• Korean Journal of Crystallography
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.51-66
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• 1994

Y3Al5O2 and Nd: Y3Al5012 single crystals were grown by Czochralskl technique. The effectt of pulling rate rotation rate, and doping level of Nd3+ ion on the crystal quality were studied Various types of defects were analysed by photo-elastic effect and chemical etching method Finally, spectroscopic and laser poputies of grown crystal were measured. Optirmum pulling rate for good quality was dependant on the doping level of Nd3+ ion. It was found that the suitable pulling rates for pure Y3Al5O12 for 3.0∼3.5 a/o Nd3+ ion doped Y3Al5012 and for more than 40 a/o Nd3+ ion doped Y3Al5012 were 2∼4mm/hr, 0.6∼0.5mm/hr, and less than 0.4mm/hr respectively. Solid-liquid interface was convex at the rotation rate of 27∼60rpm, and concave at the rotation rate of 80∼100rpm. Growth axis was confired to <111> direction and lattice parameter was measured to 12.017A. Core (211) facets,striations, inclusions of metal particles, dislocations and optical inhonngeneities were detected. Four level laser transition of Nd3+ion in YIAls012 single crystal were identified by the spectroscopic measurements. Laser rod with tam diameter and 63mm length was fabricated from grown Nd3+ Y3Al5012 sin91e crystals. 1.8lJ of lasing threshould and 0.49% of soope efficiency were measured by the Pulsed laser action.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.286-293
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• 2002

Microstructure and the electrical porperties of a ZnO-based multilayered chip-type varistor(abbreviated as MLV) with Ag/Pd(7:3) inner electrode have been studied as a function of firing of temperature. At 1100$^{\circ}$C, inner electrode layers began to show nonuniform thickness and small voids, which resulted in significant disappearance of the electrode pattern and delamination at 1100$^{\circ}$C. MLVs fired at 950$^{\circ}$C showed large degradation in leakage current, probably due to incomplete redistribution of liquid and transition metal elements in pyrochlore phase decomposition. Those fired at 1100$^{\circ}$C and above, on the other hand, revealed poor varistor characteristics and their reproductibility, which are though to stem from the deformation of inner electrode pattern, the reaction between electrode materials and ZnO-based ceramics, and the volatilization of $Bi_2O_3$. Throughout the firing temperature range of 950∼1100$^{\circ}$C, capacitance and leakage current increased while breakdown voltage and peak current decreased with the increase of firing temperature, but nonlinear coefficient and clamping ratio kept almost constant at ∼30 and 1.4, respectively. In particular, those fired between 1000$^{\circ}$C and 1050$^{\circ}$C showed stable varistor characteristics with high reproducibility. It seems that Ag/Pd(7:3) alloy is one of the electrode materials applicable to most ZnO-based MLVs incorporating with $Bi_2O_3$ when cofired up to 1050$^{\circ}$C.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.40-44
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• 2003

