• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.129-137
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• 2011

The antioxidant activities of fermented red ginseng (FRG) were investigated in vitro and in vivo. The contents of total polyphenol and total flavonoid in FRG extracts were $17.01{\pm}2.00$ ${\mu}g/mg$ and $18.42{\pm}3.97$ ${\mu}g/mg$, respectively. These extracts were capable of directly scavenging ${\alpha}$, ${\alpha}$-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl free radicals. The antioxidative effects of the FRG extracts in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats were also investigated. The activities of plasma alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and ${\gamma}$-glutamyltransferase were significantly decreased by extract administration as compared to an STZ control group. Hepatic glutathione content depleted by STZ treatment was significantly increased by treatment of the FRG extracts, but the elevation of lipid peroxide content induced by STZ was significantly decreased by the extracts. Activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase decreased after STZ-treatment were recovered by the treatment of the FRG extracts. These results indicate that FRG extracts have antioxidative effets in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.286-290
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• 2003

Effects of Ramaria botrytis methanol extract on hepatotoxicity in $benzo({\alpha})pyrene(B({\alpha})P)-treated$ mice were investigated. R. botrytis methanol extract was intraperitioneally injected once a day for successive 5 days, followed by treatment with $B({\alpha})P$ on the fifth day. Antioxidant activities of R. botrytis methanol extract were examined by measuring the free radical-scavenging effect on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. In DPPH method, R. botrytis methanol extract showed strong antioxidative activies. The increased activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase after $B({\alpha})P-treatment$ were decreased by treatment of R. botrytis methanol extract. Glutathione content and glutathione S-transferase activity depleted by $B({\alpha})P$ were significantly increased, but elevation of lipid peroxide content induced by $B({\alpha})P$ was decreased by R. botrytis methanol extract. These results suggest that R. botrytis methanol extract is believe to be a possible protective effect against $B(\alpha)P-induced$ hepatotoxicity in mice.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.12
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• pp.1712-1717
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• 2012

Oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) plays an important role in the development and progression of atherosclerotic disease. In this study, human LDL was isolated and oxidized using $CuSO_4$ in the presence or absence of S-allylmercaptocysteine. Oxidative modification of the LDL fraction was monitored by both the appearance of thiobarbituric acid substances (TBARS), an increase in electrophoretic mobility, and conjugated diene formation. The addition of S-allylmercaptocysteine reduced lipid peroxide formation, indicating it to be an effective antioxidant. The inhibition of LDL oxidation by $5{\sim}20{\mu}g/ml$ S-allylmercaptocysteine occurred in a dose-dependent manner, as assessed by the TBARS assay. S-allylmercaptocysteine at $20{\mu}g/ml$ almost completely inhibited the $Cu^{2+}$ induced increases in electrophoretic mobility of LDL and almost completely inhibited conjugated diene formation. A more potent antioxidative activity was observed for S-allylmercaptocysteine than for either Vitamin C or $d{\ell}-{\alpha}$-tocopherol. Thus, S-allylmercaptocysteine aid in preventing the development and progression of atherosclerotic disease.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.61-69
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• 2004

The shelf-life of Yugwa(Busuge) is very short because of the low oxidative stability of soybean oil which is conventionally used as the frying oil of Yugwa base with high porous structures. To identify the possibility of replacing soybean oil with palm oil whose oxidative stability is high, POV(peroxide value), AV(acid value), colorness (L. a and b), hardness and sensory characteristics during storage of the Yugwa base fried with the soybean oil and palm oil stored in the anaerobic packaging or the aerobic packaging at 10 and $30^{\circ}C$ for 75 days were measured. POV and AV of the Yugwa base fried with palm oil were significantly lower than those of Yugwa fried with the soybean oil. Hardness and colorness were not different each other and, sensory evaluation was slightly higher than that fried with soybean oil. Lipid absorption amount was not significantly different between the Yugwa base fried with palm oil and the one fried with soybean oil.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.10-16
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• 2001

