• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.461-467
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• 2013

Nesfatin-1/NUCB2, which is associated with the control of appetite and energy metabolism, was reported for the first time to be expressed in the hypothalamus. However, recent studies have shown that nesfatin-1/NUCB2 was expressed not only in the hypothalamus, but also in various tissues including digestive and reproductive organs. We also demonstrated that nesfatin-1/NUCB2 was expressed in the reproductive organs, pituitary gland, heart, lung, and gastrointestinal tract of the adult mouse. However, little is known about nesfatin-1/NUCB2 expression in fetal and neonatal mice. Therefore, we examined here the distribution of nesfatin-1/NUCB2 in various organs of fetal and neonatal mice and compared them with the distribution in adult mice. As a result of immunohistochemical staining, nesfatin-1/NUCB2 protein was expressed relatively higher in the lung, kidney, heart, and liver compared to other organs in the fetus. Western blot results also showed that nesfatin-1/NUCB2 protein was detected in the lung, kidney, heart, and stomach. Next, we compared the expression levels of nesfatin-1/NUCB2 mRNA in the fetus and neonate with the expression levels in both male and female adult mice. The expression levels in heart, lung, stomach, and kidney were higher compared with other organs in fetal and neonatal mice and in both male and female adult mice. Interestingly, the expression of nesfatin-1/NUCB2 mRNA in the kidney was dramatically increased in male and female adult mice compared to fetal and neonatal mice. These results indicate that nesfatin-1/NUCB2 may regulate the development and physiological function of mouse organs. In the future, we need more study on the function of nesfatin-1/NUCB2, which is highly expressed in the heart, lung, and kidney during mouse development.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.301-309
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• 2014

Nesfatin-1, an anorexic nucleobindin-2 (NUCB2)-derived hypothalamic peptide, controls appetite and energy metabolism. Recent studies show that nesfatin-1/NUCB2 is expressed not only in the brain but also in gastric and adipose tissues. Thus, we investigated the distributions of nesfatin-1/NUCB2 in various tissues of male and female mice by real-time PCR, western blotting, and immunohistochemical staining. Real-time PCR analyses showed that NUCB2 mRNA was predominantly expressed in the pituitary and at lower levels in the hypothalamus, spleen, thymus, heart, liver, and muscle of both male and female mice. Expression was much higher in reproductive organs, such as the testis, epididymis, ovary, and uterus, than in the hypothalamus. Western blot analysis of the nesfatin-1 protein level showed similar results to the real-time PCR analyses in both male and female mice. These results suggest that nesfatin-1/NUCB2 have widespread physiological effects in endocrine and non-endocrine organs. In addition, immunohistochemical staining revealed that nesfatin-1 was localized in interstitial cells, including Leydig cells and in the columnar epithelium of the epididymis. Nesfatin-1 was also expressed in theca cells and interstitial cells in the ovary and in epithelial cells of the endometrium and uterine glands in the uterus. These results suggest that nesfatin-1 is a novel potent regulator of steroidogenesis and gonadal function in male and female reproductive organs. Further studies are required to elucidate the functions of nesfatin-1 in various organs of male and female mice.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.210-216
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• 2011

Capsaicin is a pungent component of red pepper, which is widely consumed as food adjuncts. The present study was performed to investigate anti-obesity effects of capsaicin in diet-induced obese rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=14) were fed with a high-fat diet (Control) or high-fat diet containing 0.016% capsaicin (w/w) (Capsaicin) for 8 weeks. The final body weight and the mass of white adipose tissue were significantly lower in capsaicin supplemented group compared to control. Dietary capsaicin ameliorated lipid profiles with decrease in the plasma concentrations of triglycerides and total cholesterol, and decrease in the levels of total lipids and triglycerides in the liver. Activity of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH), an indicator of triglyceride biosynthesis in white adipose tissue, decreased by 35% in the group supplemented with capsaicin. However, consumption of capsaicin increased the expression of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) in white adipose tissue, which is related to energy consumption. Our data suggests that capsaicin may reduce body weight and fat accumulation in high fat diet-induced obese rats. These effects may be mediated, at least partially, by the upregulation of UCP2 gene expression and its ability to inhibit GPDH activity.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제64권2호
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• pp.10.1-10.9
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• 2024

