• Carbon letters
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• 제26권
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• pp.18-24
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• 2018

Pollution of chloride ion-reinforced concrete can trigger active corrosion processes that reduce the useful life of structures. Multifunctional materials used as a counter-electrode by electrochemical techniques have been used to rehabilitate contaminated concrete. Cement-based pastes added to carbonaceous material, fibers or dust, have been used as an anode in the non-destructive Electrochemical Chloride Extraction (ECE) technique. We studied the performance of the addition of Carbon Fiber (CF) in a cement-graphite powder base paste used as an anode in ECE of concretes contaminated with chlorides from the preparation of the mixture. The experimental parameters were: 2.3% of free chlorides, 21 days of ECE application, a Carbon Fiber Volume Fraction (CFVF) of 0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9%, a lithium borate alkaline electrolyte, a current density of $4.0A/m^2$ and a cement/graphite ratio of 1.0 for the paste. The efficiency of the ECE in the traditional technique using metal mesh as an anode was 77.6% and for CFVF of 0.9% it was 90.4%, with a tendency to increase to higher percentages of the CFVF in the conductive cement-graphite paste, keeping the pH stable and achieving a homogeneous ECE in the mass of the concrete contaminated with chlorides.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.350-355
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• 2015

Perforated polygonal cobalt oxide ($Co_3O_4$) is synthesized using electrospinning and a hydrothermal method followed by the removal of a carbon nanofiber (CNF) template. To investigate their formation mechanism, thermogravimetric analysis, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are examined. To obtain the optimum condition of perforated polygonal $Co_3O_4$, we prepare three different weight ratios of the Co precursor and the CNF template: sample A (Co precursor:CNF template- 10:1), sample B (Co precursor:CNF template-3.2:1), and sample C (Co precursor:CNF template-2:1). Among them, sample A exhibits the perforated polygonal $Co_3O_4$ with a thin carbon layer (5.7-6.2 nm) owing to the removal of CNF template. However, sample B and sample C synthesized perforated round $Co_3O_4$ and destroyed $Co_3O_4$ powders, respectively, due to a decreased amount of Co precursor. The increased amount of the CNF template prevents the formation of polygonal $Co_3O_4$. For sample A, the optimized weight ratio of the Co precursor and CNF template may be related to the successful formation of perforated polygonal $Co_3O_4$. Thus, perforated polygonal $Co_3O_4$ can be applied to electrode materials of energy storage devices such as lithium ion batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.108-113
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• 2014

Flake-like $LiCoO_2$ nanopowders were fabricated using electrospinning. To investigate their formation mechanism, field-emssion scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were carried out. Among various parameters of electrospinning, we controlled the molar concentration of the precursor and the PVP polymer. When the molar concentration of lithium and cobalt was 0.45 M, the morphology of $LiCoO_2$ nanopowders was irregular and round. For 1.27 M molar concentration, the $LiCoO_2$ nanopowders formed with flake-like morphology. For the PVP polymer, the molar concentration was set to 0.011 mM, 0.026 mM, and 0.043 mM. Irregular $LiCoO_2$ nanopowders were formed at low concentration (0.011 mM), while flake-like $LiCoO_2$ were formed at high concentration (0.026 mM and 0.043 mM). Thus, optimized molar concentration of the precursor and the PVP polymer may be related to the successful formation of flake-like $LiCoO_2$ nanopowders. As a results, the synthesized $LiCoO_2$ nanopowder can be used as the electrode material of Li-ion batteries.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제54권4호
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• pp.278-284
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• 2017

