• Advances in concrete construction
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.269-276
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• 2019

The cracking and spalling caused by fracture of concrete lining have adverse impacts on serviceability and durability of the tunnel, and the subsequent maintenance work for damaged structure needs to be specific to the damaging causes. In this paper, a particular case study of an operational tunnel structure is presented for the serious cracking and spalling behaviours of concrete lining, focusing on the multi-factors inducing lining failure. An integrated field investigation is implemented to characterize the spatial distribution of damages and detailed site situations. According to results of nondestructive inspection, insufficient lining thickness and cavity behind lining are the coupled-inducement of lining failure bahaviors. To further understanding of the lining structure performance influenced by these multiple construction deficiencies, a reliable numerical simulation based on extended finite element method (XFEM) is performed by using the finite element software. The numerical model with 112 m longitudinal calculation, 100 m vertical calculation and 43 m vertical depth, and the concrete lining with 1450 solid elements are set enrichment shape function for the aim of simulating cracking behavior. The numerical simulation responses are essentially in accordance with the actual lining damaging forms, especially including a complete evolutionary process of lining spalling. This work demonstrates that the serious lining damaging behaviors are directly caused by a combination of insufficient thickness lining and cavity around the surrounding rocks. Ultimately, specific maintenance work is design based on the construction deficiencies, and that is confirmed as an efficient, time-saving and safe maintenance method in the operational railway tunnel.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.66-70
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• 2009

Paper cultural heritages usually experienced the chemical and the physical deterioration because of various factors including preservation environment and the property of their materials. General restoration technology for paper cultural heritages is the lining. The application of the lining paper and the lining technology has varied depending on researcher's experiences. Therefore, each lining material and technology must be evaluated to develop a standard guide for preservation and restoration of paper cultural heritages. To date, various analysis techniques using lining paper, in terms of their materials, have been applied to analyses of causes and condition of damages, but it is difficult to develop a standard restoration treatment method of paper cultural heritages because it varies by their material. The Hanf, is made frrr the mulberry, is generally used for the lining in Korea.edt is required that the cr, in terms properties and general properties of Hanf, is used for lining papers, are evaluated to develop a standard guide for their restoration.ed this study, the general properties of several lining papers(Hanf), especially dimensave bility, were evaluated as part of the standardization of lining papers. The result have varied depending on the pulping chemical and the manufacturers. the basis weight, thickness and tensale strength of lining papers is bigger the paper treated by natural ash than the paper treated by sodium carbonate.ed case of formation, folding endurance, and dimensave bility, the paper treated by sodium carbonate showed better properties than those of the paper treated by natural ash.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.164-175
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• 2000

Port facilities and marine structures used in marine environment were encountered to corrosion damages because of the influence of Cl-. Generally, to protect these accidents, anti-corrosion paint and epoxy coating have been used. But they were still remained erosion-corrosion damage like impingement erosion, cavitation erosion and deposit attack. It is necessary to develope the new composite lining material in order to protective those corrosion damages. In this paper, polyester glass flake, vinylester glass flake lining and epoxy coating for SS400 were investigated by the electrochemical polarization test and the impingement-cavitation erosion test for corrosion behaviour under the sea water. The main results obtained are as follows ; 1) Epoxy coating appear potentiodynamic polarization behaviour, but polyester glass flake and vinylester glass flake lining do not appear potentiodynamic polarization behaviour. 2) Open circuit potential of polyester glass flake lining is more noble than that of epoxy coating and corrosion current density of polyester glass flake lining is less drained than that of epoxy coating in sea water. 3) Open circuit potential of vinylester glass flake lining is more noble than that of polyester glass flake lining and corrosion current density of vinylester glass flake lining is less drained than that of polyester glass flake lining in the sea water.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.65 no.6
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• pp.741-750
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• 2018

The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanical responses of a high-speed railway shield tunnel subjected to impact by a derailed train, with emphasis on the protective effect of the secondary lining. To do so, the extended finite element method was used to develop two numerical models of a shield tunnel including joints and joint bolts, one with a cast-in-situ concrete secondary lining and one without such a lining. The dynamic responses of these models upon impact were analyzed, with particular focus on the distribution and propagation of cracks in the lining structures and the mechanical responses of the joint bolts. The numerical results showed that placing a secondary lining significantly constricted the development of cracking in the segmental lining upon the impact load caused by a derailed train, reduced the internal forces on the joint bolts, and enhanced the safety of the segmental lining structure. The outcomes of this study can provide a numerical reference for optimizing the design of shield tunnels under accidental impact loading conditions.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2008.03a
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• pp.754-761
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• 2008

