• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.2597-2604
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• 2012

Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is an essential enzyme involved in folate metabolism; a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) C677T has been reported to be linked with altered incidences of several diseases. We here conducted a meta-analysis of 15 published epidemiological studies with a total of 7306 cases and 8062 controls to evaluate its association with prostate cancer risk with overall and subgroup analyses. No statistical relationship was found overall with any genetic model (TT vs. CC: OR = 0.80, 95%CI = [0.62, 1.04], P = 0.094; CT vs. CC: OR = 0.97, 95%CI = [0.84; 1.12], P = 0.667; Dominant: OR = 0.94, 95%CI = [0.82; 1.07], P = 0.343; Recessive: OR = 0.81, 95%CI = [0.64; 1.04], P = 0.104), but after the exclusion of several studies, we could observe the homozygote TT to confer less susceptibility to prostate cancer in carriers; moreover, different effects of the polymorphism on prostate cancer risk was detected from subgroup analysis stratified by participants' residential region: significant reduced prostate cancer risk was found to be associated with the polymorphism from Asian studies (TT vs. CC: OR = 0.47, 95%CI = [0.33; 0.67], P < 0.001; CT vs. CC: OR = 0.73, 95%CI = [0.60; 0.90], P = 0.002; Dominant: OR = 0.67, 95%CI = [0.56; 0.82], P < 0.001; Recessive: OR = 0.55, 95%CI = [0.40; 0.76], P < 0.001) while studies from Europe indicated a slight increased risk under dominant model with marginal significance (OR = 1.14, 95%CI = [0.99; 1.30], P = 0.064). Moreover, the protective effect of the polymorphism against prostate cancer was also shown by studies performed in yellow Asians (TT vs. CC: OR = 0.48, 95%CI = [0.31; 0.75], P = 0.001; CT vs. CC: OR = 0.68, 95%CI = [0.51; 0.90], P = 0.006; Dominant: OR = 0.63, 95%CI = [0.48; 0.82], P < 0.001; Recessive: OR = 0.57, 95%CI = [0.39; 0.84], P = 0.004). We propose that these phenomena should be viewed with the consideration of folate metabolism profile and different gene background as well as living habits of different populations, and more relevant studies should be conducted to confirm our hypothesis and provide a comprehensive and clear picture concerning this topic.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.189-201
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• 1999

Lead (Pb) is ubiquitous in the urban environment and is a well-known toxic element. It may cause adverse health effects on hematopoietic system, peripheral and central nervous systems, kidney functions, and others. In recent decades, lead concentration in blood has been widely used one of indicators for lead exposure and risk evaluation. In this study, we determined the blood-lead levels in general populations of Korea, and investigated the relationship among blood-lead levels, sociobehavioral factors, and lead concentrations in the contacted environments such as ambient air, drinking water, and foods. The study subjects consisted of volunteers who had lived in the residential or industrial area in Korea. Information about gender, age, living area, occupation, smoking, heat system, and dietary habits, etc was collected using a self-reported questionnaires. The lead concentrations of environments were collected by literature search to the study area. Participated subjects in industrial area were 726 and their blood-lead levels were 8.58 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dl for males and 6.26 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dl for female in average. The other subjects in residential area were 317 and their blood-lead levels were 4.58 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dl for males and 3.49 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dl for female in average. The distribution of blood-lead level in the industrial subjects was well fitted to the log -normal distribution and that in the residential subjects was well fitted to the normal distribution. Blood-lead levels in both area were affected by gender, smoking habit, age and residence duration except age in industrial area and residence duration in residential area. It was identified that 30% of blood-lead level was contributed from the inhalation of ambient air in the industrial area, and 8.4% of blood-lead level was from that in the residential area. from this study, it would be suggested for the health risk assessment and management of lead pollution concerns in urban, industrial and rural areas.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제31권9호
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• pp.1481-1497
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to determine the relation between serum lipid profiles, apolipoprotein E phenotype, and dietary patterns in a cross-section of healthy individuals from Cheju-Do. Age, gender, anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, dietary consumption, drinking / smoking habits and menopausal status were surveyed. Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, fasting blood glucose, and insulin levels were measured from overnight fasting blood. The study involved a total of 286 individuals(147 men and 139 women) between the ages of 20 and 60 years old. All of the subjects were recruited from a population of healthy individuals living in Cheju-Do. The results of the study are as follows : 1) Among the males, those in their 20's had the maximum food intake, while those in their 40's had the minimum food intake. For the females, food intake was the highest for those in their 30's. Energy and nutrient intakes were directly proportional to the amount of food intake. Men in their 30's were heavier than other men and women in their 40's were heavier than other women. The activity index for men in their 20's and 30's appeared to be lower than that of men above 40. The activity index of women in their 20's appeared to be lowest among all aged groups, and the index appeared to increase from the age of 30 onwards. 2) In terms of changes In serum constituents with age, men in their 40's appeared to have the highest levels of serum constituents such as lipids, glucose, and insulin. Men in their 50's showed the highest levels of serum LDL-cholesterol and glucose. Men in their 30's showed peak levels of serum triglycerides. On the other hand, women in their 50's appeared to have peak levels of serum total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides. There was no ch:ange with age in HDL-cholesterol and insulin levels for men and women. The percentage of the subjects had the following apo E phenotypes : E3/3, 91.3% ; E3/2, 5.4% ; E4/3, 2.5% ; E4/2, 0.7%. Lee's reserch with Korean female college students showed that the percentage of ApoE3/3, E3/2, E 4/2, E4/3, and E4/4 were 84.8%, 6.7%, 6.7%, 0.9%, 0.9%, respectively. The number of samples with ApoE mutation was so small that there was no statistical significance in the relation between apolipoprotein E phenotype and se겨m lipids. 3) To investigate the relati onship between weight and serum constituents, the subjects of this study were divided into three groups by BMI underweight, normal weight, and overweight. The serum constituents of men and women below the age 40 in the overweight groups belonged to the normal domain. On the other hand, serum cholesterol levels of both men and women above the age 40 in the overweight groups remained in the borderline-high region(above 200mg/dl), and the mean value of LDL-cholesterol(above 130mg/dl) and triglycerides of men were above normal. Fasting blood glucose levels also remained in the borderline-high region. Total cholesterol levels of women above the age 40 in the overweight group was in the borderline-high region. (Korean J Nutrition 31(9) : 1481-1497, 1998)

