the existing path when setting the path inside the farm. Therefore, the PSM can control tractors and drones more efficiently than conventional methods.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.79-85
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• 1999

The study was to detemine the effect concentration of lidocaine Hcl $2\%$ iontophoresis for duration of local anesthesia. Emla $5\%$(lidocaine + prilocaine) cream is an oil-in water emulsion system in which the oil phase consists of a cutectic mixture of the base farms of lidocaine and prilocaine in the ratio 1:1. Forty college student between the age of $20.57\pm1.94$, weight of $58.50\pm9.17Kg$, height $166.87\pm8.98 Cm$ were in this study. The results was as follows. 1. Lidocaine Hcl $2\%$ iontophoresis local anesthesia time is $7.15\pm2.86$ minutes. 2. Emla $5\%$ cream application to local anesthesia time is $57.32\pm40.26$ minutes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.31-40
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• 1991

Four pairs of draught oxen (two local and two Jersey crossbred) were studied when they ploughed dry land on local farms. Work done, distance traveled and body temperature of each ox were measured continuously over a 5 h working day. A different team worked each day, completing at least six days work each. Individual food intakes and digestibility of feed were measured when the animals were given rice straw and tree fodder, and housed and fed according to local husbandry practices. The Jersey crossbreds, particularly the longer legged type, had a higher rate of work than the local oxen in this study. They did significantly more work and covered a greater distance during the day. The absence of a hump in the crossbred oxen had no effect on the position of the yoke or the way the oxen pulled when ploughing. The longer legged type of Jersey crossbred tended to work more erratically than any of the other teams. A fast rate of work made the oxen more liable to heat stress. When fed according to local practices and given the same amount of feed as local oxen, Jersey crossbreds tended to do less well. During the ploughing months, the local oxen gained weight, while the crossbreds remained at the same or lost some weight. Although there were some disadvantages to keeping Jersey crossbreds for work, their favourable work output suggests that the introduction of the Jersey crossbred in the hills of Nepal is unlikely to be detrimental to the performance of the work oxen population.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.271-279
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• 2000

This study was carried out to provide the fundamental information for development of proper vaccination program against infectious bursal disease(IBD) to the local chicken farms. The antigen detection was peformed from 8 samples of bursa of Fabricius with agar gel precipitation(AGP) and indirect immunofluorescent assay(IFA), And also, the antibodies in serum samples were detected by the various serological methods such as commercial ELISA assay, AGP and virus neutralization(VN) test. 1. The antigen detection rates were 25% for AGP which is 2 out of 8 farms and 10 out of 40 bursas, and 25% which Is 2 out of 8 farms and 20% 8 out of 40 bursas for IFA, respectively. 2. The mean titer of maternal antibody (>3,000) existed until 10 days of the age with ELISA-GMT. 3. The antibody positive rates which are over 80% showed until 5 days of the age with ELISA and at 10 days of the age with AGP except one, but none of them showed from 1 day of the age. This report came to conclusions that both the protective maternal antibody titers and the antigen positive rates were significant until at the 10 days of the age.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2015

This study applied long-term wind speed data from Penghu and Dongjidao weather stations to simulate the wind energy production for eight onshore and one offshore wind farms at Penghu Island, Taiwan by a commercial software package, Wind Atlas Application Program (WAsP). In addition, the RET Screen software suite was also applied to analyze economic characteristics of these nine wind farms (WFs). The results show that the capacity factors (CFs) of the nine wind farms mentioned above are in the range of 44.5% to 49.1%. In addition, utilizing 1.8-MW wind turbines (WTs) for all onshore WFs was the most feasible selection among the four potential types of WTs (600, 900, 1,800 and 3,600 kW) considered. 3-MW WTs selected for the offshore WF can produce the most wind energy and the smallest wake loss among the three possible types of WTs (1, 2 and 3MW). As a consequence of implementing these WFs, the emission of about 680,977 tons carbon dioxide ($tCO_2$) into the local atmosphere in Penghu Island annually could be avoided. Finally, based on the payback periods achieved, the order of implementation of the considered WFs can be identified more clearly. Longmen WF should be the first priority, and the next one should be SiyuWF and so on. Besides, this study provides much useful information for WF planning on Penghu Island.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 2019

