• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.149-157
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• 1985

The HCL hydrolyzate of the non-histone protein fractionated from the rat liver nuclei which have been incubated inthe presence of S-adenosyl-L-[methyl-$^{14}C$ ]-methionine shows at least four unidentified radioactive peaks on a basic amino acid analysis chromatogram. One of these unknown compounds (designated as compound 3) is also formed by the rat liver homogenated with the exogenous addition of an appropriate protein substrate. Since boiled rat liver homogenate or fresh homogenate in the absence of an exogenous protein substrate failed to form compound 3, its formation can be considered to be enzyme-catalyzed. The enzyme which yields compound 3 shows a preference of protein substrate in the order of reductively methylated hemoglobin > native > histone type II-A. The rat enzyme is nuclear in location associated with chromatin, and exhibits the highest activity in the liver among various rat organs. A compound 3-forming enzyme is also present in Neurospora crassa, since endogenous formation of the compound 3 can be demonstrated with the crude extract of this mold. The chemical identity of compound 3 is not yet known. However, it resisted to the following treatments; 6 N HCL and 0.1 N Na NaOH hydrolysis at $110^{\circ}C$, OR L-amino acid oxidase.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.47-56
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• 1998

When rats are exposed to cadmium in their diet, the cadmium accumulates in the liver. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of chitin, chitosan and dithiocarbamate chitosan on the cadmium accumulation in liver of rats. For this experiment, 10 male Sprague-Dawley were used. The experimental groups were divided into four independent groups which were one control group and three experimental groups by cadmium alone treatment or chitin, chitosan and dithiocarbamate chitosan with cadmium. In order to investigate the eliminative effect of chitin, chitosan and dithiocarbamate chitosan on the cadmium accumulation in liver of rats, the cadmium concentration, the metallothionein level and the enzyme activitys were measured. The results obtained revealed the eliminative effect of cadmium in liver of rats by chitin, chitosan and dithiocarbamate chitosan. The effect of chitin on the cadmium elimination was less than that of chitosan and dithiocarbamate chitosan. Also it shows that the eliminative effect of cadmium by dithiocarbamate chitosan was the highest.

• 생약학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.1-5
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• 1984

The methanol extracts of five medicinal plant materials selected were tested for antihepatotoxic activity. Protective effects on the liver defect caused by $CCl_4$ can be proved by liver enzyme activities of serum GOT, GPT, LDH and ALP. The curative effects of these materials against $CCl_4-induced$ liver damage in albino rats were compared with those of control groups. It was shown that the extracts of Hepatica asiatica and Stellaria media showed antihepatotoxic effect on $CCl_4-induced$ liver damage; however, the extract of Gleditschia officinalis had no effect.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.108-113
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• 1994

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of Cnidi rhizoma (CR) water extract on fat accumulation In fatted rats induced by the oral high fat administration for six weeks. To accomplish this evaluation, the serum and liver tissue have been examined for enzyme activity, cortisol and insulin level. The change of liver or tissue have been observed by the light microscope. GOT GPT and LDH activities were lower than the control group. Insulin and cortisol were higher than the control group, due to the fat accumulation. The liver of the control group observed by the tight microscope appeared to the fatty liver, but CR group showed some improvement of the fatty liver Based on the above results, it was shown that it is possible to improve fat accumulation induced by high fat dietary through using the oral administration of Cnidi rhizoma water extract.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.937-949
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• 2008

