• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.87-96
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• 2022

Objective The purpose of this study was to confirm the effect of Sabaek-san extract on skin damage recovery and inflammation relief in atopic dermatitis-induced mice through Endocannabinoid system (ECS) control. Methods In this study, we used 6-week-old NC/Nga mice were divided into 4 group: control group (Ctrl), lipid barrier elimination group (LBEG), palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) treated group after lipid barrier elimination (PEAG), and Sabaek-san extract treatment group after lipid barrier elimination (SBSG). Each group was assigned 10 animals. After drug administration of three weeks duration following lipid barrier elimination, cannabinoid receptor (CB) 1, CB2, CD (Cluster of Differentiation) 68, phosphorylated inhibitor kappa B (p-IκB), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), Fc ε receptor, substance P and serotonin were observed to confirm the regulation of the ECS, macrophage activity and mast cell activity. Results We found that 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OXdG) positive reaction was significantly lower in the SBST group than in LBET and PEAT groups. Both CB1 and CB2 showed higher positive reactions in the SBST group than in the LBET and PEAT. CD68, p-IκB, iNOS, Fc ε receptor, Substance P and serotonin showed lower positive reaction in the SBST compared to the LBET and PEAT. Conclusion It was confirmed that the Sabaek-san extract can reduce the inflammation of atopic dermatitis by restoring the structural damage of the skin lipid barrier through ECS activity.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.53-62
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• 2023

Objectives The aim of this study was to identify the effect of Baekho-tang extract on epidermal barrier recovery and inflammation relief in atopic dermatitis-induced mice through Endocanabinoid system (ECS) regulation. Methods In this study, we used 4-week-old NC/Nga mice were divided into 4 group: lipid barrier elimination group (LBEG), palmitoylethanolamide treated group after lipid barrier elimination (PEAT), Baekho-tang extract treatment group after lipid barrier elimination (BHTT) and control group (Ctrl). Each group was assigned 10 animals. We identified that cannabinoid receptor (CB) 1, CB2, CD (Cluster of Differentiation) 68, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), substance P and Matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) through our immunohistochemistry. Results We discovered that when compared to PEAT, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, a marker of oxidative stress in the epidermal barrier, and CB1 and CB2, markers of ECS modulation, were less activated in BHTT. These results led to an anti-inflammatory response in BHTT, with a significant decrease in several inflammatory mediators such as CD 68, iNOS, substance P and MMP-9 compared to PEAT and LBEG. Conclusions These results suggest that the Baekho-tang extract can reduce the inflammation of atopic dermatitis by restoring the structural damage of the skin lipid barrier through ECS modulation.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.90-99
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• 2018

Objectives Hwangnyeonhaedok-tang is a Korean herbal medical treatment that removes toxic heat, fever and inflammation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Hwangnyeonhaedok-tang treatment on the relief of atopic dermatitis (AD) through regeneration of skin lipid barrier. Methods Male NC/Nga mice (20 g, 6 week age) were used. Each 10 mice were allocated to the control group (Ctrl), the AD-induced with no treatment group (AE), and the group which induced AD after administering Hwangnyeonhaedok-tang extract (HT). To induce AD-like skin lesions, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) was rubbed on the back of each mouse to remove the lipid lamella of the stratum corneum, and Dermatophagoides (D.) farinae crude extract was applied. HT group was orally administered Hwangnyeonhaedok-tang after induction of AD. IL-4 IL-13, $p-I{\kappa}B$, iNOS, Sudan Black B (SB), loricrin, and filaggrin were observed to confirm the effect. Results In HT group, AD skin score was decreased by 46%. The cytokine IL-4 and IL-13, which can identify Th2 differentiation, was reduced by 73% and 58% each. Anti-inflammatory effects were observed in $p-I{\kappa}B$ and iNOS by 69% and 54%, respectively. Finally, SB showed that the regeneration of the lipid layer and the increase of the regeneration power of loricrin and filaggrin were increased by 437% and 464%, respectively. Conclusions From the study result, we observed that Hwangnyeonhaedok-tang treatment alleviates AD by decreasing skin score, reducing Th2 differentiation, inducing anti-inflammatory, and increasing skin lipid barrier regeneration. Thus, Hwangnyeonhaedok-tang treatment would be considered as an effective AD relieving treatment.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.351-357
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• 2009