In this work, Ta-substituted $Li_7La_3Zr_{2-x}O_{12}$ (LLZTO) powder and pellets with garnet cubic structure were fabricated and characterized by modified and optimized sol-gel synthesis. Ta-substituted LLZO powder with the smallest grain size and pure cubic structure with little pyrochlore phase was obtained by synthesis method in which Li and La sources in propanol solvent were mixed together with Zr and Ta sources in 2-methoxy ethanol. The LLZTO pellets made with the prepared powder showed cubic garnet structure for all conditions when the amount of Li addition was varied from 6.2 to 7.4 mol. All the X-ray peaks of the pyrochlore phase disappeared when the Li addition was increased above 7.0 mol. When the final sintering temperature was varied, the LLZTO pellet had a pyrochlore-mixed cubic phase above $1000^{\circ}C$. However, the surface morphology became much denser when the final sintering temperature was increased. The sol-gel-driven LLZTO pellet with a sintering temperature of $1100^{\circ}C$ showed a lithium ionic conductivity of 0.21 mS/cm when Au was adopted as electrode material for the blocking capacitor. The results of this study suggest that modified sol-gel synthesis is the optimum method to obtain cubic phase of LLZTO powder for highly dense and conductive solid electrolyte ceramics.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.638-642
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• 2010

The spinel material $Li_4Ti_5O_{12}$ has attracted considerable attention as an anode electrode material for many battery applications owing to its light weight and high energy density. However, the real capacity of $Li_4Ti_5O_{12}$ powder as determined by the solid-state method is lower than the ideal capacity. In this study, we investigated the effect of the dopants in M-doped spinel $Ba_xLi_{4-2x}Ti_5O_{12}$(x=0.005, 0.05, 0.1) powders prepared by the solid-state reaction method and used as the anode material in lithiumion batteries. The results confirmed the effect of the Ba and Sr dopants on the powder properties of the spinel $Li_4Ti_5O_{12}$, which exhibited a pure spinel structure without any secondary phase in its XRD pattern. Moreover, the electrochemical properties of the spinel M-LTO materials were investigated using a half cell. The electrochemical data show that cells with anodes made of undoped $Li_4Ti_5O_{12}$ and Ba- and Sr-doped $Li_4Ti_5O_{12}$ have discharge capacities of 97, 130, and 112 mAh/g, respectively, at the first cycle. Moreover, the Ba- and Sr-doped spinel $Li_4Ti_5O_{12}$ demonstrated good properties in the mid-voltage range at 1.55 V, showing stable cyclic voltammogram properties which surpassed those of the same material without Ba or Sr at 1 C after 100 cycles.

• 한국재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국재료학회 2010년도 춘계학술발표대회
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• pp.37.1-37.1
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• 2010

The multi-component olivine cathode material, $LiMn_{1/3}Fe_{1/3}Co_{1/3}PO_4$, was prepared via a novel coprecipitation method of the mixed transition metal oxalate, $Mn_{1/3}Fe_{1/3}Co_{1/3}(C_2O_4){\cdot}2H_2O$. The stoichiometric ratio and distribution of transition metals in the oxalate, therefore, in the olivine product, was affected sensitively by the environments in the coprecipitation process, while they are the important factors in determining the electrochemical property of electrode materials with multiple transition metals. The effect of the pH, atmosphere, temperature, and aging time was investigated thoroughly with respect to the atomic ratio of transition metals, phase purity, and morphology of the mixed transition metal oxalate. The electrochemical activity of each transition metal in the olivine synthesized through this method clearly was enhanced as indicated in the cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge/discharge measurement. Three distinctive contributions from Mn, Fe, and Co redox couples were detected reversibly in multiple charge and discharge processes. The first discharge capacity at the C/5 rate was $140.5\;mAh\;g^{-1}$ with good cycle retention. The rate capability test showed that the high capacity still is retained even at the 4C and 6C rates with 102 and $81\;mAh\;g^{-1}$, respectively.

• 한국분말재료학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.308-314
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• 2017

$Fe_3O_4$/Fe/graphene nanocomposite powder is synthesized by electrical wire explosion of Fe wire and dispersed graphene in deionized water at room temperature. The structural and electrochemical characteristics of the powder are characterized by the field-emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, field-emission transmission electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and galvanometric discharge-charge method. For comparison, $Fe_3O_4$/Fe nanocomposites are fabricated under the same conditions. The $Fe_3O_4$/Fe nanocomposite particles, around 15-30 nm in size, are highly encapsulated in a graphene matrix. The $Fe_3O_4$/Fe/graphene nanocomposite powder exhibits a high initial charge specific capacity of 878 mA/g and a high capacity retention of 91% (798 mA/g) after 50 cycles. The good electrochemical performance of the $Fe_3O_4$/Fe/graphene nanocomposite powder is clearly established by comparison of the results with those obtained for $Fe_3O_4$/Fe nanocomposite powder and is attributed to alleviation of volume change, good distribution of electrode active materials, and improved electrical conductivity upon the addition of graphene.

