• 무역상무연구
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• 제49권
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• pp.237-256
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• 2011

A Liner Conference can be defined as "a group of two or more vessel operating carriers which provide international liner services for the carriage of cargo on a particular route or routes within specific geographical limits and which has an agreement or arrangement within the framework of which they operate under uniform or common freight rates and any other agreed conditions with respect to the provisions of the liner services". This study reviews maritime transport policy regarding liner conference and the changes in the liner market over the decades. Liner shipping industry has long been protected from competition by block exemption. The repeal of the block exemption for liner conferences and the abolition of any special EC antitrust regime for the shipping industry marks an important step in European maritime competition policy. This article examines the origins and the rationale of the EC antitrust immunity granted so far th the shipping industry and explains the causes of this historic changes. The abolition of Regulation 4056/86 and of the EU commitment to the UN Code of Conduct marks an historical evolution in international maritime policy, which will have an influence far beyond the EU.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.79-100
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• 2023

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to analyze the market power of the Korea Container Shipping Market (Intra Asia, Korea-Europe, and Korea-U.S.) to verify the existence of collusion empirically, and to answer whether the joint actions of liner market participants in Korea have formed market dominance for each route. Precisely, it will be verified through the Lerner index as to whether the regional market of Asia is a monopoly, oligopoly, or perfect competition. Design/methodology - This study used a Lerner index adjusted with elasticity presented in the New Imperial Organization (NEIO) studies. NEIO refers to a series of empirical studies that estimate parameters to judge market power from industrial data. This study uses B-L empirical models by Bresnahan (1982) and Lau (1982). In addition, NEIO research data statistically contain self-regression and stability problems as price and time series data. A dynamic model following Steen and Salvanes' Error Correction Model was used to solve this problem. Findings - The empirical results are as follows. First, λ, representing market power, is nearly zero in all three markets. Second, the Korean shipping market shows low demand elasticity on average. Nevertheless, the markup is low, a characteristic that is difficult to see in other industries. Third, the Korean shipping market generally remains close to perfect competition from 2014 to 2022, but extreme market power appears in a specific period, such as COVID-19. Fourth, there was no market power in the Intra Asia market from 2008 to 2014. Originality/value - Doubts about perfect competition in the liner market continued, but there were few empirical cases. This paper confirmed that the Korea liner market is a perfect competition market. This paper is the first to implement dynamics using ECM and recursive regression to demonstrate market power in the Korean liner market by dividing the shipping market into Deep Sea and Intra Asia separately. It is also the first to prove the most controversial problems in the current shipping industry numerically and academically.

• 한국항만경제학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.115-148
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• 2005

In the liner market, a strategy is hard to sustain as competitors can easily imitate the strategy. For examples, when a number of shipping companies pursue this space exchange strategy in a liner market, their competitors are likely to build a cooperative alliance, following similar strategic pattern without any difficulty. Such strategic imitations are universal in international liner market. Therefore, the success of global alliance requires following critical considerations. First, the strategy of global alliance should be designed the way it gives the liner operators an economy of scale, which could be a key advantage in the competitive market. Second, thorough global alliance the lines should be able to improve their transport service through the reduction of operating costs and the business rationalization. The international alliance today is characterized by a strategic cooperation among a limited number of 'mega-carriers'. Such cooperation between the large-sized operators has come in many different forms. However, the trend has been towards the space exchange agreement, where a carrier on a route offers to another carrier a fixed number of spaces for a fixed period of time. the major carriers have been entered into groupings by integrating their services structures to increase market power. With reference to the above, this study has the following primary objectives: (1) to explore the present status of global alliance in liner shipping industry, (2) to prospect the future trend of the global alliance.

• 한국항만경제학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.73-96
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• 2014