• 한국학교ㆍ지역보건교육학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.65-80
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• 2008

Objectives: To identify the relationship between the internet addition of elementary school students, and their health behavior and VDT syndrome, and thereby to detect the impact of internet addiction on the health behavior of elementary school students, to get the basic information necessary to develop a prevention program for internet addiction and to plan for VDT syndrome prevention program. Methods: We conducted this study during the period from jun 27, 2007 through July 8, 2007. The subjects of this study were 416 children whose grades were in 4th through 6th grades of elementary schools located in the city A in Kyung Pook Providence. Data were obtained from self-rating questionnaires. The questionnaires were composed of Korean Internet Addiction Self-examination on Internet Use Patterns (K-scale), Health Behavior Profile, VDT Syndrome, and general characteristics. We used t-test, AVOVA with Ducan method for Post-hoc comparison in means comparison between groups, $X^2$-test for frequency analysis and Pearson's correlation coefficient. We used SPSS/PC(12.0 ver) program and the LISREL 8.53 Win program for covariance structural analysis. Results: Major results were as follows. 1. The internet addiction propensity distribution based on the distribution of scores were investigated according to the self diagnosis scale on internet addiction. 6.5% of them were high risk user group, 14.4% were potential risk users and 79.1% of them were common user groups. 2. Internet addictions by sex, internet use duration, frequency (days/week), time(hours/day), purpose, position, brightness of internet, attitude of parents and frequency of conversation of family members were statistically significant(p<0.01). 3. There was a statistically significant difference in VDT syndrome according to internet addiction groups(p<0.001) besides ocular symptoms, dry mouth and GI troubles. 4. The health behavior score was the lowest in high risk user group(p<0.001). There were significant differences between internet addiction groups in personal hygiene and habits of daily living(p<.002), the prevention of accidents(p<.002), the practice concerned with the prevention of infectious disease(p=.002), and mental health(p<.001). 5. There was also a significant negative correlation between internal addiction and health profile(r=-0.365, p<0.01) and a significant positive correlation between internal addiction and VDT syndrome(r=0.331, p<0.01). 6. As the result of structural model analysis, internet use time(/day), days of internet use(/1week), conversation frequency among family members, degree of brightness of internet use had significant direct effects on internet addiction. Conclusions: The results will help the development of an effective intervention program for the prevention and treatment of internal addiction by clarifying the effect of the internal addiction upon elementary school students' VDT syndrome and health behavior.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.205-209
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• 2005

