• 대한기계학회논문집B
• /
• 제33권9호
• /
• pp.688-698
• /
• 2009

Using the multi-dimensional, multi-phase, nonisothermal Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell (PEFC) model presented in Part I, the effects of land/channel flow-field on temperature and liquid saturation distributions inside PEFCs are investigated in Part II. The focus is placed on exploring the coupled water transport and heat transfer phenomena within the nonisothermal and two-phase zone existing in the diffusion media (DM) of PEFCs. Numerical simulations are performed varying the land and channel widths and simulation results reveal that the water profile and temperature rise inside PEFCs are considerably altered by changing the land and channel widths, which indicates that oxygen supply and heat removal from the channel to the land regions and liquid water removal from the land toward the gas channels are key factors in determining the water and temperature distributions inside PEFCs. In addition, the adverse liquid saturation gradient along the thru-plane direction is predicted near the land regions by the numerical model, which is due to the vapor-phase diffusion driven by the temperature gradient in the nonisothermal two-phase DM where water evaporates at the hotter catalyst layer, diffuses as a vapor form and then condenses on the cooler land region. Therefore, the vapor phase diffusion exacerbates DM flooding near the land region, while it alleviates DM flooding near the gas channel.

• 설비공학논문집
• /
• 제17권1호
• /
• pp.39-46
• /
• 2005

The present study concerns an experimental study of a R-22 heat pump system consisted of liquid and liquid heat exchangers. The test was performed for various systems of a single-, tandem-, and two stage-cycle at the same environmental conditions of temperature. Various experiments of the heat pump system were peformed to compare the heating capacity and COP, when the outdoor temperature is near $-15^{\circ}C$ and the indoor temperature is $20^{\circ}C.$ As the results of the present study, the system of Tandem(parallel) cycle showed the best heating performance, while the discharge temperature of refrigerant was too high. In case of the system of two stage cycle, the performance characteristics were significantly improved by employing the inter cooler.

• 대한설비공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한설비공학회 2006년도 하계학술발표대회 논문집
• /
• pp.156-161
• /
• 2006

The rivulet is a narrow stream of liquid flowing down a solid surface. Heat transfer of rivulet flow over on inclined heated surface has been investigated experimentally. This problem is of particular interest in the understanding of fundamental mechanism on rivulet heat transfer as well as in the design of a regenerative evaporative cooler. The rivulet is seem to be meandering flow, single wide flat flow. and film flow as rivulet flow rate is increased. Even though the wetted surface area is increased with an increase in the rivulet flow rate, the absorbed heat transfer of rivulet flow from a heated surface strongly depends on the flow pattern of rivulet.

• 한국초전도ㆍ저온공학회논문지
• /
• 제8권1호
• /
• pp.54-58
• /
• 2006

Stirling cryocooler is relatively compact, reliable, commercially available. and uses helium as a working fluid. Over the past decade and a half, there has been rapid development of Stirling cryocooler, mainly for military and space applications. Stirling cryocoolers have been widely used lot the cooling of infrared sensors and high temperature superconducting filters to the temperature of the liquid nitrogen. The Stirling cryocooler with the rotary compressor is applicable to the cooling device for the compact mobile thermal imaging system, because the cryocoolers have the compact structure and light weight. In this paper, integral Stirling cryocooler is designed, manufactured and fabricated, and performance characteristics are investigated. This cooler delivers approximately 0.6W cooling at 80K for 20W of input power from 24V DC power supply.