해상과 육상운송의 접점인 항만은 생산, 거래, 물류 및 정보 교류의 필수적인 플랫폼으로 각 항만을 교차하는 공급사슬 시스템의 노드이다. 또한, 항만은 이를 이용하는 선사와 화주에게 경쟁우위를 확보할 수 있도록 하며, 국가 경제에 큰 영향을 미치고 있다. 지금까지 이루어진 항만에 대한 선행연구에서는 항만의 경쟁력을 TEU 단위의 항만처리물동량(Throughput)으로 평가하여 왔다. 그러나 최근 컨테이너 처리물동량이 허브항만으로서의 주된 혹은 유일한 조건인가에 대한 의문이 제기되고 있으며 항만과 항만을 연결하는 해운선사들에 의한 주변 항만들과의 연결성 정도가 지역 내 확실한 허브 항만인지에 대한 판단을 할 수 있는 요인으로 부각되고 있다. 본 연구는 사회네트워크분석(SNA: Social Network Analysis)을 이용하여 2006년부터 2011년까지 19개 선사의 기항패턴과 선박투입량을 대상으로 전 세계 항만 네트워크 분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과로 좁은세상, 멱함수 법칙 등과 같은 항만 네트워크의 구조적인 특성을 파악하고 네 가지 항만중심성을 나타냈으며 시계열 자료(2006년~2011년)를 이용하여 연도별 중심성 추이를 나타내고 있다. 이를 통해 항만운영자 및 선사의 항만개발계획 및 선대운영시 항만물동량만을 기준으로 계획을 세우는 것이 아닌 새로운 개선 정책이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.95-117
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• 2011

본 연구는 국제물류주선업체가 정기해운선사를 선택함에 있어 어떠한 요인들이 중요시되는가를 계층분석적의사결정법(AHP)을 이용하여 그 요인별 우선순위를 도출하고, 정기해운선사별 요인의 중요도를 평가함으로써 그들의 고객인 국제물류주선업체의 요구를 효율적으로 충족시킬 수 있는 방안을 수립하는 기초자료를 제공하고자 한다. 서울 부산지역 국제물류주선업체에 7년 이상 종사하고 있는 전문가 50명을 대상으로 면접, FAX, e-mail을 통해 설문지를 배포하였고 회수된 유효설문 26부의 응답 자료를 분석에 사용하였다. 분석결과를 살펴보면, 최적의 정기해운선사 선택을 위한 주요 항목의 평가에서는 비용요인의 중요도가 가장 높게 나타났으며, 운송요인, 서비스 요인, 프로모션 요인 순으로 나타났다. 세부평가 속성의 종합 중요도에서는 전체 지출 비용, 운임협상의 합리 신속성, 고객관리서비스, 운항스케줄의 정시성 순으로 높게 나타났으며, 반면 광고 및 PR, 부가서비스, 운송시설 및 장비 순으로 낮은 중요도를 보였다.

• 한국항만경제학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.289-315
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• 2008

중국의 급속한 경제성장은 한국 시장에 다양한 기회요소 및 위협요소를 제공하고 있으며 이는 해운시장도 예외가 아니다. 한국과 중국은 2009년 전면적인 항로 개방이 예정되어 있다. 한 중항로 개방은 신규항로의 개설과 양국선사의 참여로 인해 과당경쟁을 야기할 수 있다. 특히 중국 선사들의 참여증가로 인한 화물 집하 경쟁과 운임 경쟁이 매우 치열할 것으로 전망되며 장기적으로 운임면에서 우위를 차지하고 있는 중국선사에게 시장을 잠식당할 우려가 존재한다. 뿐만 아니라, 중국선사들의 선대 대형화, 글로벌 컨테이너선사들의 역내시장유입 등은 한 중 일 3국간 항로를 단일 시장화 할 수 있으며 이 경우 선사간 운임덤핑 등, 불공정 거래 행위로 인한 동 항로의 시장질서가 교란될 수 있다. 본 논문은 한 중 항로의 개방에 따른 다양한 문제점에 대한 한국국적선사들의 대응방안 및 전략을 제시하는데 목적이 있다. 본 논문에서는 한 중항로 개방에 따른 향후 전망과 각 선사들의 영업전략, 실무자들의 대정부 정책 건의 등을 파악하기 위해 동 항로에 취항 중인 국적정기선사, 카페리사, 전문물류기업, 해운물류전문신문사 등을 대상으로 심층면담을 실시하였다. 연구 결과, 중소형 선사간 M&A를 통한 선사와 선박의 대형화, 국적선사간 전략적 제휴를 통한 선복의 대형화 및 공동 운항, 일관서비스 체제 구축 및 화주 밀착형서비스의 제공, 항로의 다변화, 각 항로별 민간 협의체간의 긴밀한 협력 체제, 시장질서 안정화를 위한 협의체의 구성 및 활성화, 근해선사간 근해항로 통합 운영 및 전용터미널의 확보 및 경쟁력 제고, 선사간 M&A시 정부의 특별지원 등이 요구되고 있다는 것을 파악할 수 있었다. 한 중항로는 우리나라 해운업 발전에 필수적인 전략 항로이다. 따라서 중장기적인 활성화 방안이 지속적으로 제시되어야 할 것이다.