Hyperthyroidism, characterized by elevated thyroid hormone levels and thyroid gland hyperplasia or adenoma, is a prevalent endocrinopathy in older cats. Treatment options include antithyroid drugs, surgical thyroidectomy, and radioiodine therapy (RAIT), which is non-invasive treatment option that can achieve complete remission. However, efficacy and safety of RAIT in hyperthyroid cats have not been investigated in South Korea. This study includes 10 hyperthyroid cats with RAIT. Initial assessments comprised history, physical examination, blood analysis, and serum total T4 (tT4) concentration. Thyroid scintigraphy revealed hyperactivity and enlargement of thyroid gland at 24 hours before the RAIT. Radioiodine (RAI) was injected subcutaneously with 2 to 6 mCi, determined by the fixed dose or the scoring system based on severity of clinical signs, tT4 concentration, and thyroid size individually. After RAIT, the concentration of serum tT4 and liver enzymes were significantly decreased at discharge. However, no significant differences were noted in blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, symmetric dimethylarginine, hematocrits, and white blood cell counts pre- and post-treatment. Although 4 cats received RAI twice, clinical signs disappeared and tT4 levels decreased following the RAIT. All 10 cats achieved complete remission after 6 months without critical adverse effect. The safety and the effectiveness of RAIT was confirmed based on protocols reported other countries. Therefore, RAIT could be considered the treatment option and prevent adverse effects from medication or surgery. This preliminary study presents the first evaluation of RAIT for hyperthyroid cats using locally produced RAI in South Korea and provide valuable insight for clinicians and further studies.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.56-71
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• 1999

1. In the recohnition of cosmos true form, It is compared to the Boundless(無極) the Great Absolute(太極),Yin and Yang(兩儀) throungh the fertilazation process of spermatozoon and ovum. 2. It is explained that principle of unchange through the Form and Action(體 用) relation of the outer appearances and Number (象數) with matching the number of nine and ten to HaDoo(河圖) and RakSye(洛書). 3. Eigth divinations(八卦) being compared to the human body, Care presevation of pregnancy(養胎) is explained that head forms firstly(Gun-I 1乾一), secondly lung(Tae-E 兌二), heart(E-Sam 離三), liver(Jin-Sa 震四), gall bladder(Son-Oo 巽五), kidney(Gam-Yuk 坎六), intestines and stomach(Gan-Chill 艮七), lastly flesh forms(Gon-Pal 坤八). 4. It is explained that process of physiological change of $\ll$Nei Ching The Natural Truth in Ancient Times$\gg$(內經 上古天眞論) by matching boy at the age of 8 to Gan-divination(艮卦), and girl at the age of 7 to Tae-divination(兌卦). 5. The theory of six sons from Gun-Gon(乾坤六子論) is explained by relation of Apriority Eight-divination(先天八卦) obedience and disobedience-left and right. 6. It is explained that form of the human-body and the relationship of the Heart - the Kidney through the Gam(坎) Li(離) - divination 7. The effort of interpretating time and space of the Twelve Horary signs is explanined by season, direction, Five elements(五行), rise and decline, the Three Sum(三合), the Six Sum (六合), the six crash(六衡)'s relation. 8. the process of change from apriority(先天) to postery(後天) in the book of Changes(周易) is explanined by comparing to the phenomenum of nature and the human body. 9. The Energy Satus(氣位) are different from the direction of Eight-divination(八卦) and the properties of the good or bad of herb-drugs are differnt from the place of production. 10. The rightness of realizating the Overlapping-divinations(重卦) are compared to the phenomenum of nature through the Divination Virture(卦德). 11. The dependence-relations of The Twelve Meridians(十二經脈) are explained by-matching January with liver meridian, February with gall bladder meridian, march with heart pericardium meridiam, April with small intestine meridkan, August with lung spleen meridian, jury with stomach meridian, August with lung meridian, September with large intestine meridian, October with urinary bladder meridianm November with kidney meridian. December with triple energizer meridian throng The Twelve Byuk-divination. 12. The process of menstration cycle is explained by The Month symbolizing-divination(月候卦). 13. Through The Trade(交易) prove the reason of feverish sympotoms to use feverish Drug, mill sympotoms to use mill drug of prescription and Heart-Kidneys Consensus(心賢相交) and through The Change(變易), prove the chill and feverish consensus of forechill after feverish, fore feverish after chill and through. The Non-Change(不易) explain the reason of chill sympotoms to use feverish drug, feverish sympotoms to use chill drug of prscription. 14. Ho-divination(互卦) applicate Jxa Sa(佐使) herb drug match of Kun Sin Jwa Sa() theory. 15. According to the Hyo-position(爻位) match the ages, body form and drug by matching Ehight-divination(八卦) to the human body form and function in medicine and the book of Changes(周易) application emphasize the human body Ehight-divination(人身八卦). 16. Throgh the Order-divination(序卦) explain the rightness of Divination Image(卦象) arrangement and all things take shape by cosmo-energy conseusus(宇宙氣交). 17. Throgh the Mixing-divination(難卦) supply the vacancy of medicine and the book of Changes(周易) relationship in the foreword explian the human energy movements, sleep, vomitting, the energy arrival(逮氣), heart pericardium(心包), lung membrane(肺膜) etc.... Like the above sentence medicine and the book of Changes(周易) theory of scholar Tang on the viewpoint of easten-the way Western appliance(東道西器) researching abyss of medicine impart to descendants, so I think that the achievement of medicine and the book of Changes(周易) study is very excellant and I expect that the study Korean Oriental Medicine(韓醫學) theory by means of medicine the book of Changes(周易) reference, will be accelarated.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.269-303
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• 2000