Soil-borne infectious disease including Pythium aphanidermatum and Rhizoctonia solani causes severe damage to plants, such as cucumber. This soil-borne infectious disease was not controlled effectively by chemical pesticide. Since these diseases spread through the soil, chemical agents are usually ineffective. Instead, biological control, including antagonistic microbe can be used as a preferred control method. An efficient method was developed to select an antagonistic strain to be used as a biological control agent strain. In this new method, surface tension reduction potential of an isolate was included in the ‘decision factor’ in addition to the other factors, such as growth rate, and pathogen inhibition rate. Considering these 3 decision factors by a statistical method, an isolate from soil was selected and was identified as Bacillus sp. GB16. In the pot test, this strain showed the best performance among the isolated strains. The lowest disease incidence rate and fastest seed growth was observed when Bacillus sp. GB16 was used. Therefore this strain was considered as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). The action of surface tension reducing component was deduced as the enhancement of wetting, spreading, and residing of antagonistic strain in the rhizosphere. This result showed that new selection method was significantly effective in selecting the best antagonistic strain for biological control of soil-borne infectious plant pathogen. The antifungal substances against P. aphanidermatum and R. solani were partially purified from the culture filtrates of Bacillus sp. GB16. In this study, lipopeptide possessing antifungal activity was isolated from Bacillus sp. GB16 cultures by various purification procedures and was identified as a surfactin-like lipopeptide based on the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), high performance liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (HPLC-MS), and quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) ESI-MS/MS data. The lipopeptide, named GB16-BS, completely inhibited the growth of Pythium aphanidermatum, Rhizoctonia solani, Penicillium sp., and Botrytis cineria at concentrations of 10 and 50 mg/L, respectively. A novel method to prevent the foaming and to provide oxygen was developed. During the production of surface active agent, such as lipopeptide (surfactin), large amount of foam was produced by aeration. This resulted in the carryover of cells to the outside of the fermentor, which leads to the significant loss of cells. Instead of using cell-toxic antifoaming agents, low amount of hydrogen peroxide was added. Catalase produced by cells converted hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water. Also addition of corn oil as an oxygen vector as well as antifoaming agent was attempted. In addition, Ca-stearate, a metal soap, was added to enhance the antifoam activity of com oil. These methods could prevent the foaming significantly and maintained high dissolved oxygen in spite of lower aeration and agitation. Using these methods, high cell density, could be achieved with increased lipopeptide productivity. In conclusion to produce an effective biological control agent for soil-borne infectious disease, following strategies were attempted i) effective screening of antagonist by including surface tension as an important decision factor ii) identification of antifungal compound produced from the isolated strain iii) novel oxygenation by $H_2O_2-catalase$ with vegetable oil for antifungal lipopeptide production.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.21-25
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• 2016

When copper alloy is used in etching process for the production of lead frame, the high concentration of heavy metals, such as iron, nickel and zinc may be included in the etching waste. Those etching waste is classified as a specified one. Therefore a customized design was designed for the purification process of the lead frame etching waste liquid containing high concentrations of heavy metals for the production of an electroplating copper(II) oxide. Since the lead frame etching waste solution contains highly concentrated heavy metal species, an ion exchange method is difficult to remove all heavy metals. In this study, a copper(I) chloride was manufactured by using water solubility difference related to the reduction-oxidation method followed by the reunion of copper(II) chloride using sodium sulfate as an oxidant. The hydrazine was chosen as a reducing agent. The optimum added amount was 1.4 mol per 1.0 mol of copper. In the case of removal of heavy metals by using the combination of reduction-oxidation and ion exchange resin methods, 4.3 ppm of $Fe^{3+}$, 2.4 ppm of $Ni^{2+}$ and 0.78 ppm of $Zn^{2+}$ can be reused as raw materials for electroplating copper(II) oxide when repeated three times.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.525-532
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• 2014

Since mine wastes were merely dumped in the mine waste dump, they have produced acid mine drainage (AMD). Therefore, main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of coal combustion products (CCPs) on heavy metal stabilization and detoxification for mine wastes. Total six treatments for incubation test were conducted depending on mixing method (completely mixing and layered). Also, lysimeter experiment was conducted to examine efficiency of polyacrylamide (PAM) on reduction of mine wastes erosion. Result of incubation test showed that concentrations of soluble aluminium (Al) and iron (Fe) in leachate decreased compared to control. The lowest soluble Al and Fe in leachate was observed in 50% mixed treatment (14.2 and $1.03mg\;kg^{-1}$ for Al and Fe respectively) compared to control treatment (253.0 for Al and $52.6mg\;kg^{-1}$ for Fe). The pH of mine wastes (MW) and leachate increased compared to control after mixing with CCPs and ordered as control (MW 6.4, leachate 6.3) < 10% (MW 7.7, leachate 7.1) < 20% (MW 9.0, leachate 7.8) < 30% (MW 9.5, leachate 8.3) < 40% (MW 9.9, leachate 8.5) < 50% (MW 10.5, leachate 8.6). Application of PAM, both in liquid and granular type, dramatically decreased the suspended solid (SS) concentration of CCPs treatments. Reduction of SS loss was ordered as MW70CR30L ($24.4mg\;L^{-1}$) > MW70CR30LPL ($6.7mg\;L^{-1}$) > NT ($3.1mg\;L^{-1}$) > MW70CR30M ($1.6mg\;L^{-1}$) > MW70CR30MPL ($1.1mg\;L^{-1}$) > MW70CR30PGM ($0.7mg\;L^{-1}$) > MW70CR30LPG ($0.5mg\;L^{-1}$) > MW70CR30MPG ($0.4mg\;L^{-1}$). Overall, application of CCPs can be environmental friendly and cost-effective way to remediate coal mine wastes contaminated with heavy metals. In addition, use of PAM could help to prevent the erosion coal mine wastes in mine waste disposal area.

