• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.276-286
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• 2022

This study is focused on the effect of phycobiliprotein extraction of Gracilaria on the quality of common carp burgers, and the application of nanoliposomes containing pigment in the improvement of its antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of burgers during refrigerated storage in 18 days. Burgers were incorporated with phycobiliprotein and liposomal phycobiliprotein (2.5% and 5% w/w), and their chemical and microbial changes in terms of pH, peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), total viable counts (TVC), psychrotrophic bacterial counts (PTC), and sensory characteristics were evaluated. Results presented a nanoliposome size of about 515.5 nm with capable encapsulation efficiency (83.98%). Our results showed non-encapsulated phycobiliprotein could delay the deterioration of common carp burgers, as a reduction in PV, TBA, and TVB-N, TVC, and PTC values in burgers treated with free and nano encapsulated phycobiliprotein. Moreover, the potential of phycobiliprotein was improved when it was encapsulated into chitosan coated liposomes. Burgers treated with 5% nanoliposomes displayed the lowest amount of lipid oxidation and microbial deterioration in comparison to others during storage. According to chemical, microbial and sensory evaluation, the shelf life of common carp burgers was increased in samples treated with encapsulated phycobiliprotein at 2.5% and 5%, as compared to the control (p ≤ 0.05).

• Journal of Radiopharmaceuticals and Molecular Probes
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.79-84
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• 2021

Radiopharmaceuticals are important for tumor diagnosis and therapy. To deliver a radiotracer at the desired target excluding non-targeted tissues is difficult The development of a targeted tracer that has a good clearance profile while maintaining high biostability and biocompatibility is key to optimizing its biodistribution and transport across biological barriers. Improving the hydrophilicity of radiotracers by PEGylation can reduce serum binding, allowing the tracer to circulate without retention and reducing its affinity for non-targeted tissues. In this study, we synthesized a new benzamido tracer (SnBz-PEG₃₆) with the introduction of a low molecular weight polyethylene glycol unit (PEG₃₆, ~2,100 Da). The tumor targeting efficiency and biodistribution of [¹³¹I]-Bz-PEG₃₆ or radiotracer-loaded liposomes were evaluated after their administration to normal mice or mouse tumor models including CT26 (xenograft) and 4T1 (xenograft and orthotopic). Most of the radiotracer was cleared out rapidly (1-24 h post-administration) through the kidney and there was little tumor uptake.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.417-424
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• 2024

Background: This research main objective was to evaluate a proliposomes (PLs) formulation for the enhancement of oral bioavailability of ginsenosides, using ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) as a marker. Methods: A novel PLs formulation was prepared using a modified evaporation-on-matrix method. Soy phosphatidylcholine, Rg3-enriched extract, poloxamer 188 (Lutrol® F 68) and sorbitol were mixed and dissolved using a aqueous ethanolic solution, followed by the removal of ethanol and lyophilization. The characterization of Rg3-PLs formulations was performed by powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and in vitro release. The enhancement of oral bioavailability was investigated and analyzed by noncompartmental parameters after oral administration of the formulations. Results: PXRD of Rg3-PLs indicated that Rg3 was transformed from crystalline into its amorphous form during the preparation process. The Rg3-encapsulated liposomes with vesicular-shaped morphology were generated after the reconstitution by gentle hand-shaking in water; they had a mean diameter of approximately 350 nm, a negative zeta potential (- 28.6 mV) and a high entrapment efficiency (97.3%). The results of the in vitro release study exhibited that significantly more amount of Rg3 was released from the PLs formulation in comparison with that from the suspension of Rg3-enriched extract (control group). The pharmacokinetic parameters after oral administration of PLs formulation in rats showed an approximately 11.8-fold increase in the bioavailability of Rg3, compared to that of the control group. Conclusion: The developed PLs formulation could be a favorable delivery system to improve the oral bioavailability of ginsenosides, including Rg3.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.230-238
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• 2024

