• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.232-236
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• 2000

Bilateral trigeminal neuralgia is uncommon and usually occurs in 1% to 11% of patients with trigeminal neuralgia. There has been no report of a patient with bilateral trigeminal neuralgia in Korea. Based on our review, the incidence of bilateral trigeminal neuralgia among the trigeminal neuralgia patients who visited our pain clinic numbered 0.7% (4 out of 531). This is much lower than those of other previous studies. This lower incidence might be explained by the fact that we excluded those patients with mild bilateral trigeminal neuralgia which did not require treatment and also patients whose symptom on controlateral side was relieved by injection of local anesthetics for that side. Among the four patients with bilateral trigeminal neuralgia, three patients received alcohol block of the branches of trigeminal nerve and one refused the treatment. Overall, three patients maintained good or excellent pain relief without any serious complications throughout the follow-up period.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.226-229
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• 1998

Background: Treatment for frozen shoulder is various and difficult. It is important for pain clinicians to plan more effective and simpler treatment modalities. Pain clinicians have done suprascapular nerve block(SSNB) for treatment of frozen shoulder, but the effectiveness of treatment has been unsatisfactory. Shoulder joint injection(SJI) using local anesthetics and steroid mixture is a relatively simple procedure. This study was performed to compare therapeutic effects of SSNB and SJI in frozen shoulder. Methods: Eighty patients suffering from frozen shoulder were randomly divided into two groups. Group 1 had been treated with SSNB and physiotherapy for 3 weeks. Group 2 had been treated with SJI and physiotherapy for the same duration. Pain scores and treatment results were compared and analyzed at the time of 2 months after treatment started. Results: The VAS scores after SJI were lower than those of SSNB. Therapeutic results according to Haggart's classifications were significantly effective in group 2. Conclusion: These results show that SJI is more effective than SSNB for treatment of frozen shoulder.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.637-645
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• 1994

The effect of various drugs on the stability of the liposomal membrane of phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol was studied, employing the fluorescence self-quenching method. Calcein was entrapped into the phospholipid small unilamellar vesicles and the leakage of the fluorescence probe was monitored on adding the drug to the system. The results of the experiments showed that phenothiazine derivatives, some potent local anesthetics and surface active agents were very effective in inducing the leakage of calcein from the liposome. The leakage-inducing activity of these drug substances has been ascribed to their surface activity and the perturbation of the liposomal membrane by these substances. On the other hand drug substance with low surface activity or without amphiphilic moieties did not show any effect or only small effect on the leakage of calcein from the liposomes. The effect of lipid concentration on the stability of the liposomes was also investigated to show that the higher concentrations of lipid more drug was required to induce the leakage. The effect of surface charges of vesicles was also studied, and the results showed that the charge on the liposomes enhanced the stability of the liposomes against the leakage-inducing activity of these drug substances.

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.246-252
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• 2002

In order to the development of the delivery device of long-acting local anesthetics for postoperative analgesia and control of chronic pain of cancer patient, fentnyl-loaded poly (L-lactide-co-glycolido) (PLGA, molecular weight, 5,000 g/mole; 50 : 50 mole ratio by lactide to glycolide) microspheres (FMS) were studied. FMS were prepared by an emulsion solvent-evaporation method. The influence of several preparation parameters such as initial drug loading, PLGA concentration, emulsifier concentration, oil phase volume, and fabrication temperature has been investigated on the fentanyl release profiles. Generally, the drug showed the biphasic release patterns, with an initial diffusion followed by a lag period before the onset of the degradation phase, but there was no lag time in our system. Fentanyl was slowly released from FMS over 10 days in vitro with a quasi-zero order property. The release rate increased with increasing drug loading as well as decreasing polymer concentration with relatively small initial burst effect. From the results, FMS may be a good formulation to deliver the anesthetic for the treatment of chronic pain.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.178-182
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• 1996

Background: To evaluate the effect of prophylactic transdermal scopolamine in reducing nausea associated with postoperative epidural morphine. Methods: 30 healthy patients scheduled for cesarean section were given local anesthetics epidurally for surgical anesthesia. After delivery of the baby, transdermal scopolamine patch($Kimite^{(R)}$ Myung Moon Pharm. Co., Seoul, Korea) was applied to the study group(n=15) and placebo patch to the control group(n=15). Postoperative analgesia was provided soley with epidural morphine. Nausea was treated with metoclopramide. Results: During 24 hours postoperatively, the mean nausea score was significantly lower in the study group than in the control group. But the nausea incidence was not significantly different between the two groups. The mean number of times antiemetic drugs which were administered to patients were lower in the study group than in the control group($1.5{\pm}0.5$ vs $3.3{\pm}1.3$, p<0.05). Conclusion: Transdermal scopolamine patch provides antiemetic effect simply, continuously and safely, preventing nausea which could occur during administration of epidural morphine after cesarean section.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.11-16
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• 2009