• 폴리머
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.568-574
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• 2001

Bisphenol A ethoxylate diacrylate를 가교제로 사용하여 PEO계 고분자 고체전해질을 제조하였으며, 이의 전기화학적 특성 및 기계적인 물성을 조사하였다. 제조된 고분자 고체전해질은 이온전도도를 높이기 위해 비휘발성의 PEGDMe [poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether]를 가소제로 도입하였다. 첨가된 PEGDMe 함량이 높을수록 전기전도도는 증가하였다. 최대 이온전도도는 30에서 1.0 ${\times}$ 10$^{-3}$S/cm [Bisphenol A ethoxylate diacrylate ([EO]/[phenol]=15), PEGDMe250 80 wt%, LiCF$_3SO_3$]이었다. 제조된 고분자 전해질의 인장강도는 0.4 ~ 5 MPa이었으며 ${\phi}$=3 mm 봉에 대해 90$^{\circ}$ 및 180$^{\circ}$ 의 굽힘에도 균열을 발생하지 않았다. 리튬 기준전극에 대해 4.5 V 이상의 산화전위에도 전기화학적으로 안정하였다.

• 전기화학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.28-32
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• 1998

1M LiPF_6/EC:DME(1:1) 전해질 용액에서 시간-전위차법, 순환 전압-전류법, 시간-전류법 , 그리고 임피던스법을 이용하여 리튬 이온 전지의 충방전 용량을 조사하였고 초기 충전과정에서 용매 분해로 형성된 필름의 영향을 알아보았다. 충 방전 결과에 따르면, 1 M $LiPF_6/EC:DME$를 이용한 반쪽전지의 초기 비가역 용량은 상당히 크게 나타났다 이러한 비가역 용량은 대부분 용매 분해에 의한 것으로 해석되었으며, 용매 분해로 인하여 MPCF전극 표면에 필름이 형성되었다. 초기 충전과정에서 형성된 필름은 방전과정에서 산화되지 않았으며 2번째 충전부터 용매 분해는 더 이상 관찰되지 않았다. 또한 초기 충전과정에서 EC:DME용매속의 Li이 MPCF층 속으로 삽입될 때 용매와 함께 삽입됨을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 삽입이 진행될 때 MPCF표면의 입자들이 박리되고, 박리된 입자들과 용매 분해 생성물들이 서로 섞여 필름을 형성하므로써 필름의 저항은 크게 나타났다.

• 전기화학회지
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.169-172
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• 2000

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) 고분자의 유기용매 함유능을 증대시키기 위하여 PAN을 수정한 새로운 polyacrylonitrile-co-bis[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl]itaconate (PANI로 약칭) 공중합체를 합성하였다. PAN과 PANI의 혼합 고분자에 ethylene carbonate (EC)와 dimethyl carbonate (DMC)의 혼합유기용매, $LiClO_4$ 염을 혼합한 젤 고분자 전해질을 제조하였다. 상온에서의 이온전도도는 25PAN +10PANl +50EC/DMC+$15LiClO_4$ 조성의 전해질에서 $2\times10^{-3}\; Scm^{-1}$로 가장 높은 값을 나타내었다. 이는 PANI의 혼합으로 인하여 유기용매 영역의 결정질 성분이 줄어들고, 따라서 전하운반자의 수가 증가하기 때문인 것으로 분석하였다. PANI를 고분자 기질로 적당량 첨가하면, PAN만을 단용으로 사용한 젤-전해질에 비해 기계적 강도가 감소하는 단점이 있기는 하지만, 이온전도성, 열적 특성, 용매와의 혼화성, 전기화학적 안정성, 리튬 전극과의 계면 안정성 등 거의 모든 면에서 성능이 개선되는 것으로 나타났다.