In general, stress measurement of existent shotcrete lining be used by pressure cells. but, measuring instrument is lost by high pressure at shotcrete lining construction and pressure cell's measurement value have to low believability by natural conditions like curing temperature. In this study, proposed techniques to measure without utilizing sensitive stress sensor in natural condition at point that want stress of shotcrete lining after shotcrete lining construction. Executed numerical analysis to forecast stress level that interact in tunnel shotcrete lining, measured strain of hole by load action through hole in shotcrete lining. 3D FEM(finite element method) is enforced through various parameters curing time of shotcrete lining, thickness, load condition. Different model cases applied by parametic study. As analysis result, it could grasp development possibility of method that propose this time because it could examine corelation with strain by near hole of shotcrete lining and stress about load condition.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2009.03a
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• pp.64-71
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• 2009

The stresses acting on shotcrete lining of tunnel have been measured virtually by monitoring instruments installed during construction. However, the malfunction of instrument and the lack of consistency of signal have always been controversial, but re-installation of instrument after construction of tunnel lining is practically impossible. Therefore, authors have carried out the study to develop a new technique for estimating the stress acting on shotcrete lining during and after construction. In the technique, stresses of shotcrete lining can be estimate by the measurement of deformation of free face. Therefore, the relationships between the stresses of shotcrete lining and deformation of free surface are indispensable factor. In this paper, the parametric study using 2D FEM analysis was carried out to estimate the relationships between the stress level acting on the tunnel shotcrete lining and the deformation near the free face (e.g. artificial crack in this study). The distribution of stresses of shotcrete lining is also investigated in this study as the preliminary investigation for the large-scale tunnel lining test and detailed 3D FEM analysis.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.60-64
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• 2009

Paper is easily damaged by physical and chemical deterioration under several factors. Damaged paper cultural heritage is usually restored by Lining. A traditional method of Lining is attaching the lining paper behind the original paper cultural heritage using starch and water. It supports the weakened quality of paper. In Japan, paper cultural heritage is restored with "Washi" which is made from mixture of Paper mulberry and Japanese cedar. In the west, the lining paper made from Paper mulberry, which has extraordinary excellent conservativeness, is usually used as a restoration material for paper. But Japanese Washi has dominated the demand for restoration materials as the most preferred restoration paper, and most kinds of paper made from Paper mullbery have been called as 'Japanese paper'. Result showed that the strength of the Korean lining papers was generally higher than that of the Japanese ones. As a result from measuring the rate of dimensional change after water-immersion and drying, sample B of the Korean lining papers and sample E of the Japanese lining papers showed the highest stability.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.19 no.3 s.67
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• pp.78-83
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• 2004

The channel-type lining board that partial welded on many partition frames is used to normal servicing lining board type. On this study is to investigate existing channel-type lining board's capacity by using the static loading test. From this study, to develop new-type lining board which reflect well cross section area and sectional modulus of existing channel-type lining board. Six types FEM model are adopted. The accumulated test results of stress conditions and deflections by section shapes will be used to analyzed the relation between the capacity and the section shape. With the comparing the results of static loading test and FEM analysis.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.148-158
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• 1998

Determining the thickness if concrete lining and detecting of the cavity where is located behind tunnel lining plays an important role in the safety diagnosis of tunnel structure and the quality control. In this study, we made use of GPR and seismic method in order to find the cavity or flaw. Although GPR is very useful method in the concrete lining without rebar, it is difficult to detect the cavity in the reinforced concrete lining. We applied mini-seismic method to the reinforced concrete lining. The obtained seismic data was processed by means of seismic section in time domain and image section of power spectrum in frequency domain using Impact-Echo method as well. The proposed method can accurately show the location and depth of the cavity in the reinforced concrete lining.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 1999.11a
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• pp.93-98
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• 1999

Numerical simulation is conducted to clarify the heat transfer and fluid flow characteristics of brake disk-lining for rolling stock. Multiple rotational reference frame, k-epsilon turbulent model and SIMPLE algorithm based on finite volume method are used to solve the physical disk-lining model. The governing equations are solved by TDMA(TriDiagonal Matrix Algorithm) with line-by-line method and block correction, From the results of simulation, the characteristics of cooling pattern is strongly affected by the grooves in lining. The face lift of lining affects on the temperature distribution of rear surface of lining as well as the front surface of that. Due to the grooves in lining, it will be expected to extend the maintenance life circle of lining.