• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.265-275
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• 2017

The aim of this study was to examine fluid excretions and changes in deceased bodies depending on type, location of, and causes of death for hygienic management of funeral homes. Based on the 858 cadavers studied, the average age at the time of death is 68.6 years, 83.0% had illness as the cause of death, and 79.5% passed away in a medical facility. Fluid excretion was observed in 46.2% of the cadavers. In manner of death, 78.8% of deaths -highest percentage- was due to an accident and 10.8% of deaths - lowest percentage- was due to age. Fluid excretion was observed in 46.3% of cadavers from medical facilities, 38.6% of cadavers from homes and 77.4% of cadavers from miscellaneous locations. There were various number of cadavers with recorded immediate, secondary and underlying cause of death; however, the fluid excretion rate was similar. In analyzing the immediate, secondary and underlying cause of death, respiratory and heart disease were the most common causes of death in categories of body organ and system. In terms of fluid excretion, liver disease followed by digestive and circulatory diseases were most common in immediate cause of death. Accidents and miscellaneous circumstances were most common amongst secondary and underlying causes of death for cadavers with fluid excretion. Based on the recorded illnesses of the cadavers, cardiopulmonary failure was most common as evident in 96 cadavers followed by pneumonia and sepsis. Cholangiocarcinoma (73.3%) had the highest rate of fluid excretion followed by pancreatic cancer, severe brain injury and liver cancer amongst categories of illnesses with more than 15 cadavers.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.597-601
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• 2009

Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is known to be responsible for hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis. When round-shape quiescent HSCs go to activation by liver injury, production of extracellular matrix is increased, and its shape becomes myofibroblast-like shape. The activated HSCs are characterized by the high rate of proliferation and the increased production of extracellular matrix. One way of the regeneration of activated HSCs is an apoptosis induction followed by removing the activated myofibroblast-like cells. The effect of extract of Terminalia chebula Retz. (TCE) on cytotoxicity was evaluated using the rat primary hepatocyte, HepG2 and T-HSC/Cl-6 by incubating these cells with TCE up to the dose of $1,000{\mu}g/mL$. At the maximum dose of TCE, no cytotoxicity was found on primary hepatocyte and HepG2, but cytotoxic effect of TCE was found on activated HSCs, and T-HSC/Cl-6 in a U-shaped dose-response manner with the highest effect at $500{\mu}g/mL$ of TCE. Finally, we confirmed the occurrence of apoptotic cell death by annexin-V/PI double staining. The population of annexin-V positive cells was increased in a dose dependent manner.

• THE JOURNAL OF KOREAN ORIENTAL ONCOLOGY
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.99-128
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• 1997

In order to investigate the effects of Kyegyoksan on antitumor effects after Sarcoma 180 cells transplantation into the peritoneal cavity or left groin in mice, and immune depression in mice induced by methotrexate, the extracts of its herbal medicines were orally administered for 14 or 21 days. Experimental studies were performed for measureance of $IC_{50}$ in MTT assay, mean survival days, tumor and body weights for antitumor effects, delayed type hypersensitivity, hemagglutinine titer, hemolysin titer, rosette forming cells, interleukin-2 productivity, lymphocyte transformation, natural killer cell activity and phagocytic activity for immune responses in the immune depressed ICR mice, and SGOT, SGPT, BUN and creatinine for liver and kidney protective function in SO-rats. The results were obtained as follows: 1. From the results of MTT assay, the Kyegyoksan exstracts for SUN-1 and SUN-C4 were inhibited cell viability. 2. Mean survival time in Kyegyoksan-treated group was slightly increased with no effectiveness, as compared with the control group. 3. Tumor weight in Kyegyoksan-treated group was depressed with the statistical significance, as compared with the control group(p<0.01). 4. Body weight in Kyegyoksan-treated group was incresed with the statistical significance, as compared with the control group(p<0.05). 5. Delayed type hypersensitivity in Kyegyoksan-treated group was slightly incresed with no effctiveness, as compared with the control group. 6. Hemagglutinin titer in Kyegyoksan-treated group was incresed with the statistical significance(p<0.05), but hemolysin titer was slightly incresed with no effectiveness, as compared with the control group. 7. Rosette forming cells in Kyegyoksan-treated group was incresed with the statistical significance, as compared with the control group(p<0.001). 8. Interleukin-2 productivity in Kyegyoksan-treated group was incresed with the statistical significance, as compared with the control group(p<0.001). 9. Lymphocyte transfomation in Kyegyoksan-treated group was incresed with the statistical significance, as compared with the control group(p<0.01). 10. Natural killer cell activity in Kyegyoksan-treated group at E/T ratio 100 : 1 was incresed with the statistical significance(p<0.01), but at E/T ratio 50 : 1 and 10 : 1 was slightly incresed with no effectiveness, as compared with the control group. 11. Phagocytic activity in Kyegyoksan-treated group was slightly incresed with no effectiveness, as compared with the control group. 12. The levels of serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine in Kyegyoksan-treated group were not effective change, as compared with the control group. According to the above results, it could be suggested that Kyegyoksan have prominent antitumor effects, enhance both cellular and humoral immunity, and have no injury to liver and kidney functions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.10-17
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• 2017

