• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.283-294
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• 2004

Air quality in the livestock waste compost pilot plant at the Colligate Livestock Station was assessed to quantity the emissions of aerial contaminants and evaluate the degree of correlation between them for different operation strategies; with the ventilation types and agitation of compost pile, in this study. The parameters analyzed to reflect the level of air quality in the livestock waste compost pilot plant were the gaseous contaminants; ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and odor concentration, the particulate contaminants; inhalable dust and respirable dust, and the biological contaminants; total airborne bacteria and fungi. The mean concentrations of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and odor concentration in the compost pilot plant without agitation were 2.45ppm, 19.96ppb, and 15.8 when it was naturally ventilated, and 7.61ppm, 31.36ppb, and 30.2 when mechanically ventilated. Those with agitation were 5.50ppm, 14.69ppb, and 46.4 when naturally ventilated, and 30.12ppm, 39.91ppb, and 205.5 when mechanically ventilated. The mean concentrations of inhalable and respirable dust in the compost pilot plant without agitation were 368.6${\mu}g$/$m^3$ and 96.0${\mu}g$/$m^3$ with natural ventilation, and 283.9${\mu}g$/$m^3$ and 119.5${\mu}g$/$m^3$ with mechanical ventilation. They were also observed with agitation to 208.7${\mu}g$/$m^3$ and 139.8${\mu}g$/$m^3$ with natural ventilation, and 209.2${\mu}g$/$m^3$ and 131.7${\mu}g$/$m^3$ with mechanical ventilation. Averaged concentrations of total airborne bacteria and fungi in the compost pilot plant without agitation were observed to 28,673cfu/$m^3$ and 22,507cfu/$m^3$ with natural ventilation, and 7,462cfu/$m^3$ and 3,228cfu/$m^3$ with mechanical ventilation. They were also observed with agitation to 19,592cfu/$m^3$ and 26,376cfu/$m^3$ with the natural ventilation, and 18,645cfu/$m^3$ and 24,581cfu/$m^3$ with the mechanical ventilation. It showed that the emission rates of gaseous pollutants, such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and odor concentration, in the compost pilot plant operated with the mechanical ventilation and with the agitation of compost pile were higher than those with the natural ventilation and without the agitation. While the concentrations of inhalable dust and total airborne bacteria in the compost pilot plant with the natural ventilation and with the agitation, the concentrations of respirable dust and total airborne fungi in the compost pilot plant with the mechanical ventilation and agitation were higher than those with the natural ventilation and without the agitation of compost pile. It was statistically proved that indoor temperature and relative humidity affected the release of particulates and biological pollutants, and ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were believed primary malodorous compounds emitted from the compost pilot plant.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.1593-1598
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• 2003

Nutritional evaluation of some agro-industrial byproducts available in Samoa [dry brewers' grains (DBG), cocoa shell (CS), cocoa dust (CD) and desiccated coconut waste meal (DCWM)] available in Samoa was carried out using both the in vivo and in vitro techniques. In the in vivo study 24 Anglo-nubian goats were offered by-products with other feed ingredients to compound four different diets. The goats were randomly allocated to 4 diets on the basis of liveweight (18.7-0.3kg). The ADF content of the byproducts followed a similar trend to NDF. The byproducts have a high content of organic matter (91.0-95.4%). Gross energy (GE) content was higher in DCWM (25.1 MJ/kg DM), closely followed by CD (23.2 MJ/kg DM). Concentrate intake was significantly different (p<0.05) among the goats. Average daily live weight gains were 105, 92, 88 and 97 g/goat/day for DBG, CS, CD and DCWM, respectively. Daily live weight gains were higher (p<0.05) in the goats that received DBG, while the least gain was obtained in the goats that received CS byproduct diet. DM digestibility was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the goats on DBG diet than in the other goats. The least DM digestibility was obtained in the goats that received CD diet (p>0.05). CP digestibility followed a similar pattern to DM digestibility. The digestibility of NDF and ADF was influenced by the nature of the diets. The digestibility of OM and GE were best (p<0.05) in the goats that received DBG, DCWM and CS byproduct diets than in CD. Significant differences (p<0.05) among the byproducts were recorded for net gas production. Potential gas production (a+b) ranged from 7.064 to 42.17 ml. Organic matter digested (OMD) from gas production value at 24 h was higher in DBG (47.6 g/kg DM) and this was followed by DCWM (42.5 g/kg DM). The least OMD was obtained in CD (17.9 g/kg DM). A significant difference (p<0.05) in DM disappearance after 4, 8, 16, 24, 48 and 72 h was recorded. The potential and effective degradability varied significantly (p<0.05) from 85.95-99.6 g/kg DM and from 39.9-65.8%, respectively. The digestibility of the byproducts in both the in vivo and in in vitro techniques demonstrated that they are potential source of feed ingredients for ruminant livestock in Samoa and possibly in the other small Pacific Island countries. On the basis of their potential degradability the byproducts could be ranked in the following order:DCWM>DBG>CD>CS. In conclusion, the results obtained suggest that all the byproducts can contribute to ruminant livestock diets without adverse effects on feed intake, growth rate and apparent nutrient digestibility coefficients.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.90-95
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• 2010