In the present work, the interaction of lipid-based zwitterionic surfactant CDP-W with the vesicle membrane of phospholipids was investigated. For this purpose, interfacial properties such as critical micelle concentration (CMC) and surface tension were measured for the zwitterionic surfactant CDP-W and lecithin S100-3. The zeta potential of 1 wt% aqueous surfactant solutions was also measured as a function of pH to determine the iso-electric point of CDP-W surfactant, where the characteristic of CDP-W surfactant changes from a cationic surfactant to an anionic surfactant. Based on the iso-electric point measurement of CDP-W surfactant, the effects of pH change and CDP-W addition on the stability of S100-3 liposome systems were studied, such as average particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential. The effect of CDP-W on the fluidity characteristics of liposome membranes such as fluorescence anisotropy ratio, deformability, and melting point was investigated at pH 6 where the most stable liposomes were prepared to understand the effect of the fluidity of the liposome membrane on the encapsulation efficiency of active materials and the stability of liposome systems.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.7-15
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• 2004

This research was designed to investigate the antioxidant activity of red cabbage (Brassica oleracea L., BO) fractions on the liposomes consisted of L-$\alpha$-dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC-liposome) and the tyrosinase activity of BO fractions. The methanol extract of BO (BOM) was fractionated into five different partition layers: hexane (BOMH), ethylether (BOMEE), ethylacetate (BOMEA), butanol (BOMB) and aqueous (BOMA) layers. The antioxidant activities of BOM fractions toward oxidized DLPC-liposome were examined by spectrophotometry measuring oxidized conjugated dines. The antioxidant activities of BOMEE and BOMEA fractions toward oxidized DLPC-liposomes were similar to the antioxidant activities of $\alpha$-tocopherol and weaker than that of BHT. The synergy effects of antioxidation of BOMEE and BOMEA fractions added with vitamin C and $\alpha$-tocopherol had even stronger antioxidant activities than the fractions without vitamin C and $\alpha$-tocopherol. These results showed that the fractions of BOMEE and BOMEA could be developed as a potent antioxidant. Out of five different partition layers of BOM fractions, BOMEA exhibited the strongest tyrosinase activity of 94% at a concentration of 40 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL. This result suggests BOMEA fractions inhibit the foramation of melanin and therefore can be used as the inhibitor of melanin synthesis. Results of antioxidant activity and tyrosinase inhibition indicate that useful bioactive substances exist in BOMEE and BOMEA fractions. Both fractions from BO (red cabbage) have the potential of being developed into health related products.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.705-711
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• 2012

In this study, the elastic liposome consisted of egg phospholipids and edge activator ($Tego^{(R)}$ care 450) was prepared in order to supplement the defect of the conventional liposome. We prepared elastic liposome containing quercetin, known as natural antioxidant, and evaluated the vesicles size, elasticity, loading efficiency, stability, and in vitro skin permeation. The mean diameter of quercetin loaded elastic liposome formulations ranged between 208.2~303.4 nm and loading efficiency was observed 64.1~87.5%. The highest loading efficiency (87.5%) and deformability (28.3) were observed at the optimal ratio of 90 : 10 (egg phospholipids : $Tego^{(R)}$ care 450) among 0.1% quercetin loaded elastic liposome formulations. The elastic liposome formulation was selected for further transdermal permeation study. The elastic liposome ($129.9{\mu}g/cm^2$) exhibited more skin permeability than general liposome ($114.8{\mu}g/cm^2$) and 1,3-butylene glycol ($75.1{\mu}g/cm^2$) solution. This results suggest that the elastic liposome formulation using $Tego^{(R)}$ care 450 as a major edge activator could be useful for the delivery of active ingredient through the skin transdermal.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to provide a basis for studying the molecular mechanism of pharmacological action of chlorhexidine digluconate. Large unilamellar vesicles (OPGTL) were prepared with total lipids extracted from cultured Porphyromonas gingivalis outer membranes (OPG). The anthroyloxy probes were located at a graded series of depths inside a membrane, depending on its substitution position (n) in the aliphatic chain. Fluorescence polarization of n-(9-anthroyloxy)stearic acid was used to examine effects of chlorhexidine digluconate on differential rotational mobility, while changing the probes' substitution position (n) in the membrane phospholipids aliphatic chain. Magnitude of the rotational mobility of the intact six membrane components differed depending on the substitution position in the descending order of 16-(9-anthroyloxy)palmitic acid (16-AP), 12, 9, 6, 3 and 2-(9-anthroyloxy)stearic acid (12-AS, 9-AS, 6-AS, 3-AS and 2-AS). Chlorhexidine digluconate increased in a dose-dependent manner the rate of rotational mobility of hydrocarbon interior of the OPGTL prepared with total lipids extracted from cultured OPG, but decreased the mobility of membrane interface of the OPGTL. Disordering or ordering effects of chlorhexidine digluconate on membrane lipids may be responsible for some, but not all of its bacteriostatic and bactericidal actions.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.563-568
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• 2015