OPD based laryngeal procedures offers a new avenue to the modern laryngologist, incorporating new technology in the office setting. With the development of flexible fiberoptic endoscopes, compact video system, and short acting anesthetics and sedatives allow these procedures. The success or failure of procedures are depend on excellent topical anesthesia. An inadequately anesthetized patient is apt to be uncomfortable, anxious and hyperresponsive and therefore unlikely to tolerate the procedure. On the other hand, a patient who is well informed, reassured, and thoroughly anesthetized can complete procedures. Therefore, optimal anesthesia is obligatory for excellent surgical results. The phonosurgeon should choose the anesthetic and sedative agents based on duration of action, time of onset of action, and any medical contraindications that the patient may have. And should be familiar with the properties and interaction of the agents used, as well as the signs of toxicity.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.125-128
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• 1988

A case of the left stellate ganglion block (SGB) with a warm serration of the left lower extremity in a 25-year-old male soldier is presented. During the Korean War, this patient received a penetrating gun shot wound from the right knee through the left abdominal wall, left upper arm and left thumb. He was evacuated to the a marine corps surgical hospital where amputation of the left thumb and an end-to-end anatomosis of the left brachial artery were performed. After surgery, left ulnar and median nerve paralysis and causalgia developed and about 9 months later an upper thoracic ganglionectomy was proposed at the Chin-Hae Navel Hospital. Before the ganglionectomy a stellate ganglion block for diagnostic and prognostic purposes was requested by the surgeon. This block was performed by the supraclavicular anterior approach using 10 ml of 2% procaine. The effect of the block including Horner's syndrome was confirmed 5 minute later in this patient. This patient returned to the ward by walking unassisted 10 minutes after the block, and complained of a warm sensation in the left lower extremity 20 minutes later as well as the left upper arm. This warm sensation in the lower extremity following ipsilateral stellate ganglion block indicates that the local anesthetics solution injected tinto the neck spread down to lumbar sympathetic ganalgion along the fascial membrane of the sympathetic chain as a consequence of the 10 minutes walk.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.75-80
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• 1999

Background: Despite tension type headache is popular, the exact mechanism and method of treatment are not certain yet. So, we supposed the basic mechanism of tension type headache is myogenic, and did Tienchu acupoint block, occipital nerve block, and trigger point injection in tension type headache patients. Methods: Fifty-seven tension type headache patients were treated with local anesthetics and small dose of steroid. The intensity of pain and effect of every treatment was evaluated as Verbal Rating Score (VRS; 0~10) before and after every treatment. Evaluation of treatment was based on the time of treatment (1,2 times, 3 times, 4,5 times). Goal of treatment was VRS reaching below two point and it was considered as treated state. Results: Symptom improvement rates of each treatment were 90% (1, 2 times), 91% (3 times), 70% (4, 5 times) respectively. VRS reduction more than 50% rates were 60%, 64%, 60% respectively. Treated state (VRS<2) rates were 33%, 27%, 30% respectively. Conclusion: Tienchu acupoint block, occipital nerve block, trigger point injection were sorts of most effective and simply applicable modalities of treatment in tension type headache.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify effects of EMLA (Eutectic Mixture of Local Anesthetics) cream application on pain perception and pain response during insertion of implanted venous access port needle in children with cancer. Methods: From December 2010 to August 2011, at U university hospital, 20 patients scheduled for implanted venous access port needle insertion were recruited, and randomly assigned to receive either EMLA or a placebo cream 1 hour before the implanted venous access port needle insertion. While conducting needle insertion, changes in pulse and oxygen saturation on the pulse oxymeter monitor were measured and pain behavior reaction was also measured during needle insertion in the treatment room. After conducting needle insertion, self-reported pain reaction, and mothers' perception of the children's pain reaction were measured. Collected data were statistically processed using SPSS version 17.0 for Windows, and analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test. Results: Children's self-reported degree of pain, degree of pain as perceived by mothers and pain behavior reaction decreased significantly in the EMLA application group compared with the placebo group. Conclusion: Findings indicate that application of EMLA cream is effective in relieving pain in these children during implanted venous access port needle insertion.

• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.197-202
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• 2010

Multiple sclerosis is a degenerative disease prevalent in northern climates, and its cause is unknown. The histopathological lesion in multiple sclerosis is the sclerotic "plague", a discrete focus of myelin loss with maintenance of axon segments and glial proliferation. The plaques may be seen in widely different brain and spinal tissues. The common causes of low back pain are psychosomatic disorder, myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome and herniation of nucleus pulposus. Local anesthetics cross the blood-brain barrier and the signs of CNS toxicity appear at a level between 4.5 and $7.0\;{\mu}g/ml$. This is a case report of acute back pain care after mandibular block anesthesia for the surgical extraction of mandibular root rests in an old aged woman with multiple sclerosis.