• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.1258-1262
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• 1999

With an attempt to elucidating the lipid metabolism of Tsaiya ducks, thirty ducks at growing (8 weeks of age) and laying periods (10 weeks after the onset of laying) were examined, respectively. The ducks were randomly allocated into ad libitum feeding and 3-day fasting groups, to investigate their in vitro hepatocytes lipogenesis capacity and adipocytes lipolysis rate. Results indicate that (1) the capacity of hepatocytes incorporation of glucose and acetate into total lipid and metabolite of $^{14}CO_2$ production during the laying period was greater than during the growing period. Approximately 50% of the glucose or acetate converted into triacylglycerol (TG) by the hepatocytes were recovered as fatty acid during the growing period, while it was 65-70% during the laying period. (2) Acetate used for lipogenesis ability was superior to glucose in both periods. (3) The adipocytes lipolysis rate was increased significantly (p<0.05) by fasting. In contrast, the capacity of incorporated glucose or acetate into total lipid, triacylglycerol, fatty acid and glycerol by hepatocytes was reduced significantly (p<0.05) by fasting.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.134-140
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• 2017

In a series of investigations to develop a potential anti-obese agent, we prepared a immature Citrus fruits (IMF) and compared its lipid excretion effects to those of Citrus fruits (MF, CP, JP) in an ICR mouse model of obesity induced by a high fat diet. The body weights of IMF fed mice were found to be significantly lower from 2 weeks oral administration, despite the fact that their food intakes were similar to that of the HFD control mice. The fecal cholesterol content showed a significant increase in IMF (52.0 mg/g) at 7 weeks oral administration, and mature Citrus fruits (MF, 41.3 mg/g), immature Citrus peel (CP, 32.2 mg/g), mature Citrus peel (JP, 30.0 mg/g) respectively. And also, the triglyceride content in the feces showed a significant increase in MF (14.6 mg/g), and IMF (14.2 mg/g), CP (10.5 mg/g) and JP (10.0 mg/g), respectively. On the other hand, in the inhibition activity of pancreatic lipase, MF (0.78 nmol/min/ml) showed the greatest decrease in glycerol, CP (0.79 nmol/min/ml), JP, (0.93 nmol/min/ml) and IMF (1.42 nmol/min/ml).

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.390-393
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• 1997

${\kappa}-Carrageenan-based$ film prepared by mixing 2% ${\kappa}-carrageenan$, 0.1% KCl, 0.75% polyethylene glycol, and 0.75% glycerol was examined to be used as a potential packaging material for mackerel mince for preventing moisture loss and lipid oxidation. Mackerel mince patties were vacuum-packaged with the film and stored at $20^{\circ}C,\;10^{\circ}C,\;0^{\circ}C,\;and\;-15^{\circ}C$; nonpackaged patties were also stored at $0^{\circ}C$. Weight reduction, peroxide value (PV), and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value were measured during storage. The packaged or nonpackaged samples stored at $20^{\circ}C,\;10^{\circ}C,\;and\;0^{\circ}C$ showed a 60% weight reduction between 2 and 15 days of storage, while the weight reduction of the samples stored at $-15^{\circ}C$ was about 3% after 25 days. The nonpackaged samples stored at $0^{\circ}C$ showed a steady increase in lipid oxidation with the PV reaching 23 mequivalent peroxide (PO)/㎏ on day 20 and with the TBA value at 0.4 mole malonaldehyde (MA)/g on day 5. The PV and TBA values of the samples vacuum-packaged with the carrageenan-based film were below 2 mequivalent PO/㎏ and below 0.1 mole MA/g, respectively, regardless of storage temperature throughout the storage of 28 days.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.425-429
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• 2008

The anti-obesity effect of chokong, Rhynchosia nolubilis seeds pickled in vinegars for 2 weeks at $4^{\circ}C$, was investigated. During the differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes, the addition of ethanolic extracts of chokongs lowered the cellular triglyceride content by 8.1-9.0%, and glucose content by 12.2-27.6%, depending on the kinds of vinegar used. The activity of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase also decreased up to 56.0-59.3% by supplying those extracts. In addition, vinegars were superior to acetic acid, citric acid, and hydrochloric acid solutions, and distilled water in anti-obesity of the pickled seeds.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.101-107
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• 1993

Zygosaccharomyces rouxii is a salt-tolerant yeast which plays an important role during the ripening stage of soy sauce fermentation. Z. rouxii used in the experiment could grow in YPD (1 % yeast extract, 2% peptone and 2% glucose, pH5.0) medium with 18% (w/v) NaCl, whereas Saccharomyces cerevisiae could only grow in YPD medium with less than 8% NaCl. In the presence of 15% NaCl, Z. rouxii accumulates a large amount of glycerol as a compatible solute within the cells in the exponential phase. It is a characteristic of salt-tolerant yeasts. From the chemical analyses on membrane lipid fluidity, the membrane structure of the cells grown in 15% NaCl was suggested to become more rigid and its fluidity was decreased to keep glycerol within the cells in response to surrounding medium with high concentrations of salt.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.285-288
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• 2006