To investigate the alleviative effects of jujube water extract (JWE) on the inflammation and skin barrier damage, both the irradiation of UVB and the application of squalene monohydroperoxide (Sq-OOH) were applied to the back skin of experimental animals for 4 weeks. And at the same time experimental materials were applied topically. Six weeks female SKH-1 hairless mice were divided into five groups (five animals for each group) including normal (N; saline), control (C; UVB+Sq-OOH+saline), vehicle control (VC; UVB+Sq-OOH+vehicle), positive control (PC; UVB+Sq-OOH+0.01% retinoic acid) and experimental (E; UVB+Sq-OOH+JWE) groups. The skin erythema index in the E group was significantly low compared to the C group (p<0.05). Lipid (p<0.05) and water (p<0.01) capacities in the E group were significantly high compared to the C group. In comparison with the C group, E group showed a relatively well preserved lipid lamellae in the epidermis and a relatively much less infiltration of mast cells in the dermis or hypodermis. As for the both absolute and relative weights of the spleen, PC group were significantly higher than the other groups. These results suggest that JWE have a considerably inhibitory effect on the inflammation and the skin barrier damage induced by UVB irradiation and Sq-OOH application.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.115-124
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• 2020

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect and side effects of steroids on dermatitis and skin barrier through lipid metabolism. And to propose using Herbal medicine to suppress Steroid rebound and prevent side effects. Methods : We reviewed recent studies about the relationship between dermatitis, skin lipid, steroid, and herbal medicine through Google scholar. Results : In various inflammatory skin diseases, the corticosteroid is selected as the primary drug due to its strong anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effect. However, long-term use of steroids has a variety of side effects, especially lipid metabolism disruption, which aggravates skin barrier damage underlying various skin diseases and is more susceptible to inflammatory reactions. Conclusions : Herbal medicine is used as a comprehensive approach, and it can be used to reduce the frequency of steroid exposure by protecting against barrier damage by controlling anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and systemic/sebaceous lipid metabolism and stratum corneum protein differentiation.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.14-23
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• 2017

Objectives This study is conducted to evaluate skin fat barrier formation of Hataedock using the Coptis japonica & Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract. Methods The 3-week-old NC/Nga mice were divided into 3 groups: control group (Ctrl), Hataedock-treated group that uses the Coptis japonica & Glycyrrhiza uralensis (CGT) extract, and Hataedock-treated group that uses Bifidobacterium (BBT). After 2 weeks, changes in immunohistochemicals, and skin-lipid-barrier regulators were observed for the effects of Hataedock. Results In CGT group, loricrin-positive reaction has been increased by 231%, along with involucrin-positive reaction by 90%, filaggrin-positive reaction by 143%, and ASM-positive reaction by 341% in the stratum corneum. Conclusions Hataedock, using the extract of Coptis japonica & Glycyrrhiza uralensis, increased the expression of proteins promoting keratinocyte differentiation. This leads into conclusion that Hataedock may increase the keratinocyte formation and function which promotes skin barrier formation.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.323-330
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• 2023

The skin's barrier structure is formed through the differentiation process of epidermal keratinocytes. It consists of corneocytes that are composed of keratin proteins and lipids that fill the spaces between them. During this process, the lipids such as phospholipid that made up the membrane of the basal layer cells of the epidermis are decomposed and replaced with newly synthesized components like ceramide. In this study, the effect of ginsenoside Rg3 components on the packing of the intercellular lipid structure of the skin barrier and the barrier function was confirmed. To confirm this, Rg3 components were treated during the differentiation process of 3D epidermal cells. The FT-IR and TEWL analysis on 3D epidermis showed an enhancement in the orthorhombic lipid packing and an improvement in barrier function. Additionally, in HaCaT cells, an increase in the expression of EVOL1 and EVOL4, which synthesize long-chain lipids, was detected, along with a decrease in CERS6, which synthesizes short-chain ceramide, and an increase in ACER6, which decomposes ceramide using phytosphingosine. This suggests the possibility that Rg3 affects lipid synthesis during the epidermal differentiation process, resulting in changes in barrier function.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.41-52
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• 2017

