• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
• /
• 제9권6호
• /
• pp.416-422
• /
• 2017

PURPOSE. To investigate the effect of reducing tooth preparation and ceramic thickness on fracture resistance of lithium disilicate crowns. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Specimen preparation included a standard complete crown preparation of a typodont mandibular left first molar with an occlusal reduction of 2 mm, proximal/axial wall reduction of 1.5 mm, and 1.0 mm deep chamfer (Group A). Another typodont mandibular first molar was prepared with less tooth reduction: 1 mm occlusal and proximal/axial wall reduction and 0.8 mm chamfer (Group B). Twenty crowns were milled from each preparation corresponding to control group (n=5) and conditioned group of simultaneous thermal and mechanical loading in aqueous environment (n=15). All crowns were then loaded until fracture to determine the fracture load. RESULTS. The mean (SD) fracture load values (in Newton) for Group A were 2340 (83) and 2149 (649), and for Group B, 1752 (134) and 1054 (249) without and with fatigue, respectively. Reducing tooth preparation thickness significantly decreased fracture load of the crowns at baseline and after fatigue application. After fatigue, the mean fracture load statistically significantly decreased (P<.001) in Group B; however, it was not affected (P>.05) in Group A. CONCLUSION. Reducing the amount of tooth preparation by 0.5 mm on the occlusal and proximal/axial wall with a 0.8 mm chamfer significantly reduced fracture load of the restoration. Tooth reduction required for lithium disilicate crowns is a crucial factor for a long-term successful application of this all-ceramic system.

• 한국대기환경학회지
• /
• 제33권6호
• /
• pp.605-615
• /
• 2017

Efficient simultaneous reduction conditions for $NO_x$ and $NH_3$-slip was investigated in SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) process with load variation by applying dual catalysts (SCR catalyst, $NH_3$ decomposition catalyst) system. $N_2O$ formation characteristics were analyzed to look into possible undesirable reaction pathways. In the experiments of catalyst characteristics, various operational variables were tested for the combined catalytic system, such as $NH_3/NO_x$ ratio, temperature, oxygen concentration and $H_2O$. The reaction characteristics of $NO_x$, $NH_3$ and $N_2O$ were analyzed and optimal conditions could be evaluated for the combustion facility with varied load. In terms of $NO_x/NH_3$ simultaneous reduction and $N_2O$ formation suppression, optimal condition was considered NSR 1.2 and temperature $300^{\circ}C$. At this operational condition, $NO_x$ conversion was 98%, $NH_3$ reduction efficiency was 95%, generated $N_2O$ concentration 9.5 ppm with inlet $NO_x$ concentration of 100 ppm. In $NH_3-SCR$ process with $NH_3$ decomposition catalyst, $NO_x$ and $NH_3$ can be considered to be reduced simultaneously at limited conditions. The results of this study may be utilized as basic data at facilities requiring simultaneous $NO_x$ and $NH_3$ reduction for facilities with load variation.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한전기학회 2002년도 합동 추계학술대회 논문집 정보 및 제어부문
• /
• pp.562-564
• /
• 2002

Noise reduction and a simplification of a precision measurement system has been performed by changing analog output mode of a load cell into digital output mode. Usually, analog output signal of a few $\mu V$ from a load cell are amplified by amp and acquired by A/D converter. If the distance from a load cell to a DAS(Data Acquisition System) increases, more noise signals are mixed. So, a microprocessor has been integrated into a load cell so that the amplification and A/D conversion of output signals could be done in close proximity to the lode cell for the reduction in mixing of noise. Obtained data from the load cell like this manner are transferred to a computer with digital values(of TTL level). To simplify the configuration of a multi-channel DAS, RS-485 communication system has used for data transfer.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• 제9권6호
• /
• pp.1181-1192
• /
• 2015

In this paper, an analytical method is proposed to study the effect of crack and axial load on vibration behavior and stability of the cracked columns. Using the local flexibility model, the crack has been simulated by a torsional spring with connecting two segments of column in crack location. By solving governing eigenvalue equation, the effects of crack parameters and axial load on the natural frequencies and buckling load as well as buckling load are investigated. The results show that the presents of crack cause to reduction in natural frequencies and buckling load whereas this reduction is affected by the location and depth of the crack. Furthermore, the tensile and compressive axial load increase and decrease the natural frequencies, respectively. In addition, as the compression load approaches to certain value, the fundamental natural frequency reaches zero and instability occurs. The accuracy of the model is validated through the experimental data reported in the literature.

• Wind and Structures
• /
• 제37권2호
• /
• pp.117-131
• /
• 2023

Korea Design Standard (KDS) will be updated with two major revisions on the assessment of wind load and performance-based wind design (PBWD). Major changes on the wind load assessment are the wind load factor and basic wind speed. Wind load factor in KDS is reduced from 1.3 to 1, and mean recurrence interval (MRI) for basic wind speed increases from 100 years to 500 years considering the reduction of wind load factor. Additional modification is made including pressure coefficient, torsional moment coefficient and spectrum, and aeroelastic instability. Combined effect of the updates of KDS code on the assessment of wind load is discussed with the case study on the specified sites and building. PBWD is newly added in KDS code to consider the cases with various target performance, vortex-induced vibration, aeroelastic instability, or inelastic behavior. Proposed methods and target performance for PBWD in KDS code are introduced.