• 한국태양에너지학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국태양에너지학회 2012년도 춘계학술발표대회 논문집
• /
• pp.96-101
• /
• 2012

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the performance of a concentrating photovoltaic cell (CPV) against temperature. It is know that a high efficiency of a CPV can be achieved only with proper cell temperature as well as high concentration ratio (CR). This study is concerned with appropriate cooling condition for a liquid-convection cooler for the best performance of a specific CPV. A series of experiments was conducted in a range of cell temperatures as a result of varying cooling conditions, while the concentration ratio was 390 and the solar irradiation flux was higher than 900 $W/m^2$ in outdoor environment. The CPV had a planar dimension of 10 by 10 mm. A Fresnel lens was used as a concentrator, of which the dimension was 221 mm(W) ${\times}$ 221 mm(L) ${\times}$ 3 mm(t) and the transmissivity was known to be 0.8. The cooler was attached to the bottom side of the CPV and had a contact area of 21 mm(W) ${\times}$ 26 mm(L), which was identical to the size of the base plate of the CPV. The coolant temperature was controlled by an isothermal bath and the flow rate was controlled and measured by a flowmeter. The experimental results showed that the average of power efficiency of the CPV decreased from 28.6 % to 24.7 % as the cell temperature increased from $36^{\circ}C$ to $97^{\circ}C$. An appropriate cooling method of a CPV might increase the power conversion efficiency by about 4% for the same concentration ratio. Discussion is included from the viewpoint of the combined efficiency in addition to the power efficiency.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
• /
• 제16권7호
• /
• pp.1-11
• /
• 2011

사용자들의 높은 요구 사항을 만족시키는 컴퓨팅 시스템을 개발하기 위해 프로세서의 성능을 향상시키기 위한 연구는 지속적으로 진행되어 왔다. 공정 기술 발달을 비롯한 다양한 기술 발전을 통하여 프로세서의 성능은 비약적으로 발전하였으나 그 이면에는 새로운 문제들이 발생하게 되었다. 그 중에서, 최근 들어 주된 문제점 중 하나로 인식되고 있는 열섬 현상은 칩의 신뢰성에 심각한 영향을 미치기 때문에 프로세서 설계 시 성능, 전력 효율성과 함께 반드시 고려되어야 한다. 과거에는 기계적인 냉각 기법으로 프로세서의 온도를 효과적으로 제어할 수 있었지만, 최근에는 프로세서의 성능이 높아져 발생되는 온도가 높아 냉각 비용이 급속히 증가하고 있다. 이로 인해, 최근의 온도 제어 연구는 기계적인 냉각 기법보다는 구조적 기법을 통한 온도 제어에 더욱 집중되는 추세를 보이고 있다. 하지만, 구조적 기법을 통해 온도를 제어하는 방안은 프로세서의 온도를 낮추는 데에는 효율적이지만 이를 위해 성능을 희생한다는 단점이 존재한다. 따라서, 기계적 냉각 기법을 통해 프로세서의 온도를 효율적으로 제어할 수 있다면, 성능 저하가 발생되는 구조적 기법을 통한 온도 제어기법의 사용 빈도가 줄어 그 만큼 성능이 향상될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 본 논문에서는 고성능 멀티코어 프로세서에서 발생하는 온도를 기계적인 냉각 기법이 얼마나 효율적으로 제어할 수 있는지를 상세하게 분석해 보고자 한다. 공랭식 냉각기와 수랭식 냉각기를 이용하여 다양한 실험을 수행한 결과, 공랭식 냉각기와 비교하여 수랭식 냉각기가 온도를 효과적으로 제어하는 반면에 전력 소모가 더 많음을 확인할 수 있다. 특히, 1W의 전력을 통해 낮출 수 있는 온도를 분석해 보면 공랭식에 비해서 수랭식이 더 효율적임을 알 수 있으며, 수랭식 냉각기의 경우에는 냉각 단계가 냉각 효율은 오히려 감소하게 됨을 확인할 수 있다. 실험 결과를 바탕으로 온도에 따라 적절하게 기계적 냉각 기법을 활용한다면 프로세서의 온도를 더욱 효과적으로 제어할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
• /
• 제11권12호
• /
• pp.4721-4726
• /
• 2010

