• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.35-42
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• 1996

본 실험은 체외수정에 의해 생산된 생쥐 배반포기배를 초자화 동결하였을 때 straw 제작방법 및 융해조건이 배반포기배의 생존성에 미치는 효과를 검토하고자 실시하였다. 융해시 각 straw내 동결보존액이 초자화 상태로 유지되는지를 확인하기 위하여 동결보존액 충전과 봉인방법이 다른 세 종류의 straw I, II, III가 제작되었는데, 이러한 모든 straw는 실온에 1~10초까지 노출된 후 $25^{\circ}C$ 수조에 침지되었다. 수정란은 20% ethylene glycol에 5분, EFS 40 용액에 1분간 노출된 후, straw내로 옮긴 다음 straw I과 II의 경우는 straw powder로, straw III는 straw powder와 열처리로 봉인하여 액체질소에 침지하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다; 1) Straw I embryo column은 융해시 3~6초의 실온 노출을 제외한 대부분의 노출시간에서 불투명한 반초자화 상태로 변화되었다. 그러나 Straw II embryo column을 사용하였을 때 다소 개선되었으나 완전히 초자화 상태를 유지하지는 못하였다. 반면, Straw III embryo column의 경우는 융해시 완전한 초자화 상태를 유지할 수 있었다. 2) Straw III loading 방법을 사용하여 초자화 동결, 융해된 난자의 생존율은 Straw I loading 방법을 사용하였을 때에 비해 유의하게 높았으며(P<0.05), 표준오차 범위는 낮게 나타났다. 3) 초자화 동결보존된 난자를 실온에 3, 5, 10초간 노출한 후 $25^{\circ}C$ 수조내에 침지하여 융해하였을 때, 배양 24시간째 생존율은 72.7~87.1%이었고, 배양 48시간째 탈출배반포기배까지의 발달율은 34.0~48.4%이었으며, 융해시 각 처리간 유의차는 인정되지 않았다. 본 연구 결과, 초자화 동결 융해 후 높은 생존율 및 낮은 오차범위는 Straw III loading 방법과 double 봉인방법 및 적절한 2단계 융해법을 사용함으로서 얻을 수 있었다.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.146-151
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• 2012

The present article shows how the fracture strength of single crystal silicon chips, which are generally used as semiconductor devices, is influenced by loading rate variation during a 3-point bending test. It was found that the fracture strength of the silicon chips slightly increases up to 4% with increasing loading rate for loading rates lower than 20 mm/min. Meanwhile, the fracture strength of the chips hardly increases with increase of loading rate to levels higher than 40 mm/min. However, there was an abrupt transition in the fracture strength within a loading rate range of 20 mm/min to 40 mm/min. This work explains through microscopic examination of the fracture surface of all test chips that such a big transition is related to the deflection of crack propagation direction from the (011) [${\bar{1}}00$] system to the (111) [${\bar{2}}11$] system in a particular loading rate (i.e. from 20 mm/min to 40 mm/min).

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.665-679
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• 2015

The strain rate of reinforced concrete (RC) structures stimulated by earthquake action has been generally recognized as in the range from $10^{-4}/s$ to $10^{-1}/s$. Because both concrete and steel reinforcement are rate-sensitive materials, the RC beam-column joints are bound to behave differently under different strain rates. This paper describes an investigation of seismic behavior of RC beam-column joints which are subjected to large cyclic displacements on the beam ends with three loading velocities, i.e., 0.4 mm/s, 4 mm/s and 40 mm/s respectively. The levels of strain rate on the joint core region are correspondingly estimated to be $10^{-5}/s$, $10^{-4}/s$, and $10^{-2}/s$. It is aimed to better understand the effect of strain rates on seismic behavior of beam-column joints, such as the carrying capacity and failure modes as well as the energy dissipation. From the experiments, it is observed that with the increase of loading velocity or strain rate, damage in the joint core region decreases but damage in the plastic hinge regions of adjacent beams increases. The energy absorbed in the hysteresis loops under higher loading velocity is larger than that under quasi-static loading. It is also found that the yielding load of the joint is almost independent of the loading velocity, and there is a marginal increase of the ultimate carrying capacity when the loading velocity is increased for the ranges studied in this work. However, under higher loading velocity the residual carrying capacity after peak load drops more rapidly. Additionally, the axial compression ratio has little effect on the shear carrying capacity of the beam-column joints, but with the increase of loading velocity, the crack width of concrete in the joint zone becomes narrower. The shear carrying capacity of the joint at higher loading velocity is higher than that calculated with the quasi-static method proposed by the design code. When the dynamic strengths of materials, i.e., concrete and reinforcement, are directly substituted into the design model of current code, it tends to be insufficiently safe.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.494-503
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• 2016