Liquiritin and its aglycone, liquiritigenin are flavonoid found in licorice that show anti-oxidant and anti-aging properties. In this study, ethosomes loaded with hydrophobic liquiritigenin or liquiritin were prepared as a transdermal delivery system. The particle size, entrapment efficiency, and skin permeability of ethosomes were evaluated. Ethosome containing liquiritigenin was stable up to 2 mM and ethosome containing liquiritin was stable up to 0.75 mM concentration. The particle size of ethosomes containing 0.75 mM liquiritigenin and liquiritin was 143.85 and 158.90 nm, respectively and the entrapment efficiency was 47.51 and 54.61%, respectively. The entrapment efficiency was improved with increasing concentrations of drugs. Ethosomes loaded with liquiritigenin or liquiritin were superior in skin permeation ability compared to that of 20% ethanol solution and conventional liposomes. These results suggest that ethosomes containing 0.50 mM liquiritigenin or liquiritin are effective for the skin permeation and may be used as an antiaging and antioxidant ingredient in cosmetic formulation.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.279-285
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• 2006

Non-viral gene carriers continue to attract a great deal of interest due to advantageous safety profile. Among the non-viral gene carriers, cationic liposomes or synthetic gene carriers are efficient DNA carriers in vitro. but their in vivo applications are greatly hampered because of low biocompatibility. On the other hand, chitosan, a natural cationic polysaccharide, is a candidate non-viral vector for gene delivery because of its low cytotoxicity and high positive charges. In this work, targeted gene carrier was synthesized to target artery wall cells using low molecular water-soluble chitosan (LMWSC). The molecular weight $(M_W)$ and degree of de acetylation (DDA) of LMWSC were measured by relative viscometer and Kina titration. respectively. The structure of LMWSC was analyzed by measuring FTIR, $^1H-NMR,\;and\;^{13}C-NMR$. AWBP-PEG-g-LMWSC was synthesized by conjugation of the artery wall binding peptide (AWBP), a specific targeting peptide, to the end of pegylated LMWSC as a gene carrier to target artery wall cells. The synthesized AWBP-PEG-g-LMWSC were analyzed by measuring FTIR, $^1H-NMR$, zeta -potentiometer, and atomic force microscopy (AFM).

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.320-324
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• 1995

Solubilization of microsomal ${\Delta}^{5}-3{\beta}$-hydroxy steroid acyl transfearse(${\Delta}^{5}-3{\beta}$-OH-SAT) of rat brain and its reconstitution into liposomes were investigated. Among the detergents utilized for the solubilization, deoxycholic acid was superior to Tween 80 or Triton X-100 for the reconstituted activity of ${\Delta}^{5}-3{\beta}$-OH-SAT. The enzyme activity was shown to be affected by the nature of phospholipids used for the preparation of the liposome. Phosphatidylcholines from egg yolk and soybean showed the highest activity of ${\Delta}^{5}-3{\beta}$-OH-SAT and phosphatidylethanolamine came next. However phosphatidylserine and phosphatidic acid showed a lower activity than those obtained before the reconstitution. This study suggests that the presence of quaternary ammonium salt or amine group in the phospholipids stimulates the activity of ${\Delta}^{5}-3{\beta}$-OH-SAT. However the presence of a carboxylic group or the absence of the amine group may have an inhibitory effect on the ${\Delta}^{5}-3{\beta}$-OH SAT.