• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.576-582
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• 2015

In recently, the Korea government is concerning on non-point source pollution management to improve water quality. The objective of this paper is to investigate the improvement measurement for management of livestock wastes. As a result, we find that the National Pollution Source Survey is necessary to establish the unified database system with the Korea Statistics(KOSAT) in order to minimize the difference between relevant data. The investigation for environmental impact of livestock manure should be supported the designation of control areas and establishment of the technical guidelines including target material, monitoring site, standard method, etc. In addition, it should be followed by appropriate nutrient recycling and proper fertilizer usage based on social consultation and cost-benefit analysis.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.11 no.12
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• pp.1291-1298
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• 2002

To utilize coastal aquaculture ground bottom sediment in which concentrations of harmful pollutants are low and organic content is high as an organic fertilizer alkaline stabilizers such as CaO, Oyster shell, Mg(OH)$_2$ were added to the bottom sediment organic additives of livestock or food wastes. Nutritive qualities of crude fertilizers were measured to examine effects of alkaline stabilizers and organic waste additions. The Mg(OH)$_2$-added crude fertilizer had significantly lower total carbon(T-C) and nitrogen(T-N) content, reflecting the dilution effect due to great amount of Mg(OH)$_2$ addition. However, the addition of oyster shell had no significant effect on the T-C and T-N content of the fertilizer. $P_2O_5$ and $K_2$O content was considerably higher in the mixed sample of aquaculture ground bottom sediments and livestock wastes than in the mixture of the sediments and food wastes, resulting from higher $P_2O_5$ and $K_2$O content in livestock wastes. Addition of Mg(OH)$_2$ increased the content of MgO In the crude fertilizer but significantly reduced the content of other nutritive elements such as $P_2O_5$, $K_2$O and CaO. Addition of oyster shell as an alkaline stabilizer seemed to have the advantage of saving time and expenses far dryness due to its role as a modulator of water content. Moreover, additions of effect Mg(OH)$_2$ decreased the concentrations of heavy metals in the fertilizer by the dilution while additions of oyster shell had no influence on heavy metal concentrations in the fertilizer.

• Journal of the Korean Professional Engineers Association
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.37-40
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• 1982

I investigated the processing-treatment of livestocks feces and body wastes in Tok- ushima prefecture, and made clear the problems relative to its influence to environments. Nowadays the load of pollution of the m is as following. COD P livestock 8.8% 38.5% body wastes 1,2 4.5 As for the livestock feces, the method of evaporation-permeation is more general than that of oxidation process because of costs. Another way is that the dung will be changed into the compost. However as these methods pollute environments remarkably, a large-scale digesting process is being planned. In case of the processing of body wastes, costs for the processing plant tend to increase to the highest level in accordance with the strong power inhabitants. In all processing, we suffer from a large amount of economical loads.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.31-40
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• 1994

In the later part of 1980's, a great emphasis has been placed on the treatment issues of livestock wastes due to the continuous increase in consumption of livestock and meat products. Continued economic development for three decades has enhanced the nationally general level of life for the purpose of exit out of absolute poverty, thus accompanied with people's demand for a quality of environment beyond the traditional economic factors over times. Such an individual or collective demand for environment of life has been primarily focussed and argued on only rural environment in the early development periods. In perspective of clean water supply and security for urban area, however, it is more important to treat livestock wastes in the oriented-sustainable environment than in the conventional ways without working on environment degradation. Livestock wastes composed of the high-concentrated organic matter ought to be controlled and treated in sound ways, if not, which on one hand may result in pollution of underground water, surface water and a nasty smell, and on the other hand also may cause people to file a civil petition. Therefore on the research paper, reviewing occurrence of livestock waste and situation of treatment in details, through scrutinizing the government regulation and financing or subsidizing for it, author intends to find out the initiative of 'resourcefication' of treating of livestock wastes in the environmental soundness and efficiency

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.547-553
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• 2017

Treatment of food waste is becoming a big issue due to their significant quantities. Composting could be an effective alternative for food waste management which could be used as soil conditioner or fertilizer with little concerns about heavy metals and pathogens. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of food waste on Chinese cabbage growth and soil properties. 9 different treatments (two livestock manures, two food wastes, two livestock manures + chemical fertilizer, two food wastes + chemical fertilizer, and control) were applied to Chinese cabbage. All treatments were carried out in 3 replicates. We measured leaf length, leaf width, fresh weight, dry weight, and leaf greenness of Chinese cabbage. Treatment of one of food waste composts significantly increased leaf length and leaf width of Chinese cabbage by 28.6, 26.6, 67.7, and 59.9%, respectively, in comparison to those of control, while no significant differences for leaf greenness were shown. Application of food waste compost resulted in significant increase of EC, available $P_2O_5$, CEC, organic matter, and exchangeable cations. However, further researches are needed to reduce NaCl content of food waste.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.91-99
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• 1995