In South Korea, six large outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) have occurred since the first confirmation in 2003 from chickens. For the past 15 years, HPAI outbreaks have become an annual phenomenon throughout the country and has extended to wider regions, across rural and urban environments. An understanding of the spatial epidemiology of HPAI occurrence is essential in assessing and managing the risk of the infection; however, local spatial variations of relationship between HPAI incidences in Korea and related risk factors have rarely been derived. This study examined whether spatial heterogeneity exists in this relationship, using a geographically weighted Poisson regression (GWPR) model. The outcome variable was the number of HPAI-positive farms at 252 Si-Gun-Gu (administrative boundaries in Korea) level notified to government authority during the period from January 2014 to April 2016. This response variable was regressed to a set of sociodemographic and topographic predictors, including the number of wild birds infected with HPAI virus, the number of wintering birds and their species migrated into Korea, the movement frequency of vehicles carrying animals, the volume of manure treated per day, the number of livestock farms, and mean elevation. Both global and local modeling techniques were employed to fit the model. From 2014 to 2016, a total of 403 HPAI-positive farms were reported with high incidence especially in western coastal regions, ranging from 0 to 74. The results of this study show that local model (adjusted R-square = 0.801, AIC = 954.5) has great advantages over corresponding global model (adjusted R-square = 0.408, AIC = 2323.1) in terms of model fitting and performance. The relationship between HPAI incidence in Korea and seven predictors under consideration were significantly spatially non-stationary, contrary to assumptions in the global model. The comparison between global Poisson and GWPR results indicated that a place-specific spatial analysis not only fit the data better, but also provided insights into understanding the non-stationarity of the associations between the HPAI and associated determinants. We demonstrated that an empirically derived GWPR model has the potential to serve as a useful tool for assessing spatially varying characteristics of HPAI incidences for a given local area and predicting the risk area of HPAI occurrence. Considering the prominent burden of HPAI this study provides more insights into spatial targeting of enhanced surveillance and control strategies in high-risk regions against HPAI outbreaks.

• New & Renewable Energy
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.65-70
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• 2024

The major challenge in promoting large-scale offshore wind power projects is securing local acceptance. Several recent studies have emphasized the crucial role of local governments in addressing this problem. However, local governments have difficulty in achieving clear results because of the lack of expertise and manpower in offshore wind power projects, making thempassive in promoting these initiatives. In this context, we briefly introduce the case of Shinan-gun, which recently successfully conducted a pre-feasibility study on a large-scale offshore wind power complex led by the local government.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.114-126
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• 2016

Domestic risk factors that are thought to be correlated with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreak are migratory birds and moving objects such as poultry farm vehicles. In particular, the commercial vehicles that routinely circulate the local and/or remote poultry farms produce are thought to be major HPAI risk factors in South Korea. In this study, the driving histories of the vehicles belonging to poultry farms and/or commercial companies registered in the Korea Animal Integrated System (KAHIS) were analyzed using statistical and social networking tools in a Geographic Information System (GIS) in order to understand the pattern of the HPAI (H5N8) outbreak that occurred in 2014 in South Korea. Based on the 2014 HPAI outbreak patterns, HPAI-infected poultry farms were categorized according to geological features. The HPAI-infected poultry farms were categorized as 'regional-accumulation', 'regional-distribution', 'metropolitan-accumulation', 'metropolitan-distribution' and 'national-distribution' in endemic or non-endemic regions. We were able to categorize most HPAI-infected poultry farms into the five proposed categories, but further studies are required to categorize all such farms. Based on this categorization system, we propose efficient but economical prevention boundaries in South Korea. We strongly believe that our research could hugely impact government decisions to estimate the prevention area.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.841-847
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• 2018

Since global energy consumption and demand for energy have dramatically risen, a focus on environmental problems and sustainability has become more important. Clean and renewable energy sources such as offshore wind power generation have received attention among new renewable energy options as alternative energy resources. Due to maintenance and operational perspectives, offshore wind farms have been planned for installation in many coastal waters. However, development of offshore wind farms faces interference from existing maritime traffic along the planned areas. In order to safely and effectively govern marine traffic in the vicinity of wind farms and inner areas, standard criteria are suggested to allow vessels to sail the internal waters of offshore wind farm areas. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to establish allowable criteria for sailing vessels and safety zones for offshore wind farms by investigating the local regulations of various offshore wind farm cases overseas. The commended inner safety zone of wind farms is proposed to be a distance of 150 % of the rotation diameter of the wind turbine rotor and a distance of 200 m from the outer wind turbine for the outer safety zone. Besides this, the allowable criteria for sailing vessels within a wind farm is proposed to have an air draft of 14.47 m south-west wind farm sea areas for a minimum margin to avoid hull contact through evaluation of the tide and height of a wind turbine. further studies will be needed to establish vessel sailing criteria among adjacent offshore wind farms as well as vessel sailing criteria within a single offshore wind farm.