• Proceedings of the Technology Innovation Conference
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• 1997.12a
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• pp.159-176
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• 1997

This paper deals with demand surveys for big science and technology research facilities and equipments to advance national S'||'&'||'T research infrastructure. We perform surveys thrice based on applied Delphi method on the future demand of big S'||'&'||'T research facilities and equipments among Korean scientists and engineers. We employ the concept of big S'||'&'||'T research facilities and equipments as follows: \circled1 The operating size of it is equivalent to that of an institute or research center, and/or \circled2 The users in various disciplines are many, and/or \circled3 The application areas or spill-over effects are large, and/or \circled4 The scale and scope of research objects is equivalent to that of mega science area such as earth.oceanography.space, and/or \circled5 The expenses for installing and operating it are to be supported by government, and/or \circled5 The facilities are expected as necessary for international joint research, and/or \circled7 It is necessary for promoting creative basic science and developing creative technology. We ask the respondents to answer the following questionnaire: - How to prioritize the equipments according to the degree of importance\ulcorner $\square$ Promotion of basic science and mega science, the development of the technologies to enhance the public welfare, the competitiveness of industrial technologies, the job creation for the S'||'&'||'T personnel, and international cooperation. - Who should be in charge of acquisition and operation of the equipments\ulcorner $\square$ Industry, Government Research Institutes, Academy, ERC and SRC. - When shall we acquire the equipment\ulcorner $\square$ Within 2000, 2002, 2007, 2012, and 2017. - How shall we acquire the equipments\ulcorner $\square$ International Joint Development, Domestic Development, Acquisition from Overseas, - How much will the equipment generate spill-over effects to national competitiveness\ulcorner $\square$ Promotion of basic science, contribution to the economy, supply of S'||'&'||'T personnel, and international cooperation. We suggest the following equipments as prioritized candidates after consulting the officers from MOST, MOE, MIC, MOEN and experts from KBSI and STEPI:(table omitted) where, #1, Korea Advanced Liquid Metal Reactor, #2. 800 MHz Superconduction Fourier-Transform Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometer, #3. Ion Accelerator, #4. Seismic Test Facility, #5. Transonic Wind Tunnel, #6. Radio Telescope for Very Long Baseline Interferometer, #7. 3000t Universal(or Large Structure) Testing Machine, #8. Compost Facility or Plasma Pyrolysis Facility.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.31-37
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• 2012

As a recovery of elemental silicon from the sludge of Si wafer process, a process of mechanical separation-chlorine roasting-electrolysis has been suggested. The silicon sludge consisted of Si, SiC, machine oil, and metallic impurities. The oil and metal impurities was removed by mechanical separation. The Si-SiC mixture was converted to silicon chloride by chlorine roasting at $1000^{\circ}C$ for 1 hr and the silicon chloride was dissolved into an ionic liquid of $[Bmpy]Tf_2N$ as an electrolyte. Cyclic voltammetry results showed an wide voltage window of pure $[Bmpy]Tf_2N$ and a reduction peak of elemental Si from $[Bmpy]Tf_2N$ dissolved $SiCl_4$ on Au electrode, respectively. The silicon deposits could be prepared on the Au electrode by the potentiostatic electrolysis of -1.9 V vs. Pt-QRE. The elemental silicon uniformly electrodeposited was confirmed by various analytical techniques including XRD, FE-SEM with EDS, and XPS. Any impurity was not detected except trace oxygen contaminated during handling for analysis.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.68-74
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• 2010

