• Journal of Korean Association for Spatial Structures
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.67-73
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• 2022

Middle size of membrane retractable roof is under 25m span which consists of various moving systems. Sliding carriage is the system that leads the membrane to parking place, transferring the load from the membrane to structural cable. When membrane moves roof, thus, structural behavior of sliding carriage, which may contain various shapes with friction coefficients, should be investigated by vertical load as well as horizontal load. Nummerical simulation of sliding carriage prototypes, in this research, were performed by incrementation of vertical load and horizontal load as well. Consequently, this paper evaluated proper shapes of inner holder of Sliding carriage and evaluated the effective contact area of inner hold.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.1709-1712
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• 2008

The trunk is inclined to the loaded side when carrying an object as one of activities of daily living. As the reaction to this behavior the human body may be inclined to his/her trunk to unloaded side. The present study investigated the biomechanical effects of weight variation for sided load carriage during walking upon joint moments and muscle torques, through the tracker agent and joint driving dynamic analysis. To perform the experiment one male was selected as subject for the study. Gait analysis was performed by using a 3D motion analysis system. Thirty nine 14mm reflective markers, according to the plug-in marker set, were attached to the subject. We used BRG.LifeMOD(Biomechanics Research Group, Inc., USA), for skeletal modeling and inverse and joint driving dynamic simulation during one gait cycle. In walking with a sided load carriage, the subject modeled held the carriage with the right hand, which weighed 0, 5, 10, 15kg, 20kg respectively. The result of this simulation showed that knee and hip in the coronal plane were inclined to the loaded side and loaded side had larger moments as the sided load carriage was increased. On the other hand thoracic and lumbar in the coronal plane had larger negative values as the sided loaded carriage was increased. The thoracic and lumbar in the transverse plane also had larger values as the sided load was increased. And the several muscles of loaded side were increased as increasing sided load. It could be concluded that human body is adopted to side loaded circumstances by showing more biologic force. These results could be very useful in analysis for delivery motion of daily life.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.377-401
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• 2004

Delay in the air transport occurs when passengers, baggage or cargo do not arrive at their destination at the time indicated in the contract of carriage. The causes of delay in the carriage of cargo are no reservation, lack of space, failure to load the cargo on board, loading the cargo on the wrong plane, failure to off-load the cargo at the right place, or to deliver the covering documents at the right place. The Montreal Convention of 1999 Article 19 provides that "The carrier is liable for damage occasioned by delay in the carriage by air of cargo. Nevertheless, the carrier shall not be liable for damage occasioned by delay if it proves that it and its servants and agents took all measures that could reasonably be required to avoid the damage or that it was impossible for it or them to take such measures." The Montreal Convention Article 22 provides liability limits of the carrier in case of delay for cargo. In the carriage of cargo, the liability of the carrier is limited to 17 SDR per kilogram unless a special declaration as to the value of the cargo has been made. The Montreal Convention Article 19 has shortcomings: it is silent on the duration of the liability for carriage. It does not give any indication concerning the circumstances to be taken into account in cases of delay, and about the length of delay. In conclusion, it is desirable to define the period of carriage with accuracy, and to insert the word 'unreasonable' in Article 19.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.50 no.10
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• pp.669-676
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• 2022

In this paper, the carriage load analyses of stores installed on aircraft are conducted to validate the chimera grid method applied to an unstructured CFD solver, UMSAPv. First, the chimera grid method of UMSAPv is verified for the well-known Eglin Wing/Pylon/Finned store problem. Next, an angle of attack sweep of F/A-18C clean configuration is conducted at a subsonic speed. The computed results are compared with the results of the previous study using MSAPv, a structured CFD solver, to show the validity of Umsapv. Finally, the carriage of F/A-18C JDAM is carried out with a chimera grid as well as a single block grid. The computed results are compared with other computational, experimental and the flight tests.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2012.10a
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• pp.191-192
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• 2012