The xin(心) has various meanings in ${\ll}$Huangdineijing(黃帝內經)${\gg}$ but they sometimes contradict each other. This thesis divided the xin into the meaning and the Zang-xiang(藏象), and then analyzed the xin's notion in detail. The concept of the xin in ${\ll}$Huangdineijing(黃帝內經)${\gg}$ is sorted out into : the notion of space, yin-yang five elements(陰陽五行) and shen(神) The xin is the upper part of body and it possesses the character of yang(陽). So the concept of the breast has originated from this character and it rightly belonged to the top. The xin is assigned to fire among five elements, 'chang(長)', which has the energy of moving forward, noon at a day when yang-qi(陽氣) is properous and shows 'gu(鉤)' & 'keo(矩)' in pulse condition. The xin possesses the character, 'Taiyang of the yang(陽中之太陽)' along with the notion of space combined with five elements. That is, the notion of upper space means 'of the yang(陽中)', and, fire in five elements means 'yang'. This is similar to '=(Taiyang)' of Sasang(四象) at ${\ll}$the Book of Changes(周易)${\gg}$ Since the xin puts shen(神) in order, actions of spirit have effect on the xin. And it depends whether the sense of vitality is broad or narrow. The xin related with broad sense of spirit is 'monarch of the organs(君主之官)'. Therefore it has control over the human body. As it also directly effects the life or death, Pericardium(心句) substitutes the xin and protects the external invasion. In Shi-er-won(十二原) and Bonsu(本輸), instead of the Xin Channel the Pericardium Channel was used in healing patients. The xin can be interpretable as the mind, because the xin includes spirit. The mind can be distinguished into 'desire' and 'state of profound reason'. In ${\ll}$Huangdineijing(黃帝內徑)${\gg}$, the disease of the xin caused by emotion was mentioned many times. This emotion is 'desire' which resorted to the sentiment. The reason one mind has both character is; man preserves given principle (reason) and emotion reveals via the reason exercised. The above is about the xin related with the broad sense of vitality. Concerning the narrow sense of vitality, one of the five vitalities is stored with the others away in the five solid organs. Then it takes part in the operation of five body constituents and it is linked with the personified description of five solid organs. The xin, spleen, stomach and kidney are 'the ground of life'. Spleen and stomach are the origin of making qi and blood, which 'means the ground after birth'. Kidney keeps the essence of life, and manages the growing and generative function of human body. The xin keeps 'Shin-myung(神明)', in other words, it has control over and supervise whole activity of body. Therefore xin's role is needed for the appropriate working of spleen, stomach and kidney. And 'Shin-myung' is its motive power. In ${\ll}$Huangdineijing(黃帝內經)${\gg}$, the reason why xin was assigned to September and October is that yang-qi of the human body goes to the inner part, with xin at the same time. This explains that yang-qi of the human body is adapted to change of season and goes into xin-fire(心火) in order to get away from the cold. In this case, heart means more inner part than liver, spleen and lung. Mengzi(孟子), philosopher of the China's turbulent ages emphasized the thinking function of xin. Sunzi(荀子) asserted that xin is 'heaven monarch(天君)' and the other organs are 'heaven rninisters(天官)'. This conception is similar to 'monarch of the organs' of ${\ll}$Huangdineijing(黃帝內經)${\gg}$. After the Ming Dynasty, commentators of Huangdineijing(黃帝內經) explained the heart, as 'monarch of the organs', or 'the master of body(一身之主)'. This was due to the influence of Sung Confucianism.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.301-309
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• 2009