The purpose of this meta-analysis was to investigate the anti-hepatotoxic effect of ginseng in rats induced with CC14 or TCDD, the toxicities that cause liver damages. Primary studies were collected from the ScienceDirect database, the DBpia, and the KISS. The data on the effect factors in plasma and in enzyme are listed as many as possible: The effect factors were alanine transaminase(ALT), aspartate transaminase(AST), liver aminopyrine N-demethylase(AD), liver aniline hydroxylase(AH), liver 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine(liver MDA), cytochrome P450(P450), serum alkaline phosphatase(ALP), serum lactate dehydrogenase(LDH), cytochrome b5(Cyto b5), glutathione reductase (GR), Liver glutathione S-transferase(GST), liver glutamyltransferase (GT), Liver($\gamma$-GCS), serum liver 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine(serum MDA), serum sorbitol dehydrogenase(SDH), serum total protein(TP), and serum $\gamma$-glutamyltransferase($\gamma$-GT). In order to investigate the effect of ginseng, the standard mean difference(HG) between the group of rats induced with toxicity(RH) and the group of rats induced with ginseng(RHG) were combined, and the significance of HGs were tested. The combined HGs checked the biases caused by heterogeneity among studies and the publication biases. Then they were adjusted by using the random effect model and trim and fill method. Although the publication biases were assumed, among all plasma factors the HGs of ALT, AST, serum MDA, SDH, TP, and $\gamma$-GT were significant, and among all enzyme factors the HGs of liver MDA, Cyto b5, GR, GST, and GT were significant. The treatment with ginseng significantly affected the plasma and enzyme levels in rats induced with toxicity.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.161-170
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• 2008

The aim of this meta-analysis was to systematically investigate the anti-hepatotoxic effect of ginseng in rats induced toxicity which damage to liver. Primary researches were gained on the ScienceDirect database, the DBpia, and the KISS, and the data about the effect factors in plasma and in enzyme were listed as many as possible. The effect factors were alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), liver aminopyrine N-demethylase (AD), liver aniline hydroxylase (AH), liver 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (liver MDA), cytochrome P450 (P450), serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), cytochrome b5 (Cyto b5), glutathione reductase (GR), Liver glutathione S-transferase (GST), liver glutamyltransferase (GT), Liver (${\gamma}-GCS$), serum liver 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (serum MDA), serum sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), serum total protein (TP), serum ${\gamma}-glutamyltransferase$ (${\gamma}-GT$). To investigate the effect of ginseng, the mean difference (MD) between the group of rats induced by toxicity (RH) and the group of rats induced by toxicity with ginseng (RHG) were combined, and the significance of MDs were tested. The combined MDs were checked the biases caused by heterogeneity among studies and the publication biases, and adjusted by using random effect model and trim and fill method, respectively. The effect about ALT, AST, ALP, LDH, SDH, TP and ${\gamma}-GT$ in plasma factors were significant, and about AD, liver MDA, P450, Cyto b5, GR, GST, GT and ${\gamma}-GCS$ in enzyme factors were significant. The treatment with ginseng supplementation was significantly effected on plasma and enzyme factors of damaged-rats.

• 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국응용약물학회 1994년도 춘계학술대회 and 제3회 신약개발 연구발표회
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• pp.261-261
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• 1994

Bovine milk xanthine oxidase (E.C.1.1.3.22, XO) purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. had the three protein fragments below 150 kDa on 7.5％ SDS-PAGE, which did not show enzyme activity. To remove these fragments, the enzyme preparation was further purified through Sephadex G-200 column chromatography. Two peaks exhibiting enzymatic activity were separated very closely to the void volume, which were revealed as two different enzyme forms, dimeric and monomeric, confirmed by activity staining on native PAGE. Anti sera-against each of the two enzyme forms were raised by subcutaneous injection at multiple sites on the back of rabbits during 4 weeks. On the immunodiffusion test, it was found that both of the antisera of the two forms could react with each other, which implied that their epitopes were identical In the Western blot analysis of mouse liver cytosol fraction, it was found that rabbit anti-XO antibody bound well with the protein band of monomeric mouse liver XO of about 150kDa. Based on this result, mouse liver cDNA 1 ibrary was screened by in situ hybridizat ion wi th rabbi t anti -XO antibody as probe. Through the immunological screening, recombinant phages giving positive signal by the production of XO were selected and further purified. To validate these clones, purified phages were lysogenized in E. coli Y1089 and their lysates were analysed for enzyme activity and immunoreactivity, It was verified that lysates of the purified recombinant phage lysogens exhibited the enzymatic activity as well as bound wi th XO antibody, when induced by IPTG. The above results assert that selected recombinant phage carries mouse liver XO gene.