In this study, fluidized-bed pyrolysis has been conducted in order to recover the bitumen contained in the oil sand. Canada Alberta oil sand contains 11.9% of bitumen and the bitumen-derived heavy oil produced in fluidizedbed tends to be upgraded relative to the bitumen. The continuous operation has been performed using $N_2$ as a fluidization gas at 1 atm and $500^{\circ}C$ in a reactor of 170 cm height. The results showed 87.76% of bitumen conversion, where liquid products are 74.45% and gas products are 13.31%. $H_2$, $O_2$, CO, $CO_2$, $CH_4$, and NO and $C_1{\sim}C_4$ hydrocarbons in the gas products were analyzed by on-line gas analyzer and gas chromatography, respectively. The pyrolysis oil was analyzed by using proximate analysis, heavy metal analysis, SIMDIS, asphaltenes, and heating value. By SIMDIS analysis, naphtha was 11.50%, middle distillation was 44.83% and heavy oil was 43.66%. It was obvious that the pyrolysis oil was upgraded compared with bitumens.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.230-235
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• 2012

Polymer electrolytes consisted of $BF_3LiMA$ and 300 (PEGMA300) or 1100 (PEGMA1100) g $mol^{-1}$ of PEGMA were prepared and the electrochemical properties were characterized. Interestingly, the AC-impedance measurement shows $1.22{\times}10^{-5}S\;cm^{-1}$ of room temperature ionic conductivity from PEGMA1100 based solid polymer electrolytes while $8.54{\times}10^{-7}S\;cm^{-1}$ was observed in PEGMA300 based liquid polymer electrolytes. The more suitable coordination between lithium ion and ethylene oxide (EO) unit might be the reason of higher ionic conductivity which can be possible in PEGMA1100 based electrolytes since it has 23 EO units in monomer. The lithium ion transference number was found to be 0.6 due to the side reactions between $BF_3$ and lithium metal expecially for longer time but 0.9 was observed within 3000 seconds of measuring time which is strong evidence of a single-ion conductor.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.373-389
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• 2008

This study was conducted to evaluate exposure level and risk of heavy metals in livestock foodstuffs and Korean foods. Based on the "Food Intake Data," a part of the 2005 National Health & Nutrition Survey and the "2005 Seasonal Nutrition Survey", 113 Korean foods items were selected. 3 samples from different manufacturers of each 113 items of Korean foods were purchased on summer and fall, so total 678 samples were used. The food groups were classified into 15 categories. For the livestock foodstuffs category, meats and poultry (chicken, pork, pork belly, beef, beef feet soup), milks and dairy products (milk, ice cream, liquid yoghourt, sherbet), eggs (egg) were selected. It was found that the daily amount of heavy metals intake (mg/person/day) from livestock foodstuffs is 0.00020 arsenic, 0.00000 cadmium, 0.00020 lead, and 0.00006 mercury, and the daily amount of heavy metals intake (mg/person/day) from Korean foods is 0.0265 arsenic, 0.0083 cadmium, 0.0067 lead, and 0.0028 mercury. Daily amount of heavy metals intake from livestock foodstuffs was low among the food groups. For risk assessment, PDI (Probable Daily Intake) was calculated and compared with PTWI (Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake) of JECFA (Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additive). Relative hazard of these livestock foodstuffs was 0.006% in arsenic, 0.000% in cadmium, 0.085% in lead, and 0.149% in mercury. Relative hazard of Korean foods was 0.941% in arsenic, 14.676% in cadmium, 3.319% in lead, and 6.860% in mercury. Thus, livestock foodstuffs and Korean foods were as safe as satisfied with the recommended standards of JECFA.