본 연구는 육계에서 사료의 제한 급이 조건과 생체 내 지방 합성 및 근육 발달 관련 유전자들의 발현 양상을 비교 분석하기 위해여 실시하였다. 본 시험은 육계 Ross 종을 3처리 5반복 반복당 4수씩 완전 임의 배치하였으며, 7일령에 에너지제한 15%(ER85)와 30%(ER70)으로 하여 1주일간 제한 사양을 실시하였다. 제한 급이 이후 시험 종료까지(35일령)는 자유 급이를 실시하였다. 대조구는 전 사양 기간 동안 자유급이를 실시하였다. 에너지를 8일령부터 1주일간 제한 급이한 결과 대조구에 비하여 11.0%(ER85)와 30.8%(ER70) 각각 체성장이 낮게 나타났다. 제한 사양 후 3주간의 자유 급이 결과 ER85는 대조구와 같이 체성장을 이루어 보상 성장이 유도되었으나, ER70의 경우 대조구의 체성장보다 약 7.3% 낮게 나타나 보상 성장이 충분히 이루어지지 않았다. 제한 사양 후 콜레스테롤의 함량은 대조구에 비하여 40.6%(ER85)와 38.1%(ER70) 감소하였으나(P<0.05), 처리구간에는 유의적 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 중성지방 또한 대조구와 비교하여 64.5%(ER85), 49.5%(ER70) 각각감소하였다. 혈중포도당은 지방 성분들과 같은 경향으로 대조구에 비하여 34.5%(ER85), 27.7%(ER70) 각각 낮은 수준을 보였다. 보상 성장의 결과 혈중 콜레스테롤의 함량은 제한 사양 직후 대조구보다 낮은 수준에서 대조구와 같은 수준을 보였다. 혈중 중성지방은 대조구와 비교하여 처리구에서 102.3%(ER85)와 72.1%(ER70)의 높은 함량을 보여주어 제한 사양 직후와 상반된 결과를 보여 주었다. 혈중 포도당의 경우 ER70 처리구에서 비교적 높은 혈중 함량을 보였으며, 대조구와 ER85 그리고 처리구 간에는 유의적 차이를 보이지 않았다. 제한 사양 직후 FAS와 SREBP와 PPARr의 발현 양상은 ER70구에서 이들 유전자들의 발현이 감소하였을 뿐 대조구와 ER85구에서는 서로간의 차이를 볼 수 없었다. 제한 사양 후 14일령에 근육관련 유전자의 발현 양상은 대조구에 비해 모든 처리구에서 발현율이 낮게 나타났다. 보상 성장 후 ER85 처리군에서 Myogenin은 대조구와 ER70에 비하여 높은 발현을 보였다. 이상의 결과로부터 육계에서 보상 성장 및 근육 발달 관련 유전자들의 발현 양상을 고려할 때, 에너지 제한 15%(ER85) 수준이 적절한 제한 급이 방법으로 사료된다.