The natural preservative "complex Scutellaria baicalensis extract (BHC)" contains Scutellaria baicalensis, Glycyrrhiza uralensis (liquorice), Zizyphus jujube (jujube), and Astragalus propinquus (milk vetch root). BHC has been used as a natural preservative for more than 10 years to increase storage duration and quality of food with strong antibacterial activity. BHC has been added into functional foods as a subsidiary ingredient. However, no studies have been performed to test whether or not BHC affects the activity of main functional ingredients. In this study, we tested whether or not BHC has any effect on the hepatoprotective activity of lactic acid-fermented garlic extract (LAFGE) when formulated in a clinical test supplement. $H_2O_2-induced$ oxidative damage in HepG2 cells was not attenuated by BHC, indicating that BHC had no influence on the protective effect of LAFGE against oxidative damage. Furthermore, BHC had no effect on the hepatoprotective effect of LAFGE against acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury in rats, as indicated by no changes in alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase levels. In conclusion, BHC, formulated in the clinical test supplement with LAFGE, had no effect on hepatoprotective activity, indicating BHC could be considered as a suitable natural preservative for liquefied functional food materials.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.291-297
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• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate the hepatic detoxification effect of microcluster-water (McW). Animal experiments were divided into 4 groups: distilled water intake group (DC), distilled water intake-bromobenzene treated group (DB), McW intake group (MC), and McW intake-bromobenzene treated group (MB). There were no significant differences in alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities between DC and MC groups, but the activities in MB group were significantly (p<0.05) lower than those in DB group. No apparent changes of aniline hydrolase activity were shown in all experimental groups, while glutathione S-transferase activity in MC and MB groups was higher than that in DC and DB, respectively. The content of hepatic lipid peroxide in DC group was similar to that of MC group. In addition, the contents in DB and MB groups were significantly (p<0.05) increased than that of DC group. The increasing rate in MB group was lower than that of DB group. Also, the electron donating activity of McW was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of distilled water. From these results, it could be suggested that McW has the possibility of having detoxification effect of bromobenzene induced hepatic injury by increasing glutathione S-transferase, which is known as a kind of hepatiic detoxification enzyme.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.151-160
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• 1997

This study was planned to evaluate the urinary ascorbic acid as a new biological marker for the intoxication of cadmium, which could possibly be driven by its increased utilization and environmental pollution. In order to meet this goal, we have peformed measurement of urinary ascorbic acid concentration, histopathological examination of the kidney, and biochemical test for the liver function using cadmium-intoxicated rats by oral administration. The average concentrations of urinary ascorbic acid in the $CdCl_2$-treated rats were 214.0 mg/dl for 100 ppm group and 254.3 mg/dl for 200 ppm group during experimental period of 50 days. These levels are 24 and 28 times higher than one in the control group (9.0 mg/dl), respectively. Ultrastructural study showed the eosinophilic hyaline cast and focal effacement, fusion in the renal tubules, as well as loss of foot processes on the glomerular epithelial cells. These results suggested that cadmium may be responsible for renal glomerular injury. The blood levels of AST, ALT and LDH in the treated groups (199 IU/I, 88 IU/I, 1190 U/I for the 100 ppm group and 270 IU/I, 226 IU/I, 760 U/I for the 200 ppm group) were higher than ones in the control group(143 IU/I, 50 IU/I, 334 U/I). These results indicated the cadmium induced the damage of liver function. In conclusion, the administration of cadmium showed a remarkable increase of urinary ascorbic acid with renal and hepatic damage. Therefore, it is expected that measurement of urinary ascorbic acid would be an powerful method as a noninvasive biomarker for cadmium intoxication.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.197-205
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• 2016