본 연구는 산업근로자들의 구강건강증진을 통한 삶의 질 향상을 위한 지견을 얻을 목적으로 경북 구미시에 소재하는 산업체 근로자 831명을 대상으로 실시하였다. 구강검진과 설문지 조사 방법을 이용하여 대상자의 구강건강실태를 조사하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 연구대상 근로자들은 총 831명으로 남자가 74.6%로 여자보다 많았으며 연령은 29세이하가 43.7%로 가장 많았다. 학력은 고졸이하가 53.6%, 대졸이상이 46.4%였으며 경제상태는 80.7%가 '보통이다'라고 응답하였다. 직종으로는 생산 기능직이 70.2%며 근속년수는 4년이하가 55.3%였다. 2. 주관적 건강상태는 건강하지 못하다고 응답한 사람이 73.4%였으며, 최근 1년동안 치과방문경험이 없는 사람이 59.8%였다. 1일 잇솔질 횟수는 대상자의 55.7%가 3회이상이라고 답했으며, 잇솔질 시기로는 저녁식사후(58.7%)라고 응답한 경우가 가장 많았다. 대상자의 42.6%가 혓솔질은 하고 있었다. 3. 생활습관에서는 음주를 하는 사람이 68.4%며 음주량은 소주 한병이상이 55.7%였다. 흡연가는 57.3%이였으며 흡연량은 반갑-한갑이 34.8%로 가장 많았고 10년이상 흡연한 경우가 30.0%였다. 구강검진결과, 1개이상 우식치를 보유한 사람이 25.9%며 결손치를 보유한 사람이 14.8%, 치주질환을 앓고 있는 경우가 42.2%, 사랑니이상은 11.7%였다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.348-357
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• 2011

Objectives: This study was conducted in order to examine the relationship between heavy metal concentrations in the soil and the level of heavy metals in the blood or urine of 216 local residents living near abandoned metal mines. Methods: Residents around abandoned metal mines were interviewed about their dietary habits, including seafood consumption, medical history, cigarette smoking, and drug history. Metal concentrations in the soil were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AA-7000, Shimadzu, Japan). Lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) contents in the blood or urine were analyzed by GF-AAS (AA-6800, Shimadzu). Mercury (Hg) contents in the blood were determined by means of a mercury analyzer (SP-3DS, NIC). Arsenic (As) content in the soil and urine were measured by a HG-AAS (hydride vapor generation-atomic absorption spectrophotometer). Results: The heavy metal concentrations in the soil showed a log normal distribution and the geometric means of the four villages were 8.61 mg/kg for Pb, 0.19 mg/kg for Cd, 1.81 mg/kg for As and 0.035 mg/kg for Hg. The heavy metal levels of the 216 local residents showed a regular distribution for Pb, Cd, Hg in the blood and As in the urine. The arithmetic means were 3.37 ${\mu}g$/dl for Pb, 3.07 ${\mu}g$/l for Cd and 2.32 ${\mu}g$/l for Hg, 10.41 ${\mu}g$/l for As, respectively. Conclusions: As a result of multi-variate analysis for the affecting factors on the bodily heavy metal concentrations, gender and concentration in the soil (each, p<0.01) for blood lead levels; gender and smoking status (each, p<0.01) for blood cadmium levels; gender (p<0.01) for urine arsenic levels; gender, age and concentration in the soil (p<0.01) for blood mercury levels were shown to be the affecting factors.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.322-334
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• 2013

Objectives: This study describes the results of a mass screening and secondary questionnaire conducted among sampled residents around Camp Carroll. Methods: The subjects were sampled based on Waegwan groundwater ingestion history via a primary health questionnaire survey. However, the study population included voluntary participants and there were no grounds for disqualification. Among the 1,033 residents, excluding people living outside Waegwan, 844 subjects age 30 and over were analyzed. History of physician-diagnosed disease (including detailed history of cancer), eating habits, drinking and smoking histories were queried through questionnaires. Health screening consisted of a blood pressure check and blood test (complete blood cell, liver enzyme, lipid, blood sugar test, etc.). Results: The proportion of abnormal gamma-glutamyltransferase levels was higher in the groundwater ingesting female group than the non-ingesting female group. The odds ratios of the ingested '1 to 9 years' and '10 years and over' groups were 3.09 and 0.87, respectively. Proportions of hypertension in males, abnormal serum triglyceride levels in all and in females, and abnormal serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in males were higher in the '10 to 29-year' resident group than in the '1 to 9 year' group. However, there were no significant trends according to length of residence. Conclusions: Physician-diagnosed prevalence and laboratory test results are not different by histories of Waegwan groundwater ingestion and by length of residence. Even if there are partially significant differences, they do not tend to follow increases of exposure amount and trends.