PURPOSE. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacies of two-implant splinting (2-IS) and single-implant restoration (1-IR) in the first and second molar regions over a mean functional loading period (FLP) of 40 months, and to propose the appropriate clinical considerations for the splinting technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The following clinical factors were examined in the 1-IR and 2-IS groups based on the total hospital records of the patients: sex, mean age, implant location, FLP, bone grafting, clinical crown-implant ratio, crown height space, and horizontal distance. The mechanical complications [i.e., screw loosening (SL), screw fracture, crown fracture, and repeated SL] and biological complications [i.e., peri-implant mucositis (PM) and peri-implantitis (PI)] were also evaluated for each patient. In analysis of two groups, the chi-square test and Student's t-test were used to identify the relationship between clinical factors and complication rates. The optimal cutoff value for the FLP based on complications was evaluated using receiver operating characteristics analysis. RESULTS. In total, 234 patients with 408 implants that had been placed during 2005 - 2014 were investigated. The incident rates of SL (P<.001), PM (P=.002), and PI (P=.046) differed significantly between the 1-IR and 2-IS groups. The FLP was the only meaningful clinical factor for mechanical and biological complication rates in 2-IS. CONCLUSION. The mechanical complication rates were lower for 2-IS than for 1-IR, while the biological complication rates were higher for 2-IS. FLP of 39.80 and 46.57 months were the reference follow-up periods for preventing biological and mechanical complications, respectively.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.151-159
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• 2018

Annually, the global production of construction aggregates reaches over 40 billion tons, making aggregates the largest mining sector by volume and value. Currently, the aggregate industry is shifting from sand to hard rock as a result of legislation limiting the extraction of natural sands and gravels. A major implication of this change in the aggregate industry is the need for understanding rock fragmentation and energy absorption to produce more cost-effective aggregates. In this paper, we focused on incorporating dynamic rock and soil mechanics to understand the effects of loading rate and water saturation on the rock fragmentation and energy absorption of three different sandstones (Red, Berea and Buff) with different pore sizes. Rock core samples were prepared in accordance to the ASTM standards for compressive strength testing. Saturated and dry samples were subsequently prepared and fragmented via fast and dynamic compressive strength tests. The particle size distributions of the resulting fragments were subsequently analyzed using mechanical gradation tests. Our results indicate that the rock fragment size generally decreased with increasing loading rate and water content. In addition, the fragment sizes in the larger pore size sample (Buff sandstone) were relatively smaller those in the smaller pore size sample (Red sandstone). Notably, energy absorption decreased with increased loading rate, water content and rock pore size. These results support the conclusion that rock fragment size is positively correlated with the energy absorption of rocks. In addition, the rock fragment size increases as the energy absorption increases. Thus, our data provide insightful information for improving cost-effective aggregate production methods.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.505-513
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• 2005

We measured the time-dependent concentration of VOCs emitted from Ondol floor, furniture, and the wall made of various building materials. After obtaining results from the previous measurement, we developed the estimation equations of the concentration decay, and obtained the estimated graphs for the concentration decay under different air change rates and loading factor conditions by using the estimated equations. We conducted our tests by applying our measurements to real residences for 110 days in the case of furniture and for 40 days in the case of the floor. We also conducted experiments in the cases of various wall materials for 7 days which totaled 10 times. We used the GC/FID for experiments for real residences accord-ing to the specified procedures of the NIOSH 1501, and carried out experiments for wall materials according to the specified procedures of the ASTM 5116-97. When conducting experiments for wall materials, we set the temperature and relative humidity at $23^{\circ}C$ and $50\%$, respectively. We also set the air change rate and loading factor at 0.7/h and $1.617 m^2/m^3$, respectively. Our results showed that it is possible to predict proplrly the time-dependent concentration decay of VOCs by using logarithmic functions in both cases of experiments for real residences and for wall materials. Furthermore, we found that the concentration decay rate of VOCs increased rapidly as the air exchange rate increased while the concentration decay rate decreased as the loading factor increased.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.79-84
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• 2002