The anti-adipogenic effect of dongchimi nano juice prepared using a nano-filtering process was investigated by measuring leptin and glycerol levels and the expression of a peroxisome proliferator-activated $receptor-\gamma\;(PPAR\gamma)$ gene as indicators of lipid accumulation or lipolysis. Red pepper powder, seeds of red pepper, garlic, and ginger were added in the preparation of dongchimi. Dongchimi was fermented to reach the optimal fermentation period, followed by nano-filtration in the range of $0.0005\sim0.1\;{\mu}m$. The lactic acid bacteria of dongchimi nano juice were removed completely by a nano-filtering process. Treatment of dongchimi nano juice induced glycerol release in the 3T3-L1 adipocytes and decreased the mRNA expression level of $PPAR\gamma$. These results suggested that dongchimi nano juice may enhance lipolysis and modulate adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.23 no.12
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• pp.1778-1784
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• 2002

Novel membrane lipids containing the unusual very long chain fatty $acid{\alpha}{\omega}-1316-dimethyloctacosanedioate$, dimethyl. Ester (DME C30) was isolated and purified from thermophilic anaerobic eubacterium, Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus. Structures of the lipids containing the bifunctional fatty acyl components were proposed by various analyses such as $^1H,\;^{13}C,\;^{31}P$ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB/MS). Combined with the GC/MS, $^1H,\;and\;^{13}C$NMR data, we confirmed that the head groups of the lipids contained the glycerol and/or glucosamine molecules. $^{31}P$ NMR spectrum also showed that the lipids contained phosphate in a phosphodiester linkage. The proposed structures of these novel lipid components were the ones in which two head groups were linked by the membrane spanning fatty acyl component(DME C30)and regular chain fatty acids on glycerol moiety of each head group.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.487-493
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) has been reported to have many biological functions including anti-obesity. Leptin, peptide hormone produced by adipocytes and its concentration is increased in proportion to the amount of the adipocytes. In the present study, we examined the effects of Korean turmeric on the regulation of adiposity and leptin levels in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and rats fed a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet. MATERIALS/METHODS: Leptin secretion, free fatty acid and glycerol contents in 3T3-L1 adipocytes were measured after incubation of cells with turmeric for 24 hours. Rats were divided into four experimental groups: a normal diet group (N), a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet group (HF), a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet group supplemented with 2.5% turmeric extracts (TPA group) and a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet group supplemented with 5% turmeric extracts (TPB group). Serum samples were used for the measurement of leptin concentration. RESULTS: Contents of free fatty acid and glycerol showed concentration dependent increase in response to turmeric extracts. Effects of turmeric extracts on reduction of lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells were examined by Oil Red O staining. Treatment with turmeric extracts resulted in increased expression levels of adipose triglyceride lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase mRNA. The concentration of leptin from 3T3-L1 adipocytes was significantly decreased by turmeric. Proportional abdominal and epididymal fats weights of the turmeric 5% supplemented group, TPB has significantly decreased compared to the HF group. The serum levels of leptin in the TPA and TPB groups were significantly lower than those of the HF group. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these results, we suggested that Korean turmeric may contribute to the decreasing of body fat and regulating leptin secretion.

• BMB Reports
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.446-451
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• 2001

The interaction of cytochrome c with binary phospholipid mixtures was investigated by solid-state $^2H$- and $^{31}P$-NMR. To examine the effect of the interaction on the glycerol backbones, the glycerol moieties of phosphatidylcholine (PC), and cardioliph (CL) were specifically deuterated. On the binding of cytochrome c to the binary mixed bilayers, no changes in the quadrupole splittings of each of the components were observed for the PC/PG, PE/CL and PE/PG liposomes. In contrast, the splittings of CL decreased on binging of protein to the PC/CL liposomes, although those of PC did not change at all. This showed that cytochrome c specifically interacts with CL in PC/CL bilayers, and penetrates into the lipid bilayer to some extent so as to perturb the dynamic structure of the glycerol backbone. This is distinctly different from the mode of interaction of cytochrome c with other binary mixed bilayers. In the $^{31}P$-NMR spectra, line broadening and a decrease of the chemical shift anisotropy were observed on the binding of cytochrome c for all binary mixed bilayers that were examined. These changes were more significant for the PC/CL bilayers. Furthermore, the line broadening is more significant for PC than for CL in PC/CL bilayers. Therefore, it can be concluded that with the polar head groups, not only CL but also PC are involved in the interaction with cytochrome c.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.150-160
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• 2015

We previously reported that 1-palmitoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-acetyl-rac-glycerol (PLAG) accelerates hematopoiesis and has an improving effect on animal disease models such as sepsis and asthma. The effects of PLAG supplementation on immune modulation were assessed in healthy men and women. The objective was to evaluate the effects of PLAG supplementation on immune regulatory functions such as activities of immune cells and cytokine production. A randomized double blind placebo-controlled trial was conducted. Seventy-five participants were assigned to one of two groups; all participants had an appropriate number of white blood cells on the testing day. The PLAG group (n=27) received oral PLAG supplements and the control group (n=22) received oral soybean oil supplements. IL-4 and IL-6 production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were lower (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively) with PLAG than with soybean oil. However, the production of IL-2 and IFN-$\gamma$ by PBMC was unaltered with PLAG supplementation. The B cell proliferation decreased significantly in the PLAG group compared to the soybean oil control (p<0.05). The intake of PLAG in healthy adults for 4 weeks was deemed safe. These data suggest that PLAG has an immunomodulatory function that inhibits the excessive immune activity of immunological disorders such as atopic and autoimmune diseases. PLAG could improve the condition of these diseases safely as a health food supplement.