To evaluate an effect of circadian variation on the xylene metabolizing enzyme activities, 50% m-xylene in olive oil(0.25 $m\ell$/100g body weight) was intraperitoneally administered to the rats every other day for 6 days both in the night; 24:00 and the day; 12:00. Then animals were sacrigiced at 8hr after last injection of m-xylene. Hepatic microsomal cytochrome p450 contents were more increased both in control and xylene treated rats of night phase than those of day phase. But the activity of hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase(ADH) in control of night phase showed the similar value with that in those of day phase and xylene treated rats of day phase showed an increasing tendency of hepatic ADH activity as those of night phase showing similar activity. Furthermore, control rats of night phase than those of day phase. And by xylene treatment, enzyme activities of rats of day phase were higher tendency in rats of control but those of night phase were somewhat inhibited. Besides, xylene-treated animals of night phase showed increasing tendency of urinary methylhippuric acid concentration compared with those of day phase. On the other hand, liver weight per body weight(%), hepatic lipid peroxide content and serum xanthine oxidase activity were higher in night phase. And the activities of hepatic oxygen free radical metabolizing enzymes such as xanthine oxidase, gluthathione S-transferase, and xylene-treated rats of night phase than those of day phase. In conclusion, it can be hypothesized on the basis of the results that the accumulation rate of m-xylene intermediate metabolite, i.e. m-methylbenzaldehyde in liver tissus may be higher in night phase than in day phase and it may be responsible for higher liver toxicity in bight phase than in day phase.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.497-505
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• 2004

The proliferation of mesangial cells has been associated with the development of diabetic nephropathy. The cell proliferation has been regulated by diverse growth factors. Among them, insulin like growth factors(IGFs) are also involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. However, it is not yet known about the effect of high glucose on IGF-I and IGF-II secretion and the relationship between high glucose-induced secretion of IGFs and PKC or oxidative stress in the mesangial cells. Thus, we examined the mechanisms by which high glucose regulates secretion of IGFs in mesangial cells. High glucose(25 mM) increased IGF-I and IGF-II secretion. High glucose-induced increase of IGF-I and IGF-II secretion were blocked by taurine($2{\times}10^{-3}$ M), N-acetyl cystein(NAC, $10^{-5}M$), or GSH($10^{-5}M$) (antioxidants), suggesting the role of oxidative stress. High glucose-induced secretion of IGF-I and IGF-II were blocked by H-7, staurosporine, and bisindolylmaleimide I(protein kinase C inhibitors). On the other hand, high glucose also increased lipid peroxide (LPO) formation in a dose dependent manner. In addition, high glucoseinduced stimulation of LPO formation was blocked by PKC inhibitors. These results suggest that PKC is responsible for the increase of oxidative stress in the action of high glucose-induced secretion of IGF-I and IGF-II in mesangial cells. In conclusion, high glucose stimulates IGF-I and IGF-II secretion via PKCoxidative stress signal pathways in mesangial cells.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.234-241
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• 2011

Mantidis Vagina Ovorum was formulated to contain various natural products known to cure erectile dysfunction. This study was aimed to investigate the effects of Mantidis Vagina Ovorum on the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity, nitrite level, antioxidation and erectile responses in rat's corpus cavernosum penis. The crushed Mantidis Vagina Ovorum was extracted 3 times, each time with 3 volumes of methyl alcohol at $60^{\circ}C$ for 24 h. The extract was filtered and evaporated under a reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator to yield 16.6 g. Mantidis Vagina Ovorum extract oral-administered 75 mg per 1 kg of body weight for 30 days. First, samples were treated with Mantidis Vagina Ovorum, and then cimetidine-treated rats and L-N-Nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME) treated rats were put with the samples. The level of urethral lipid peroxide in the cimetidine-Mantidis Vagina Ovorum double administered rats was decreased as low as in the normal group, while the one in the cimetidine-treated group was increased. The urethral NOS activity, the level of urethral nitrite, the level of testosterone and the electile response to cavernous nerve stimulation in the cimetidine-Mantidis Vagina Ovorum double administered rats were increased as high as in the normal group while the one in the cimetidine-treated group was decreased. The electile response to cavernous nerve stimulation and the level of nitrite in L-NAME ($10^{-4}$)-treated rats was restored by the administration of Mantidis Vagina Ovorum as high as in the normal group. Mantidis Vagina Ovorum was effective in restoring the cimetidine-induced or L-NAME-induced erectile dysfunction in rats.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.29-33
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• 2009