본 논문은 압축기 인버터 주파수 제어에 따른 CO2용 수냉식 열펌프의 성능 특성에 대해서 실험적으로 조사하였다. 실험장치는 압축기, 가스냉각기, 팽창밸브, 증발기, 내부 열교환기, 수액기로 구성된다. 실험장치에 사용된 모든 열교환기는 동관으로 제작된 이중관식 대향류형이다. 가스냉각기와 증발기는 2.4 m인 소시험부 6개와 4개로 각각 구성된다. 실험결과를 요약하면, 우선 증발기와 가스냉각기의 입구온도와 냉매유량이 일정한 조건하에서 압축기 인버터 주파수가 증가할수록 압축비와 토출압력이 증가한다. 또한 인버터 주파수가 증가할수록 난방능력과 압축일량은 증가하는 반면 성능계수는 감소한다. 그리고 증발기 입구 2차유체의 온도가 $15^{\circ}C$에서 $25^{\circ}C$로 증가함에 따라 압축비와 압축일량은 감소하지만 질량유량, 난방능력, 성능계수는 증가한다. 위의 이러한 경향은 종래의 프레온계 냉매 시스템의 성능 변화와 유사하다.

• 한국초전도저온공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국초전도저온공학회 2003년도 추계학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.226-229
• /
• 2003

Following the successful development of practical high temperature superconducting (HTS) wires, there has been renewed activity in the development of superconducting power equipments. HTS equipments must be operated in the coolant, such as liquid nitrogen (L$N_2$) or cooled by cooler, such as GM-cryocooler to maintain the temperature below critical temperature. In this paper, dielectric strength of some insulating materials, such as epoxy, teflon, and glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) in L$N_2$was measured. Surface breakdown voltage of GFRP which is basic property in design of HTS solenoid coil was measured. Epoxy is a goof insulating material but it is fragile at cryogenic temperature. The multi-layer insulating method of current lead is suggested to compensate this fragile property. It consists of teflon tape layer and epoxy layer fixed with texture. Based on these measurements, the 6.6㎸ class HTS magnet for DC reactor type high-T$_{c}$ superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) was successfully fabricated and tested.d.

• 한국초전도ㆍ저온공학회논문지
• /
• 제12권3호
• /
• pp.44-48
• /
• 2010

Acoustic emission (AE) signal from an HTS tape has a low signal to noise ratio, due to the large amount of noise caused by the boiling of the liquid cryogen or mechanical vibration from the cryo-cooler. In an attempt to improve the sensitivity of the AE sensor, $Pb(Zr_{0.54}Ti_{0.46})O_3$ + 0.2 wt% $Cr_2O_3$ + 1.0 wt.% $Nb_2O_5$ ceramics sintered at $1200^{\circ}C$ was synthesized. In addition, the resonance ($f_r$) and anti-resonance frequencies ($f_a$) were measured using the specimens with various thicknesses (1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 mm). According to the test results, large AE signals with high frequencies were obtained from the AE sensor fabricated using a piezoelectric disc with a thinner thickness.

• 에너지공학
• /
• 제20권1호
• /
• pp.26-29
• /
• 2011

일반적인 냉각 과정에 적용되는 이차 냉매로서 아이스슬러리 적용 기술이 최근 개발되고 있다. 아이스슬러리는 액체와 거의 동일한 특성을 가지고 있고, 단위 체적당 아이스슬러리의 에너지용량이 얼음 입자의 잠열로 인해 냉각수나 브라인에 비해 상당히 높지만 파이프를 통해서 잘 유동시킬 수 있다. 아이스슬러리를 적용하는 냉각시스템의 설계를 위한 기초 결과를 제시하기 위하여, 쇼케이스의 냉각 코일에 아이스슬러리를 적용하는 실험을 수행하였다. 냉각 코일 입구에서의 아이스슬러리의 온도가 R22에 비하여 적어도 $5^{\circ}C$ 정도 높지만, R22를 적용하는 냉각시스템에 비하여 동등한 열적 성능을 가지고 있었다.