The application of livestock manure to cropland is a practice that has been used for centuries. Agricultural crops can utilize nutrients from manure, and the producer can utilize land for disposal, although in a "sustainable system" the concept is manure utilization and not waste disposal. However, meeting regulatory criteria regarding microbial quality remains an expensive and time consuming process. The purpose of this study was to quantify the level of environmental impact of soil moisture and temperature on fecal coliform (Escherichia coli or E. coli) survival in upland soils for sound application of livestock manure. Samples were collected up to 30 days depending on the given conditions. The inactivation rate of E. coli increased linearly with increased temperature while the inactivation rate gradually decreased with decreased soil moisture level. The overall findings of this study showed that the temperature was the limited factor on E. coli survival in soils over soil moisture content. This study will provide useful and practical guidelines to applicators of soil in deciding appropriate handling and time frames for land application for sustainable agriculture.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.87-94
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• 2019

Huge amount of persimmon peels, which are byproducts usually arising after making dried persimmons from fresh persimmons, are generated in fall, every year. As the dry matter of persimmon peel contains carbohydrates over 80%, it could be a good candidate for feed. In this study, we evaluated the persimmon peel as a feed resource for a hen laying eggs. Persimmon peel has lower ratio of crude protein and fat composition while higher ratio of crude fiber composition compared to a basal laying hen feed. Feeding the persimmon peel by adding to the feed at the level of 2% or 5% did not affect the egg-laying rate from beginning to the peak of laying. In addition, feeding the persimmon peel did not affect the egg quality either, as the pH, Haugh unit, yolk color and shell thickness of the egg were not different from each other. The composition of amino acids and fatty acids were also almost same for each other, except for the linolenic acid which was slightly higher in the persimmon peel feeding groups. In conclusion, addition of persimmon peel to the feed up to 5% might be helpful to increase the income and reduce the waste produced from the agricultural byproduct.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 1998