Phellinus gilvus (PG) is a widely used mushroom for health promotion. We studied the hepatoprotective effect of the polysaccharide aqueous extract of PG (PGP) against carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$)-induced liver injury in rats. Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups: Normal control, $CCl_4$ control, PGP 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg + $CCl_4$. The levels of serum biochemical parameters, liver lipid peroxide and antioxidant enzymes, and histological appearances were evaluated. The $CCl_4$-induced increments of alanine aminotransferase, asparate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase levels in serum were significantly decreased by PGP-pretreatments. The PGP dose-dependently decreased hepatic malondialdehyde formations in $CCl_4$-treatment groups. Hepatic antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) were elevated by PGP in $CCl_4$-treatment groups. Histopathological evaluation of liver showed that the loss of hepatocytes, fatty changes, swelling and extensive necrosis of hepatocytes in centrilobular regions of the $CCl_4$-treated rats were ameliorated by PGP pretreatment. The PGP has hepatoprotective and antioxidative effects in $CCl_4$-induced liver injury of rat.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.467-473
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• 2008

This study was performed to investigate the antioxidant effect of 80% ethanol extracts from Pimpinella brachycarpa in vitro. The extraction yields of 80% ethanol extract was 9.23 g/100 g. The extract was further fractionated subsequently by n-hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate, n-butanol and water. Water fraction showed the highest extraction yield among fractions. Antioxidative activities of different fractions were examined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical generation, Rancimat test, thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value, nitrite scavenging activity, inhibition of lipid peroxidation and peroxide value in linoleic acid in comparison with the commercial antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Antioxidant activities of n-hexane fraction of Pimpinella brachycarpa ethanol extract were the highest among fractions. Furthermore, the antioxidative capacity of the n-hexane fraction was similar to that of BHT.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.1181-1186
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• 1997

This study was performed to investigate the effects of Codonopsis lanceolata extract on the activities of antioxidative enzymes in carbon tetrachloride treated rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed until they reached about 110$\pm$10g body weight. Thereafter they were divided into normal group(N), carbon tetrachloride treated group(T), carbon tetrachloride and Codonopsis lanceolata water extract treated group(TW). Normal group were fed standard diet and carbon tetrachloride treated group were fed carbon tetrachloride once a week at the level of 0.12ml/100g body weight. Carbon tetrachloride and Codonopsis lanceolata water extract treated group were fed carbon tetrachloride once a week at the level of 0.12ml/100g body weight and Codonopsis lanceolata water extract at the level of 0.1ml/100g body weight once a day. The rats were sacrificed after 6weeks of feeding period. Content of hepatic cytochrome P-450 diminished by carbon tetrachloride was significantly increased by Codonopsis lanceolata water extract. Significant decrease in hepatic xanthine oxidase activity was found in rats treated with Codonopsis lanceolata water extract. The activity of superoxide dismutase was decreased by carbon tetrachloride, but it was significantly increased by Codonopsis lanceolata water exract. The activity of glutathione peroxidase increased by carbon tetrachloride was significantly decreased by Codonopsis lanceolata water extract. The activities of catalase and glutathione S-transferase were significantly influenced by Codonopsis lanceolata water extract. Contents of glutathione and lipid peroxide were increased by carbon tetrachloride, but they were significantly diminished by Codonopsis lanceolata water extract.