• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.57-71
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• 2009

Crop-livestock mixed farming systems depend on the efficiency with which nutrients are conserved and recycled. Home-grown forage is used as animal feed and animal excretions are applied to cultivated crop lands as manure. The objective of this study was to develop a mixed farming system model for dairy cattle in Japan. The model consisted of four sub-models: the nutrient requirement model, based on the Japanese Feeding Standards to determine requirements for energy, crude protein, dry matter intake, calcium, phosphorus and vitamin A; the optimum diet formulation model for determining the optimum diets that satisfy nutrient requirements at lowest cost, using linear programming; the herd dynamic model to calculate the numbers of cows in each reproductive cycle; and the whole farm optimization model to evaluate whole farm management from economic and environmental viewpoints and to optimize strategies for the target farm or system. To examine the model' validity, its predictions were compared against best practices for dairy farm management. Sensitivity analyses indicated that higher yielding cows lead to better economic results but higher emvironmental load in dairy cattle systems integrated with forage crop production.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers Conference
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.536-542
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of stream quality by the farmer＇s livestock wastes management in a typical small agricultural watershed. AGNPS model has the capability to adjust the level of pollutant load from farmstead and the fertilization level of upland field. A small agricultural watershed(4.12 $\textrm{km}^2$) which has as livestock farmhouses located in Gosan-myun, Ansung-gun was selected. AGNPS data were prepared by using Arc/info and Idrisi. 4 storm events in 1999 was used for runoff calibration, and 2 storm event which is measured in hourly-base at 4 locations along the stream were used for water quality(TN, TP) calibration. Model＇s behavior to stream quality for 3 cases was investigated. First, the variation of pollution produced from the cattle shed affected little to the stream quality because the cattle sheds were roofed. Second, the good management of ground in farmstead affected to stream quality with 11% and 17% decrease in TN and TP, respectively. Third, the reduction of fertilization level to upland field affected to stream quality with 27.2% and 38.5% decrease in TN and TP, respectively.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.75-86
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• 2002

This study was performed to investigate situation of livestock manure generated from Kangwon-do and to evaluate its composting probability. The scale of livesrock-farming is bigger and bigger in Korea. Regulation based on the heads of livestock is slightly different from that based on livestock-farming household. So it is needed ro evaluate regulations for livestock head and livestock-farming household. Composting and liquid fertilization were thought to be appropriate technologies to the trearment of Korean cattle and pig manures, respectively. Generation quantity of pig manure was the greatest among pig, Korean cattle, cow and chicken manures. Pig manure generated the greatest amounts of BOD in Kangwon-do. Pig manure contained nitrogen, Korean cattle manure contained $K_2O$, and chicken and pig manures contained $P_2O_5$ in great amount. Alternative ratio of livestock manure to crops-fertilizer was 51% for nitrogen, 38% for $K_2O$, and 34% for $P_2O_5$.

• Smart Media Journal
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• v.12 no.10
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• pp.55-62
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• 2023

Innovation and change are occurring rapidly in the agriculture and livestock industry, and new technologies such as smart bams are being introduced, and data that can be used to control equipment is being collected by utilizing various sensors. However, there are various challenges in the operation of bams, and virtual sensor technology is needed to solve these challenges. In this paper, we define various data items and sensor data types used in livestock farms, study cases that utilize virtual sensors in other fields, and implement and design a virtual sensor system for the final smart livestock farm. MBE and EVRMSE were used to evaluate the finalized system and analyze performance indicators. As a result of collecting and managing data using virtual sensors, there was no obvious difference in data values from physical sensors, showing satisfactory results. By utilizing the virtual sensor system in smart livestock farms, innovation and efficiency improvement can be expected in various areas such as livestock operation and livestock health status monitoring. This paper proposes an innovative method of data collection and management by utilizing virtual sensor technology in the field of smart livestock, and has obtained important results in verifying its performance. As a future research task, we would like to explore the connection of digital livestock using virtual sensors.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.199-208
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• 2002

This paper introduces the method to make management network about milking cow farm tasks. The object of this research was to design of biological measuring system and managing network system in a livestock farm. This auto-management system provides informations about individual cows' temperature, conductivity of milk and weight for efficient management of feeding, and milking works by a micro-processor and RS -485 type serial COM. ports. And measured bio-data which are basic informations for remote raising management are saved to user PC by serial communication between the PLC and user PC. Milking cow farm is divided into three working place to each measurement work and feed. The first working place is milking station which has two thermometers, a conduct meter and a scale set. The second working place is feeding station, and the third place is cattle cage. These are combined by network system and the PLC which is used to drive network and sub-modules. Sub-modules have a micro-process to control the sensor and to interface with network. The PLC which drive network and control sequence has two serial communication port to be linked with user PC for sending the measured data and for receiving data. Above all, in this study tells the sequence operating method by the driving scenario of breeding milk cow for livestock auto-management using the PLC and network system.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.31-40
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• 2019