• 혜화의학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.745-761
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• 2000

Literatural study for Delirious speech and Fading murmuring, the results were as follows. 1. Delirious speech and Fading murmuring are given at the speech impediment. Derious speech to be out of language's order and slur the end of his words, and Fading murmuring is to repeat in losing conscious. 2. In constrast with Delirious speech and Fading murmuring, Maniac speech is induced by a general term for manic-depressive psychosis. Luoyan is to say in a feeble voice and mumble in a sleeping condition, and Paraphasia and Solioquy are appeared in a clear mental condition. The speech impediment is caused by damages of the nervous system and speech organ, and Yuyancuoluan is appeared in a feverless condition. 3. The symptoms of Delirious speech are to utter ravings and have a loud and heavy voice, and these resemble the delirium which specially has a speech impediment and muddle in the western medical world. The symptoms of Fading murmuring are to speak ambigously, repeatedly, and illogically and so are similar to the Wernicke dysphasia which is caused by a incomprehensible conversation. 4. The causes of Delirious speech are to spread a stomach heat and the lungs pathogenic qi into heart, not to sweat in cold damage, the Three Yang Combination of syndrome, stomach repletion, yang collapse due to excessive sweat, diarrhea, after diarrhea, heat to enter the blood chamer, feces to remain in the stomach, stasis blood to enter the viscera, to carry anger to extremity, and to be constipated. the cause of Fading murmuring is to despair vacuity desertion of vital essence and energy after a serious illness. 5. The causes of delirium are general infection, postoperative states, and metabolism disorders and those of Wernicke dysphasia are disorders of the blood vessel, brain tumors and traumas. 6. Delirious speech is cured with the discrimination of vacuity and repletion. Baitong Tang(白通湯), Chaihu Guizhi Tang(柴胡桂枝湯), Chaihu Jia Longgu Muli Tang(柴胡加龍骨牡蠣湯) are prescribed in case of vacuity, while Chengqi Tang(承氣湯), Baihu Tang(白虎湯), Liangge San(凉膈散) are in case of repletion. Fading murmuring is treated with Xiao Chaihu Tang(小柴胡湯), Fuzi Tang Jiawei(附子湯加味), Shengmai San(生脈散), and Renshen Sanbai Tang(人蔘三白湯). 7. To acupunture Qimen-Xue(期門穴) is required when it is late to prescribe a medical decoction or the hyperactive liver qi attacking the spleen.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.117-123
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• 2010