• 한국가정과교육학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.175-189
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• 2012

본 연구는 여고생들의 연예인 모방유형에 따라 외모관리행동 즉, 교복 변형행동, 헤어스타일 관리행동, 화장 관리행동 등에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 이를 위해 전북에 거주하는 여자고등학생 379명의 데이터가 사용되었고 신뢰도분석, 요인분석, 군집분석, 일원배치분산분석, 교차분석을 사용하여 분석하였다. 본 연구를 통하여 전북지역 여고생들은 연예인 모방유형에 따라 적극적 수행형, 심리적 욕구형, 연예인 호감형으로 분류되었다. 연예인 모방행동과 모방욕구의 평균이 가장 높았던 적극적 수행형 여고생들은 교복변형 경험이 가장 높았으며, 드라마속 연예인이 입고 나오는 교복스타일을 따라해 보고 싶어하고, 연예인 교복스타일로 교복을 변형한 경험이 있는 등 연예인 교복스타일에 많은 영향을 받았다. 또한 최신 유행헤어스타일을 인식하고 연예인의 헤어스타일을 선호하는 등 헤어스타일 관리행동에 더 적극적이었다. 그리고 매일 기초화장을 하고, 화장법을 배우고 싶어하는 등 화장 관리행동에 더 적극적임을 알 수 있었다. 반면 연예인 모방 행동과 모방욕구의 평균이 가장 낮았던 연예인 호감형 여고생들은 교복변형행동, 헤어스타일 관리행동, 화장 관리행동 등에 소극적임을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 청소년에게 바람직한 매스미디어에 관한 체계적인 교육을 실시하고, 교사들은 청소년들에게 합리적인 모방활동을 할 수 있도록 교육한다면 의생활지도에 있어서 효율적인 교육성과를 거둘 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권8호
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• pp.3705-3713
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• 2014

E-Cadherin (CDH1) genetic variations may be involved in invasion and metastasis of various cancers by altering gene transcriptional activity of epithelial cells. However, published studies on the association of CDH1 gene polymorphisms and cancer risk remain contradictory, owing to differences in living habits and genetic backgrounds. To derive a more better and comprehensive conclusion, the present meta-analysis was performed including 57 eligible studies of the association between polymorphisms of CDH1 gene promoter -160 C>A, -347 G>GA and 3'-UTR +54 C>T and cancer risk. Results showed that these three polymorphisms of CDH1 were significantly associated with cancer risk. For -160 C>A polymorphism, -160A allele carriers (CA and CA+AA) had an increased risk of cancer compared with the homozygotes (CC), and the similar result was discovered for the -160A allele in the overall analyses. In the subgroup analyses, obvious elevated risk was found with -160A allele carriers (AA, CA, CA+AA and A allele) for prostate cancer, while a decreased colorectal cancer risk was shown with the AA genotype. For the -347 G>GA polymorphism, the GAGA genotype was associated with increased cancer risk in the overall analysis with homozygous and recessive models. In addition, results of subgroup analysis indicated that the elevated risks were observed in colorectal cancer and Asian descendants. For +54 C>T polymorphism, a decreased risk of cancer was found in heterozygous, dominant and allele models. Moreover, +54T allele carriers (CT, CT+TT genotype and T allele) showed a potential protective factor in gastric cancer and Asian descendants.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.278-287
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Diet plays an important role in growth and development of children. However, dietary intakes of children living in either rural or urban areas can be influenced by household income. This cross-sectional study examined energy, nutrient and food group intakes of 749 urban children (1-10 years old) by household income status. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Children's dietary intakes were obtained using food recall and record for two days. Diet adequacy was assessed based on recommended intakes of energy and nutrients and food group servings. RESULTS: For toddlers, all nutrients except dietary fiber (5.5 g) exceeded recommended intakes. Among older children (preschoolers and school children), calcium (548 mg, 435 mg) and dietary fiber (7.4 g, 9.4 g) did not meet recommendations while percentage of energy from total fat and saturated fats exceeded 30% and 10%, respectively. The mean sodium intakes of preschoolers (1,684 mg) and school children (2,000 mg) were relatively high. Toddlers in all income groups had similar energy and nutrient intakes and percentages meeting the recommended intakes. However, low income older children had lowest intakes of energy (P < 0.05) and most nutrients (P < 0.05) and highest proportions that did not meet recommended energy and nutrient intakes. For all food groups, except milk and dairy products, all age groups had mean intakes below the recommended servings. Compared to middle and high income groups, low income preschoolers had the lowest mean intake of fruits (0.07 serving), meat/poultry (0.78 serving) and milk/dairy products (1.14 serving) while low income toddlers and school children had the least mean intake of fruits (0.09 serving) and milk/dairy products (0.54 serving), respectively. CONCLUSION: Low socioeconomic status, as indicated by low household income, could limit access to adequate diets, particularly for older children. Parents and caregivers may need dietary guidance to ensure adequate quantity and quality of home food supply and foster healthy eating habits in children.