This study investigated possibility of the nitrification and denitrification in one counter-current column with the growth of biofilm attached to its media. This experiment was performed through use of the lab scale reactor composed of the column and settler. The column used was packed with the small size of plastic rings called PALL($1.5{\times}1.5{\;}cm$) with a cylindrical shape. Synthetic wastewater was used in the experiment. The loading rates of carbon (C) and total nitrogen (TN) furnished to the reactor were 0.23 to 1.0 kg COD/m3.d and 0.023 to 1.0 kg N/m3.d, respectively. Major factors controlling the removal efficiencies of COD and TN were the different air flux and volumetric loading rates of COD and TN. The experimental results obtained from this study demonstrated that the removal efficiencies of COD ranged from 90 to 95% and those of TN were from 80 to 83% under the N loading rate of 0.035 and $0.058{\;}kg{\;}N/m^3{\cdot}d$, respectively. The patterns of TN removed were distinctively different on the limit of 50cm of column in depth. This indicated that the nitrification and denitrification occurred near the surface zone of and inside the biofilm respectively, upto the 50cm of the column in depth.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.311-317
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• 2003

일정변형속도 압밀시험(CRS)을 이용하여 점성토의 팽창지수 산정 특성을 조사하였다. CRS압밀시험에서 재하단계의 변형률은 0.05%/min와 0.03%/min을 적용하였으며, 재하단계에서는 재하단계의 변형속도의 1/1, l/5, 1/10, 1/15에 해당하는 변형속도를 적용하였다. 표준압밀시험과 비교하여 팽창지수를 산정한 결과 1/5∼1/10정도의 변형속도를 적용했을 때 서로 유사한 팽창지수가 산정되었다. 또한, 유효응력과 과잉간극수압비의 관계에서 교차점이 존재함을 알았으며 이 교차점을 기준으로 변형속도에 의존적인 부분과 비의존적인 부분이 존재함을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.303-310
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• 2017

Kimchi cabbage is in demand all year, but there is an unbalance in its supply and demand due to climate reasons, requiring practical methods for extending storage without high cost. Therefore, this study aimed to assess available storage methods. 'Choongwang' Kimchi cabbages cultivated in Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do were on June 14 harvested and packed in plastic boxes. Control group was treated by loading four to five heads. Moisturized paper was applied as a liner inside the box to prevent dehumidification and damage to the cut root parts, and a small loading amount (three heads) was applied for better air circulation. Weight loss rates after 12 weeks of storage were 13.83% in the control group, 12.57% in the first group, and 13.38% in the second group. Trimming loss rates after 9 weeks of storage were 14.96% in the control group, 12.29% in the first group, and 12.55% in the second group. As a result of the sensory test, the control group lost its marketability after 6 weeks of storage, while the second group maintained it until 9 weeks and the first group maintained it until 12 weeks and scored higher than 6 points. Therefore, the tested methods were effective for extending the freshness of Kimchi.

• 전산구조공학
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.77-84
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• 1989

본 논문의 내용은 철근콘크리트 보-기둥 접합부가 지진 하중을 받을 때의 거동에 대하여 관찰한 것이다. 똑같이 제작된 두개의 시험체에 정적 반복하중과 동적 반복하중을 가하여 하중-처짐 곡선이나 파괴 성상 등에 관하여 차이점을 기록하였다. 동적하중을 받는 시험체의 거동은 내진설계 규준에서 일반적으로 쓰여지는 정적하중 하에서의 시험체의 거동과는 판이한 양상을 보여주었다. 시험체가 동적하중을 받을 때에는 정적하중을 받을 때 보다 1. 극한하중이 20-25% 증가하고 2. 높은 취성을 보이며 3. 균열이 집중되고 4. 휨파괴 보다는 전단파괴현상을 나타내었다.