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 2021

Gait kinematics and kinetics have a similar tendency between men and women, yet it remains unclear how walking while carrying a load affects the gait mechanism. Twenty adults walked with preferred velocity on level ground of 20 m relative to change of a load carriage (no load, 15%, 30% of the body weights) aimed to observe gait mechanism. We measured gait posture using the three-dimensional image analysis and ground reaction force system during stance phase on left foot. In main effect of gender difference, men showed increased displacement of center of gravity (COG) compared to women, and it showed more extended joint angle of hip and knee in sagittal plane. In main effect of a load difference, knee joint showed more flexed postuel relative to increase of load carriage. In main effect of load difference on the kinetic variables, medial-lateral force, anterior-posterior force (1st breaking, 2nd propulsive), vertical force, center of pressure (COP) area, leg stiffness, and whole body stiffness showed more increased values relative to increase of load carriage. Also, men showed more increased COP area compared to women. Interaction showed in the 1st anterior-posterior force, and as a result of one-way variance analysis, it was found that a load main effect had a greater influence on the increase in the magnitude of the braking force than the gender. The data in this study explains that women require little kinematic alteration compared to men, while men in more stiff posture accommodate an added load compared to women during gait. Additionally, it suggests that dynamic stability is maintained by adopting different gait strategies relative to gender and load difference.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.69-85
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• 2012

This paper analyzes how IT adoption affects differently on the shippers' make-buy decision, depending on the changes through agency and coordination problems. Empirical findings are consistent with the theoretical predictions on the changes of shippers' decision, summarized as follows. First, while the adoption of agency-cost reducing IT leads to the increase in the proportion of private fleets, the adoption of coordination-cost reducing IT leads to the increase in proportion of for-hire carriage. Second, the extent of private fleets changes depends on the primary product type that trucks load, with products of important service task experiencing more increase. Third, the extent of for-hire carriage changes depends on the truck's trip distance, with long-trip trucks experiencing more increase. With the results, we present different policy implications from the conventionally advocated ones.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.879-880
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• 2008

• Journal of Korean Institute of Industrial Engineers
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.110-116
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• 2000

The soft drink deliveries are made for a broad line of soft drink products by using a hand truck and the backpack mode of carriage. The workers usually deliver the beverages by backpack mode of carriage, because they feel safe with such a carrying method in stairways. In this study, the physiological workload of backpack carrying was investigated, especially focused on the effects of weight of load and carrying by the stairway. A laboratory experiment was conducted to measure heart rate and oxygen uptake during backpack carrying tasks, and an ergonomic guideline was proposed for such type of task based on the results of the experiment. Eight healthy male subjects performed the backpack carrying of 40kg and 60kg, (1) on the level ground, (2) upstairs and (3) downstairs. The result showed that the stairways caused the increased physiological cost, and that a carrying load of 60kg required significantly higher physiological cost as compared to carrying 40kg. Although backpack carrying has some advantages in the biomechanical aspect, it should be advised to carry a load of less than 40kg, since the task requires a very high physiological cost. During backpack carrying, it is also recommended for a delivery person to make more trips with a light load rather than to make less trips with a heavier load at one trip.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Computer Information Conference
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• 2013.07a
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• pp.149-151
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• 2013

본 연구의 목적은 휴대용 보병무기체계의 배낭 설계를 위하여 인체공학적인 물자취급 중량을 검토하는데 있다. 제품설계시 인체공학적 설계 가이드라인과 운용현황을 조사분석하여 효율적인 운용성능을 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 한다. 기존의 설계 가이드라인을 분석한 결과, 병사의 인체사이즈 측면에서는 5%tile의 경우 -091kg으로 여유중량이 부족하지만, 95%tile에서는 34.17kg까지 여유중량이 발생하는 것으로 판단된다. 이러한 연구결과는 물자취급시 편하고, 효율적인 운용성능을 창출하기 위해서 휴대중량과 이동거리에 따라 여유중량을 관리해야 할 것으로 판단된다.