본 연구는 저단백질, 저에너지 사료를 이용한 유도 환우가 산란계의 생산성에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 실시하였다. 공시계는 산란율이 80% 이상인 61주령 White Leghorn 산란계 80수(평균 체중 $1.75{\pm}0.13$ kg)를 이용하여 12주 동안 시험을 실시하였다. 시험 설계는 환우를 하지 않는 비환우 대조구(CO), 비급이 환우구(10일 동안의 절식구, FW), 급이 환우구1(3주 동안 저단백질-저에너지 환우용 사료 급이구, LO) 그리고 급이 환우구2(3주 동안 표준 환우용 사료 급이구, ST)의 총 4처리구로 나누었으며, 처리구당 2반복, 반복당 10수씩 총 80수를 완전 임의 배치하였다. FW구에서는 2주째 초기체중에서 26.5%의 체중 손실이 있었으며, LO구와 ST구에서는3주째각각 17.3과 14.2%의 체중손실이 있었다(P<0.05). 환우구의 시험계들은 환우가 종료되고 산란 말기 사료를 급여한 1주 후에 체중이 회복되기 시작하여, 7주째는 처리구간에 환우 전 체중으로 회복되었다. 심장 무게 비율은 CO, FW, LO 및 ST구에서 각각 0.47, 0.43, 0.46 그리고 0.46%로 나타났으며, 간 무게 비율은 각각 2.56, 1.30, 1.47 및 1.52%로 비환우 대조구에 비해 환우 처리구에서 무게가 감소하였다(P<0.05). 난포수란관 무게 비율은3.95, 1.17, 1.54 및1.67%로 간과 유사한 경향을 보였다(P<0.05). LO구와 ST구는 환우 기간 중에 사료 섭취량이 감소하였으며, 5주째 이후부터는 사료 섭취량이 대조구와 유사하게 증가하였다. 산란율은 1주령에 환우 처리구에서 감소하였으며, FW구에서는 2주째, LO구에서는 3주째, ST구에서는 4주째에 산란이 정지되었다. 산란 회복 기간을 보면 FW구는 4주째, LO구와 ST구는 5주째 산란이 재개되었으며, FW구는 6주째에 50.6%로 산란율이 50% 정도가 회복되었고, LO구와 ST구는 8주째에 각각 66.1과 71.6%로 산란율이 50%가 넘게 회복되었다. 난중은 약 67.5 g 정도로 모든 처리구에서 유사하게 나타났다. 난각두께는 CO, FW, LO 및 ST구에서 각각 0.41, 0.47, 0.46, 0.46 mm로 환우 처리구에서 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 난각 강도는 FW구와 LO구는 각각 3.83과 3.81 kg/$cm^2$로 CO구에 비해 높게 나타났으나, CO구와 ST구는 각각 3.54와 3.78 kg/$cm^2$로 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 호우유니트는 4처리구에서 각각 75.6, 81.1, 80.6 및 79.9로 환우 처리구에서 높게 나타났다. 따라서 사료의 에너지와 단백질 함량을 낮추어 산란계의 생산성에 미치는 영향을 최소화하여 환우를 유도할 수 있다고 사료된다.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.65-75
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• 1999

목적: 종양 환자의 평가에 있어서 초고에너지 조준기를 장착하여 511 keV에 적용시킨 감마카메라로 FDG 전신 평면 영상(FDG W/B scan)을 얻어 충분한 정보를 얻을 수 있는지 알아보고 동시에 같은 카메라로 동시계수 회로를 이용한 양전자 방출 단층촬영(FDG CoDe PET)을 실시하여 그 결과를 비교하였다. 대상 및 방법: F-18 FDG를 이용하여 초고에너지 조준기와 동시계수 양전자 방출영상에 대해 각각 팬텀 실험을 실시하였고, 악성종양이 의심되거나 진단된 환자 14명을 대상으로 FDG 전신 평면 영상과 양전자 방출 단층 영상을 얻어 방사선학적 검사, 임상적 추적관찰, 조직학적 검사 등과 비교하였다. 결과: 평면 영상에서는 해상력 13.1 mm, 민감도 2638 cpm/MBq/ml, 동시계수 영상에서는 공간 해상력 7.49 mm, 민감도 5351 cpm/MBq/ml로 측정되었다. FDG CoDe PET에서 14명의 환자 중 8명에서 FDG의 섭취가 있었다. 두 방법 모두에서 FDG 섭취가 없었던 병변은 모두 CT에서 1 cm 이하 였으나 한 예에서 2 cm 크기의 전이성 림프절을 찾지 못하였다. FDG 섭취를 보였던 병변은 모두 CT상 1.5cm 이상이거나 여러 개가 모여 있는 병변이었다. FDG W/B scan은 FDG CoDe PET와 거의 비슷한 결과를 보였으나 위음성과 위양성이 1예씩 더 있었다. FDG CoDe PET에서 보였던 다수의 폐 결절과 간 결절들이 FDG W/B scan에서 한 예를 제외하고는 모두 발견되었다. 결론: 감마카메라에 의한 FDG 영상들은 악성 종양의 감별, 병기 결정, 추적검사 등에 유용하게 쓰일 수 있을 것으로 간주되며, SPECT 카메라가 널리 보급되어 있으므로 FDG 전신 평면영상과 동시계수 양전자 방출영상은 서로 보완적으로 쓰이면서 FDG의 지역 분배 공급을 통해 기존의 PET를 대신하여 FDG를 이용한 더 많은 임상적 이용 및 영상진단을 가능하게 할 것이다.