This study was carried out to estimate the economic impacts on operation cost and curtail the bulking agent between two kinds of plants in swine farms. Bulking agents and Plants have a variety of roles in the fields of the composting for livestock manure and also represent an economic problem in terms of plant operation costs and compost production. Two farms which have rotary(size of reactor : 10${\times}$35${\times}$1.5m) or bucket(size of reactor : 10${\times}$68${\times}$2m) plants were used for 24 weeks for bucket conveyor system, which are composed of refilling rice hull as a bulking agent every 3 weeks till decreasing volume, for 4 weeks for rotary conveyor system, which has continuous compost production system without refilling rice hull, respectively. Composts was produced in 24 weeks in the bucket conveyor system, in 4 weeks in the rotary conveyor system, respectively. The results are as follows : 1. The tissue change of Rice hull at the composts of 45 days pursuant to composting steps was more crumbling in bucket conveyor system than in rotary conveyor system. 2. Microbial counts of the final composts for safety and quality showed that total bacteria counts was 1.01${\times}$108 cfu/g in bucket conveyor system, 2.82${\times}$108 cfu/g in rotary conveyor system, Salmonella was 0.3${\times}$102 cfu/g in bucket conveyor system, 7.6${\times}$102 cfu/g in rotary conveyor system, colifom bacteria was 0.5${\times}$106 cfu/g in bucket conveyor system, 1.5${\times}$106cfu/g in rotary conveyor system, fungi 1.24${\times}$106 cfu/g in bucket conveyor system, 0.01${\times}$106 cfu/g in rotary conveyor system, respectively. However, Any system used in this trial could not be met the regulation of A grade compost of EPA and USA. 3. C:N ratio according to the composting was more rapidly changed in bucket conveyor system with 64.5 of 5 days compost to 25.4 of final products than in rotary conveyor system with 26.7 of 5 days compost to 25.9 of final products. 4. Based on the mechanical characteristics of plants used in trial and compared with Rotary conveyor system, the Bucket conveyor system in which has 0.72 ㎥/㎥ of bulking agent capacity per slurry could be curtailed 1.78 ㎥of rice hull for disposal of waste, 1㎥. It was proper facilities to produce composts quantitative in Rotary conveyor system, and to treat waste quantitative and obtain good results in compost quality in Bucket conveyor system.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.44-52
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• 2012

As an alternative strategy in the era of high level petroleum cost, the study focused to suggest the way on the revitalization of renewable energy through the impact on introduction effect of renewable energy in green village. Total feasible solar energy production is 6.73 GWh/yr along with the biomass energy producing electric power energy is 134.06 GWh/yr, the two category's total electric power energy is 233.19 GWh/yr, which is possible to achieve the selfsufficiency of energy by 33% for total energy consumption of 705.80 GWh/yr in the region. The calculated feasibility on the carbon dioxide reduction, carbon dioxide reduction level is 1,891 ton_$CO_2$ by agricultural byproducts, 43,635 ton_$CO_2$ by livestock waste, 395 ton_$CO_2$ by municipal waste, 50,324 ton_$CO_2$ by forest byproducts, the total biomass shows 96,245 ton_$CO_2$, while the carbon dioxide reduction of solar light energy is 2,251 ton_$CO_2$, 1,383.3 ton_$CO_2$ by solar heat energy, the total solar energy shows 3,634 ton_$CO_2$. So total carbon dioxide reduction effect shows 99,879 ton_$CO_2$.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.31-43
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• 1982

Engineering phase of dairy housing systems has close connection with the milk produc- tivity of dairy cattle, the quality of milk, extension of dairy production systems, labor- saving in management of dairy cattle and the like. Moreover, the rate of investment of dairy housing facilities is of relatively high level, However, there has been almost no research effort for the improvement of engineering aspects of dairy housing systems in Korea. The purpose of this study is to find out general engineering problems and to recomm- end the improvement in dairy housing systems in Korea. Field survey by means of questionaire, direct measurements, taking pictures and sketching was conducted to get necessary information for the study. Kyung-ki Do region was firstly chosen for sampling area since it has included more than half of the number of dairy farms of the whole country. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. In overall dairy farm layout, the dwellings of workers were ignored in the light of sanitary environment 2. The layout of stalls in a dairy barn belongs mostly to the type of double-row face-out, which is compatible with the emphasis of manure disposal activities. 3. While the width and length of stalls were sufficiently close to the standard dimension, the width of mangers was much less than the standard dimension. 4. The width and depth of manure gutters and the width of working alleys were much. less than the standard dimension. 5. The mooring equipment was mostly in the classes of chain or rope. The watering equipment was not facilitated independantly except the one cese of using watercup. 6. The bucket milkers with one or two bucket milkers with the capacity of two cattles. each were used as milking equipment in most dairy farms. 7. There were only few milk rooms independently spaced from other space, in which the arrangement of milking equipment was much less than the standard condition. 8. The lounging ground area was averaged to be sufficient for the activity of dairy herd. 9. Silos for silage used during winter consisted of mostly bunker silos, trench silos and underground vertical silos. Ordinary vertical silos were considered for the farmers to be inconvenient for the labor saving. 10. From the view point of heat conservation and moisture removal within the dairy barns, windows were not flexible for the easy ventilation and ceiling part was not adequate for temperatur maintenance. 11. Waste treatment and disposal systems were not provided with most dairy farms, therefore the livestock waste pollution problems would be serious in the near future.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 2009