One of alternative conventional technologies used for treatment of livestock wastes is composting process, and recently some mechanical composting processes are being practiced. It is, however, recognized the composting process also has its own limitations such as longer time requirement, and difficulties to estimate the degree of decomposition, etc. The incomplete compost contains potentially harmful materials to crops and public health due to instabilized organic contents and pathogenic organisms. The purpose of this investigation is to develop an innovative system whereby anxious livestock wastes are thoroughly stabilized and disinfected. Thus the overall management scheme should meet the following requirements. 1. A system should be in a cost-effective and environmentally sound manner. 2. Sludges must be chemically stabilized and bacteriologically safe. 3. Odor-free by product should be applied to crop land. 4. Sludges are sources of fertilizer nutrients and/or soil amendments to enhance crop production. 5. And they can be used as potential pH adjusting agent of the acidified soils. Overall effectiveness of the developed system is experimentally tested to satisfy the preset criteria and requirements. Major experiments are divided into four categories: they are 1. chemical stability test, 2. optimal condition test of stabilization process, 3. bacteriological examination and disinfection tests, and 4. deodorization tests The stabilization process is consisted of the stabilizing reaction process and the drying process. Stabilized wastes is dried by both sun dryer and rotary dryer. It is shown that an additive dosage of about g/kg solid in wastes with a minimum of 5-minutes reaction would be necessary for effective stabilization reaction. The stabilization process is consisted of the stabilizing reaction process and drying process. Stabilized wastes are dried by both sun dryer and rotary dryer. It is shown that an additive dosage of about 300g/kg solid in wastes with a minimum of 5-minutes reaction would be necessary for effective stabilization reaction. In the stabilization reaction process, the pH of wastes is lowered from initial values of 12.3 to 8.6. High pH prevents odor production and kills pathogenic organisms. Organic matter contents in the stabilized wastes are about 50% and the sum of contents of fertilizer elements such as total nitrogen, $P_2O_5$ and $K_2O$ are about 5.3%. The livestock wastes that are stabilized chemically and hygienically can be used as a good soil conditioner and/or organic fertilizer.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.81-90
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• 1988

Agricultural and municipal wastes arc serious nuisance. in Korea. Disposal of these wastes by land application, incineration or burial have created serious environmental problems such as air pollution and ground water contamination. Uncomposted waste materials are also potential sources of plant and soil pathogens. As available sites for waste burial become more difficult to find and air quality standards for incineration become stricter, composting as a method for treating solid wastes will become more attractive. This article discussed the recent topics on composting to further develop a rational strategy. The future of composting is developed based on the interacting factors of the price of energy and fertilizer, public policy, economic considerations, and biotechnology.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.439-446
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• 2009

This paper investigates the dehydration and RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel) production of organic wastes, livestock manure and sewerage sludge with pressurized hydrothermal treatment process. The renewable technology for the organic wastes must involve short treatment time required, reusable energy source, anti-odor and viruses, low cost for the treatment, and well-fertilization. The pressurized hydrothermal treatment process promotes to evaporate moisture in the waste after being shortly treated in a reactor, which uses steam and heat supplied by an external boiler. By the pressurized steam, the cell walls of the waste break and effectively release the internal moisture. Then, the dried waste can be mixed with waste vinyls to produce RDF with a higher heating value as high as 6,700 kcal/kg.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.175-181
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• 2014

Microbial fuel cells (MFC) were operated with livestock wastes and PEMFC (Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells) MEA (Membrane and Electrode Assembly). OCV of MFC with mixtures of microbial was higher than that of MFC with single microbial. MFC using pig wastes showed highest OCV (540 mV) among cow waste, chicken waste and duck waste. And the power density of MFC using pig waste was $963mW/m^2$. Contamination of MEA with $Na^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $K^+$ ion and impurities was the one cause for low performance of MFC during operation.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.253-260
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• 2005

This study was conducted to utilize the wastes produced from thinning the forest as a roughage source for ruminants. Four ruminally cannulated Korean steers were used to investigate the ruminal fermentation characteristics and blood concentrations of stress-related hormones. Treatments were composed of the rice straw only (Control) and the 30% pine silage plus 70% rice straw(Pine silage) as roughages. The experiment was conducted with four replicates by a double tum over design. For sampling of blood under high temperature steers were accommodated in respiratory chamber. Concentrations of ruminal pH, volatile fatty acids and ammonia were not affected by substitution of pine silage. Mean concentration of blood thyroxine was significantly(P < 0.01) lower in the pine silage than the control. However, blood cortisol concentration was not affected by substitution of pine silage, even though it was significantly(P < 0.05) decreased after exposure for 6 hrs in high temperature. It was concluded that the pine silage using the wastes produced from thinning the forest could be use as a substitute roughage for reduction of heat stress in ruminant.