• 약학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.197-203
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• 2000

The enzymatic properties of $\beta$-galactosidases from Aspergillus oryzae, bovine liver and Saccharomyces pragilis have been studied using enzyme-linked lectin assay based on the RC $A_{120}$ and BS-II lectins which specifically bind to terminal galactose and GlcNAc residue, respectively. Asialofetuin, a monomeric glycoprotein with approximately 48 kDa in molecular weight, was used as a substrate. This glycoprotein contains three N-linked triantennary complex type carbohydrate chains with each of which terminating in Ga1$\beta$P1 longrightarrow4G1cNAc (74%). Their optimal pHs were 3.5 and 6.5 (A. oryzae), and 3.5~5.5 (bovine liver and S. fragilis) at 37$^{\circ}C$ during 24 hrs, and the effective concentrations were 0.9, 2.9, and 1.7 mg/ml, respectively The enzyme from A oryzae requires 100 mM N $a^{+}$ or $K^{+}$, while the enzyme from bovine liver requires $Ba^{2+}$ for activity. However all of the three $\beta$-galactosidases were inactivated by SDS and C $u^{2+}$. These results indicate that the hydrolysis of glycoprotein such as asialofetuin depends on the reaction conditions of $\beta$-galactosidases and some metal ions. ions.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제6권5호
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• pp.312-317
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• 1985

${\beta}$-Glucuronidase (EC 3.2.1.31) which hydrolizes D-glucuronate from ${\beta}$-D-glucuronide was purified from rat liver, using ammonium sulfate fractionation, DEAE-cellulose chromatography, Concanavalin-A Sepharose 4B chromatography and gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. This enzyme has the molecular weight of 280,000 daltons by gel filtration and 75,000 daltons by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. As its funtion is reverse of detoxification in the liver, the inhibition of the enzyme was tested with extracts of several food products and medicinal herbs, some are known as anti-cancer agents. Among them, Panax ginseng and Cortnellus shiiake inhibited the enzyme competitively and the $K_1$ values were $9.22 {\times}\;10^{-2}$ and 0.102 mg/ml, respectively. These inhibitors strongly bound to DEAE-cellulose. The negatively charged amino acids, L-aspartate and L-glutamate, inhibited the enzyme, and $K_1$ value of L-aspartate was 0.80 mM. The interaction between ${\beta}$-glucuronidase and p-nitrophenyl-${\beta}$-D-glucuronide was found to involve ionic forces by the effect of ionic strength on the kinetic constant, Vmax/Km. It was inferred from these findings that cationic group at the active center of the enzyme is probably involved in attacking the substrate.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.289-296
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• 2005

This study was performed to investigate the effect of dietary $\beta$-carotene supplementation on lipid peroxide levels and antioxidant enzyme activities in alcoholic fatty liver rats. Forty five Sprague-Dawley male rats aging 8 weeks were used as experimental animals, which were divided into the control diet (CD) and the ethanol diet (ED) and the ethanol + $0.02\%$ $\beta$-carotene diet (EPD) groups and fed the experimental diet respectively for 5 weeks. After the feeding, rats were sacrificed to get blood and liver to analyze lipid and lipid peroxide levels and antioxidant enzyme activities. The mean body weight and food intake of the ethanol diet group was significantly lower than that of the control diet. The liver index (LI) of the ethanol diet group was significantly higher than those of the control diet and the $\beta$-carotene supplementation group. Serum levels of total lipid, triglyceride of the ethanol diet group were significantly higher than those of the control diet and the $\beta$-carotene supplementation group. Total cholesterol levels were not significantly different among all groups. HDL-cholesterol of the ethanol diet group was significantly lower than those of the control diet and the $\beta$-carotene supplementation group. Liver TBARS of the ethanol diet group was significantly higher than those of the control diet and the $\beta$-carotene supplementation group. Liver lipofuscin and conjugated diene levels were not significantly different among all groups. The superoxide dismutase activity of the ethanol diet group was significantly lower than those of the control diet and the $\beta$-carotene supplementation group. Catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities were not significantly different among all groups. Because v-carotene supplementation significantly decrease the serum total lipid, triglyceride, liver TBARS revels and increase the superoxide dismutase activity in alcoholic ratty liver rats, $\beta$-carotene supplementation seems to give beneficial effect for the alcoholics.