• 농업과학연구
• /
• 제51권2호
• /
• pp.133-146
• /
• 2024

Selection of gear reduction ratio is essential for machine design to ensure suitable power and speed during agricultural operations. The goal of the study was to evaluate the gear reduction ratio for a 1.6 kW four-wheel-drive (4WD) multi-purpose agricultural electric vehicle platform using workload data under different off-road conditions. A data acquisition system was fabricated to collect workload (torque) of the vehicle acting on the gear shaft. Field tests were performed under three driving surfaces (asphalt, concrete, and grassland), payload operations (981, 2,942, and 4,903 N), and slope conditions (0 - 4°, 4 - 8°, and 8 - 12°), respectively. Commercial speed reduction gear phases were attached to the input shaft of the vehicle powertrain. The maximum required torque was recorded as 37.5 Nm at a 4,903 N load with 8 - 12° slope levels, and the minimum torque was 12.32 Nm at 0 - 4° slope levels with a 981 Nm load for a 4 km/h speed on asphalt, concrete, and grassland roads. Based on the operating load condition and motor torque and rotational speed (TN) curve, the minimum and maximum gear reduction ratios were chosen as 1 : 50 and 1 : 64, respectively. The selected motor satisfied power requirements by meeting all working torque criteria with the gear reduction ratios. The chosen motor with a gear reduction ratio of 1 : 50 was suitable to fit with the motor T-N curve, and produced the maximum speeds and loads needed for driving and off-road activities. The findings of the study would assist in choosing a suitable gear reduction ratio for electric vehicle multi-purpose field operations.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
• /
• 제31권5호
• /
• pp.27-32
• /
• 2011

Most of domestic building generally don't have fixed shading devices considering of appearance and aesthetic issues. In this study is suggested that tilt window simultaneously has a role of shading and blocking solar radiation. The tilt window thermal performance is investigated by relation ship between inclination and heating cooling road. As comparing vertical window with $5^{\circ}$ and $7^{\circ}$ of tilt window respectively, the heating load is increased by 3.6% and cooling load is reduced by 8.1% on $5^{\circ}$ tilt window and the heating load is increased by 5.3% and cooling load is reduced by 11.5% on $5^{\circ}$ tilt window. Especially, the total load of alternative tilt window is showed the reduction rate 2.6% and3.6% compared of vertical window. Therefore, the tilt window is possible to role of shading of solar radiation and reduction of heating and cooling load.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
• /
• 제23권4호
• /
• pp.617-641
• /
• 2014

2001년에 개설된 우리나라 전력도매시장은 변동비 반영(CBP) 시장으로 발전기들의 비용절감 유인을 통해 전력생산 비용 최소화를 추구하고 있다. 국내 발전사들은 발전비용 절감을 위한 다양한 노력을 기울여 왔고, 발전연료 구매비용의 인하, 고효율 발전기 도입, 수요지에 인접한 발전소 건설 등이 그 결과로 나타나고 있다. 최근 전력시장 제도개선의 일환으로 계통한계가격(SMP)에서 무부하비용 등을 제외하는 방식에 대한 논의가 제기되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 SMP에서 무부하비용 등을 제외한 후 손실발전기를 별도로 보상하는 방안이 발전사의 비용절감 유인에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 그 결과 가격결정 구간에 위치한 LNG복합 발전기들의 비용절감 유인이 위축될 가능성이 높은 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
• /
• 제37권8호
• /
• pp.25-35
• /
• 2021

현재 국내에서는 비탈면 및 구조물 안정성 확보를 목적으로 네일, 록볼트 등과 함께 그라운드 앵커 공법을 사용하고 있다. 이 중 장기목적으로 사용되는 영구앵커의 경우 사용기간 중 지지력과 내구성이 확보되어야 하나, 최근 연구 결과에 따르면 장기거동에 따른 잔존 긴장력 감소와 비탈면 변형 등의 현상이 보고되고 있다. 이와 같은 잔존 긴장력 감소 문제는 앞으로 지속적으로 증가될 것으로 전망되며, 이로 인한 유지관리 비용 증가 등의 문제가 불가피할 것으로 보인다. 이에 본 연구에서는 국내·외 문헌연구를 통해 영구앵커의 긴장력에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 파악하였으며, 과거 수행된 하중계 모니터링 자료를 분석한 선행연구들을 조사하였다. 이후, 이를 기초자료로 활용하여 실제 현장에서 수집한 하중계 계측자료를 분석하여 앵커의 긴장력 감소현황을 파악하였고, 그 장기하중감소특성을 분석하였다. 마지막으로 앞의 내용을 종합하여, 설치 직후 100일 부근의 단기 데이터를 통해 영구앵커의 장기하중감소특성을 예측하는 기법을 제안하였다.

• 오토저널
• /
• 제12권5호
• /
• pp.97-106
• /
• 1990

A method of weight evaluation of the load-bearing structural elements of cars is presented and the weight ratio of the analysis model is investigated. Replacing the materials of floor elements of the car into the high-strength steel, a considerable weight-reduction of the model has been obtained. The 1500cc model is selected for the present study and the stick model analysis is employed for the structural analysis. The torsional stiffness of the weight-reduced model is also evaluated and it is shown it has a reasonable rigidity. The ratio of the weight of the load-bearing structural elements to the unladen vehicle weight of cars is about 0.12for the 1500cc model and the weight-reduction of this study can be obtained around 17% of the weight of the load-bearing structural elements.