Objectives: Hataedock is indigenous treatment of Korean medicine that administers herbal extracts orally to newborn infants for remove the fetal heat. The purpose of this study was to evaluate skin lipid barrier formation effect of Hataedock treatment with Douchi. Methods: We measured the Western blot to observe the expression of protein such as involucrin and loricrin. Moreover, we observed immunohistochemical changes in NC/Nga mice. The 3-week-old NC/Nga mice were divided into 3 groups: the 3-week-old control group (3w-Ctrl), 5-week-old control group (5w-Ctrl), and the Hataedock-treated group (5w-FGT). Only the 5w-FGT group was treated with Douchi at the 3rd week. We identified the changes of the lipid skin barrier and protein differentiation through immunohistochemical changes of involucrin, loricrin, filaggrin and acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) in the stratum corneum. Results: The expression of involucrin and loricrin was increased in the Western blot that was treated with concentration of Douchi extracts. In 5w-FGT group, loricrin-positive reaction was increased by 54.0%, involucrin-positive reaction was increased by 84.0%, filaggrin-positive reaction was increased by 108.0% and ASM-positive reaction was increased by 91.0% in the stratum corneum. Conclusions: These results suggest that Hataedock treatment with Douchi promoted skin lipid barrier formation by promoting differentiation of keratinocytes.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.197-207
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• 2021

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to confirm effect of reducing inflammation of Coptis chinensis extract-ceramide complex through the endocannabinoid system (ECS) control in atopic dermatitis. Methods: 8-week-old ICR mice were divided into normal group (Ctrl), lipid barrier elimination group (ADE), palmitoylethanolamide treated group after lipid barrier elimination (PEAT), and Coptis chinensis extract-ceramide complex applied group after lipid barrier elimination (CRA). After inducing atopic dermatitis, cannabinoid receptor (CB) 1, CB2, CD68, p-I𝜅B, iNOS, substance P and serotonin were observed to confirm the regulation of the ECS, macrophage activity and mast cell activity. Results: CB1 and CB2 showed higher positive reactions in the CRA than in the ADE and PEAT. CD68, p-I𝜅B and iNOS showed higher positive reaction in the ADE, PEAT and CRA than in the Ctrl, but the increase in the positive reaction was lower in the CEA compared to the ADE and PEAT. Substance P and serotonin showed higher positive reaction in the ADE, PEAT and CRA than in the Ctrl, but the increase in the positive reaction was lower in the CEA compared to the ADE and PEAT. Conclusions: The effects of Coptis chinensis extract -ceramide complex were confirmed on the regulation of the ECS, macrophage activity and mast cell activity.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.159-167
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• 2009

To investigate the alleviative effects of Peonia japonica water extract(PJWE) on inflammation and skin barrier damage, both the irradiation of UVB and the application of squalene monohydroperoxide (Sq-OOH) to the backs of hairless mice were performed for 4 weeks. And at the same time experimental materials were applied topically. The skin erythema indices for the positive control (PC, 0.01% retinoic acid) and experimental (E, PJWE) groups were lower than that of the control (C) group. Whereas both the lipid and water capacities for the PC and E groups were higher than those of the C group. Epidermis and dermis of the C group were remarkably thickened in comparison with the PC and E groups. Relatively much less number of inflammatory cells, including lymphocytes, neutrophils and macrophages were found in dermis of the PC and E groups compared with the C group. Lipid lamellae of the C group were broken severely showing an irregular arrangement and lipid content was much reduced. Whereas those of the PC and E groups were almost intact with a regular arrangement, which were similar to that of the N group. Taken the results all together, it was confirmed that PJWE could be effective natural herbal material for the alleviation of inflammation and skin barrier damage in hairless mice skin which were induced by UVB and Sq-OOH.