To recognize the species composition and community of chironomid midge in agroecosystem and evaluate removal capacity of organic matter using the dominant species among them. Chironomid midge and invertebrate cohabitants were quantitatively collected at 78 representative stations of five habitat types (in arable land during 2004$\sim$2006) A, paddy fields of the large scale arable land; B, paddy fields of the environmental friendly arable land; C, influent of domestic waste water; D, influent of waste water by livestock; E, the irrigation ditch of paddy area. The total sixteen species of chironomid midges at arable land were presented. And also chironomid midges were recognized by five habitat types: eleven species in D, eight in A, seven in E, six in B, and two in C. We confirmed dominant species in each habitat types as followings: Chironomus nipponensis in A, C, and D; Cricotopus sylvestris in E; Tanytarsus seosanensis in B. Water quality and community index were high in E, but low in A, B, C, and D. Comparing with non-treatment, removal activities of organic matter in bottom by C. nipponensis were increased 18% in 90 individuals treatment.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.726-733
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• 2018

The rice's waste byproduct is known as a rice bran and produced annually about 400,000 to 600,000 tons. Most of the rice bran are used as a livestock feed or waste disposal, and needed to be used to produce high-added substances, such as bioactive materials. In this study, extraction conditions of the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of the rice bran were optimized using a statistically-based optimization. The influence of extraction variables including the extraction time ($X_1$), extraction temperature ($X_2$) and ethanol concentration ($X_3$) were investigated using the response surface methodology in order to determine optimum extraction conditions which maximize total phenolic compounds (TPC), total flavonoid compounds (TFC) and electron donating abilities (EDA). The optimal UAE from rice bran was achieved under the extraction temperature of $94.9^{\circ}C$, extraction time of 41.6 minute and ethanol concentration of 74.0% (v/v) with maximum yields of TPC 2.78 mg GAE/g DM, TFC 1.63 mg QE/g DM and EDA 42.86%. The UAE process shows its potential to the extraction of bioactive and antioxidant compounds from rice bran in a short extraction time and low temperature. Also, it is proposed that rice bran could be considered as food additives and cosmeceutical products.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.273-288
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• 2021

We analyzed the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of water quality and phytoplankton communities in the Isa Stream systems (ISS) from Sangsa Lake to Suncheon Bay. Sangsa Lake showed relatively oligotrophic and mesotrophic conditions, but the freshwater and mixed brackish water zones showed more severe eutrophication than Sangsa Lake and Suncheon Bay due to the influence of industrial waste such as livestock waste. In terms of the phytoplankton community, the number of phytoplankton species was higher in freshwater and mixed brackish water zones than in Sangsa Lake and Suncheon Bay, but the cell density and Chlorophyll-a concentrations (Chl-a) were relatively high in Sanga Lake and Suncheon Bay. In particular, the mesotrophic species Fragilaria crotonensis and Asterionella formosa showed different dominance in the surface and bottom layers, and the influence of A. formosa was significant in the freshwater and mixed brackish water zones in spring and summer. However, Skeletonema costatum-ls, a eutrophic indicator species, dominated in mixed brackish water zones to seawater in autumn and winter. Thus, the severe eutrophication and rapid environmental changes in the ISS could seriously damage the coastal ecosystem in Suncheon Bay. These ecosystem changes are threatening in terms of conservation and management of the UNESCO Suncheon Biosphere Reserve and Yeoja Bay including Suncheon Bay, which recorded the first Ramsar wetland in Korea. Therefore, further research is needed to establish an in-depth management plan.