Objectives : To report the clinical application and safety of Traditional Korean Medical treatment for patients with low back pain during pregnancy. Methods : Three patients who suffered from low back pain during pregnancy were treated with acupuncture, pharmacopuncture, moxibustion, and herbal medicine for 12 to 21 days. Numeric rating scale (NRS) of low back pain and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) were checked to measure the outcome. A liver function and renal function test was carried out to identify any drug-induced liver or renal injury, and any adverse events were monitored thoroughly until delivery. Results : Low back pain reduced on NRS in all cases, and no serious adverse effects were found in the patients or infants. Conclusion : This study suggests that Traditional Korean Medical treatment is a candidate therapy for relieving low back pain during pregnancy, and also is safe for both patients and infants.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.688-693
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• 2007

The hepatoprotective effects of water extracts composed of Adenophora triphylla var japonica Hara (ATJH) on acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity were investigated in vivo and in vivo. The effects of ATJH on liver toxicity induced by APAP were assessed by blood biochemical and histopathological analyses. APAP treatment (350 mg/kg) caused severe liver injury in mice as indicated by their significantly elevated plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. Pretreatment with ATJH for 3 or 7 days attenuated the increases in ALT and AST when challenged with APAP. The reductions in viability caused by high dose of APAP (450 mg/kg) in vivo were reversed by pretreatment with ATJH. These protective effects of ATJH against APAP-induced toxicity were consistent with the results from the histopathological examinations. We next examined the effects of ATJH on the gene expression of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) that detoxify the metabolic intermediates of APAP in H4IIE cells. The hepatic GST protein levels [$\alpha$ class (GSTA2, GSTA3/5)] were significantly elevated in a dose-dependent manner by ATJH treatment. In summary, ATJH is effective at protecting against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity by GST induction, implying that ATJH should be considered a potential chemopreventive agent.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.324-330
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• 2012

The aim of the present study was to assess the anti-hypercholesterolemic effect of bile salt hydrolase-producing Lactobacillus plantarum CIB 001 (KCTC 11717 bp) in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. Four treatment groups of rats (n=5) were fed experimental diets: a normal diet (ND), a ND plus L. plantarum CIB 001(NDL) at $5.0-7.5{\times}10^9$ colony forming unit (CFU)/day, a high-cholesterol diet (HCD), as well as a HCD plus L. plantarum CIB 001 (HCDL) at $5.0-7.5{\times}10^9$ CFU/day for 6 weeks. Compared with the HCD group, the HCDL group demonstrated a decrease in serum triglyceride (p<0.05), total cholesterol (p<0.05), and the corresponding HDL-cholesterol concentration increased at a rate of 40% (p<0.05). The HCDL group also induced a decrease in liver inflammation and steatosis. The present results suggest that supplementation of L. plantarum CIB 001 can have short-term (6 weeks) effects on blood lipids and liver injury, as well as on the atherogenic index and cardiac risk factors.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.34-39
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate effects of Ramaria botrytis methanol extract on liver damage in benzo$({\alpha})$pyrene(B$({\alpha})$P)-treated mice. The activities of serum amminotransferase, cytochrome P-450, aminopyrine N-demethylase, aniline hydroxylase and hepatic content of lipid peroxide after B$({\alpha})$P-treatment were increased than control, but those levels were significantly decreased by the treatment of Ramaria botrytis methanol extract. Whereas, the hepatic glutathione content and activities of glutathionie S-transferase and r-glutamylcysteine syntherase were increased by the treatment of Ramaria botrytis methanol extract. In addition, cytochrome P-450 1A1 izozyme protein level, remarkably increased by B$({\alpha})$P-treatment was decreased by the treatment with methanol extract of Ramaria botrytis. These results suggest that the protective effect of methanol extract of Ramaria botrytis on liver injury in B$({\alpha})$P-treated mice may be due to reduction of oxygen free radical.