In Korea, 51,013 thousand tons of livestock manure was generated in 2018. A total of 46,530 thousand tons, which is 91.2% of the total amount of livestock manure generated, was treated by composting(40,647 thousand tons) or liquid fertilization(5,884 thousand tons) method. At present, the policy of livestock manure treatment in Korea is to make livestock manure into organic fertilizer(compost, liquid fertilizer) and then to applicate it on agricultural land. And this policy is very effective in terms of livestock manure treatment and nutrient recycling. However, considering the steadily declining farmland area for decades, the use of livestock manure compost could be limited in the future. There is also concern that local nutrient overloading, nutrient management regulation, and restrictions on the number of livestock may become serious problem for livestock manure treatment. In addition, there are some opinions that nutrient derived from livestock manure may flow into tributaries of major dams. In recent years, there has been a suspicion that fine dust may be generated from livestock manure compost. In recent years, the use of livestock manure fertilizer has been rapidly increasing, there is a growing demand of the development of new technologies for livestock manure treatment. Especially, cow excretes a larger amount of manure than other livestock, so that the efficiency of development of new technology for cow manure treatment will be high. Therefore, in this study, the combustion characteristics of cow manure pellet were investigated in order to analyzed whether cow manure could be used as source of solid fuel. During the combustion test, the weight loss of the cow manure pellet began to increase when the temperature of the combustion chamber reached $300^{\circ}C$. The ratio of $H_2$, $CH_4$, CO in the pyrolysis gas produced in the pyrolysis process of cow manure pellet were 6.65~11.62%, 0.58~1.54 and 11.47~14.07%, respectively.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.105-112
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• 2006

This experiment was carried out to investigate the distribution, function of dry matter and competition in the grassland composed with mainly perennial ryegrass. Co-functions between grasses and weeds were evaluated by calculating methods; expected yield (P), agressivity, relative yield total (RYT), compensation index (CI) and morphological index (MI). Each values obtained were influenced by seeding method, grassland management and seasonal changes of co-functional index were identical. Expected yields of spring were lower than those of fall and improved by additional seeding to grassland in early spring time. In the relative yield total (RYT), all were under 1.0 which ranged from 0.17 to 0.41. Compensation index (CI) ranged from -0.3 to -0.6 and all values showed 'under compensation(+, --)' This means that the conditions of 'under compensation' could be improved through weed control by management of grassland in perennial ryegrass grassland. The results indicated that productivity of grassland mainly composed with perennial ryegrass is negatively affected by weeds like shepherd's purse, crabgrass and barnyard grass. As major weeds, shepherd's purse in spring, crabgrass in summer and barnyard grass in summer and fall were negatively functioned to productivity in the grassland composed with mainly perennial ryegrass.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.43-52
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• 2018

Livestock production is the second largest economic activity of Pakistan's rural population, more specifically; sixty-seven percent of Pakistan's total population that live in rural areas sources their income from livestock activities. As this subsector of agriculture within rural Pakistan is so critical to Pakistan's economy it is especially important to further develop the sector through the introduction of cost effective, efficient, and practical technologies. In an effort to improve such an important sector within the agriculture sector in Pakistan research has been carried out to better understand the capabilities and feasibility of leveraging Internet of Things based technologies, such as, microprocessors and microcontrollers within Pakistan's livestock production and management. The internet of Things can potentially allow for the scaling of small-scale rural livestock production to larger operations through cost effective and efficient livestock management through the application of IoT technologies. This paper discusses the architecture models of IoT based smart animal farms and delves into the pitfalls and advantages of applying IoT technologies in this sector. In this work we will explore the cheap sensors to monitor the internal activities of cattle farm with the aim of using these sensors as part of system to detect the important operations that need on the time response. This system should provide the feed and water as required, and control the temperature in sheds to protect the cattle being ill and on heat, and humidity level .internet connection used to connect these devices with smartphones or computers. In this paper we proposed the architecture model of IoT based smart animal farm.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.647-651
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• 2013

Animal manure compost is a commonly used fertilizer in organic vegetable and fruit production in Korea. However, livestock manure compost produced from animal feces can contain a lot of the non-pathogenic and pathogenic bacteria. Of particular concern are bacteria causing human food-borne illness such as Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes. The objective of this study was to investigate effect of temperature on survival of E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes in livestock manure compost. Commercial livestock manure compost (manure 60%, sawdust 40%) was inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes. Compost was incubated at four different temperatures (10, 25, 35, and $55^{\circ}C$) for 20 weeks. Samples were taken every week during incubation depending on the given conditions. E. coli O157:H7 persisted for up to 1 day in livestock manure compost at $55^{\circ}C$, over 140 days at $10^{\circ}C$, 140 days at $25^{\circ}C$, and 120 days at $35^{\circ}C$, respectively. L. monocytogenes persisted for up to 1 day in livestock manure compost at $55^{\circ}C$ and 140 days at $10^{\circ}C$, 70 days at $25^{\circ}C$, and 40 days at $35^{\circ}C$, respectively. The results indicated that E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes persisted longer under low temperature condition. E. coli O157:H7 survived longer than L. monocytogenes at three different temperatures (10, 25, and $35^{\circ}C$). The results are being used to develop guidelines on the management of manure to reduce the risks of E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes transmission to foods produced in the presence of animal waste.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.39-44
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• 2006

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of management practices on the qualify of round baled grass silage at experimental field of grassland and Forage Crops division, National Livestock Research Institute, RDA, Suwon from 1997 to 1998. The experiment was consisted of three different wilting days : 0 (unwitted), 0.5 and 1 day with three replications. Crude fiber content was increased with prolonged wilting period, but other components did not show any trends. There was no significant differences in acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content between wilting periods, but there was significant difference in IVDMD (in vitro dry matter digestibility) between one-day wilted and unwitted silage. Dry matter (DM) content changed from 23.7% to 40.5% in relation to prolonged wilting period. Wilting treatment caused a decrease in each organic acid content of round baled grass silage and an increase in the silage quality. Wilting also could reduce the DM loss. This study demonstrated that one-day wilting would be a recommendable method for making high quality round baled grass silage.