• 무역학회지
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.267-283
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• 2019

This study analyzes how the port connectivity network has changed with the restructuring of the liner shipping alliance and explores the impact of these changes on network characteristics using social network analysis (SNA). While due to economies of scale, the scale of ports and liner shipping has expanded, the goal of shipping companies has changed to achieve cost-effectiveness due to the diseconomies of scale. Such changes in the environment have greatly affected ports according to the strategies of major liner alliances, and port centrality has shifted in response to restructuring in strategic alliances. This research confirmed that port centrality has continuously changed, and the reason for this phenomenon was analyzed through the derived main network centrality indices. This finding provides significant implications for port authorities and terminal operators to consider different perspectives when planning for sustainable growth and management.

• 한국항해학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.1-18
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• 1997

From the beginning of 1990s , also in the shipping industry, especially liner shipping industry competition has been more intensive and difference of the service quality among shipping companies has been learned . On the other hand, a shipping company has some limitations to do its international mission for itself just by broadening service area. For this reason, the necessity for the global strategi alliance among the shipping companies, which is orginally aimed at sharing of facilities and organixation, has been developed. Through strategic alliance, liner shipping companies do not need to input the additional capitals to increase the material assets such as vessel capacity and spread the risk by the enlargement of the market. Also, they can secure the competitive edge through efficient utilizaton of assets. The purpose of strategic alliance of Hanjin Shipping Ltd., can be summarized as follows ; broadening of service area, cost reduction through vessel sharing, realization of rationalized shipping service by terminal and equipment or facilities sharing. Liner strategic alliances are agreement among liner companies to pol their equipment , andterminals for joint operations and services in which each alliance partner continues to serve its market using jointly operated or used inland feeders,inland terminals, port terminals, and mainline fleets of ship as well as joint pools of containers and equipment. Strategic alliances are generally more formal agreements than consortia and impose longer term and far reaching obligation on their members. It also acts as one in developing and advancing the strategic aims of the alliance members. The most important objective for liner strategic alliances is cost reduction and improvement in capital asset utilization. Main aims of strategic alliance drawn in this paper, can be enumerated follows : 1. improvements in service frequency and quality : 2. improvements in vessel and equipment utilization and thereby reductions in fixed and variable cost ; 3. improvements in market shares and high value cargo booking ; 4. reductions in intermodal storage and port terminal throughput costs ; 5. improvements in negotiating powers with ports and feeder transport providers ; 6. reduction in financial and other fixed costs such as insurance; 7. coordination and integration of MIS and EDI systems and service for greater efficiency and market penetration ; and, 8. improvements in logistic chain management and economic of scale by equipment depot, terminal, and vessel sharing.

• 한국항만경제학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.139-166
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• 2001

Globalization and regionalization are major trends in the international economic system. The severe competition among countries has signalled the need for a new international trade system as prescribed by the WTO, which regulates international trade practices. Additionally, expanding the activities and role of the Pan-Yellow Sea area in the world has a very important function in terms of regional cooperation and logistics environment. In this paper, the trading conditions and shipping transport problems of the Pan-Yellow Sea area (North-East Asia) were investigated. Shipping transport conditions in the Pan-Yellow Sea area, particularly Korea-China routes, were surveyed as well. A new Incheon-China container liner route was suggested as a partial remedy to some of the shipping transport problems of the Pan-Yellow Sea Area (North-East Asia). The Incheon-China Container Liner route is more efficient than Pusan and Pyungtaek Ports or the car ferry route to China in terms of transport time and expense. The transport burden indicator which includes the time and expense of transport, can be a useful tool in comparing these routes. Accordign to the transport burden indicator, the Incheon-China Container Liner route is more efficient than the Pusan, Pyungtaek, or car ferry routes. To establish a successful liner route between the ports of Inchon and China, there is a need to prepare three measures that contain short-term medium-term and long-term strategies. Furthermore, these measures should be prepared and adopted in phases, in accordance with considerations of future conditions for shipping and logistics in the Pan-Yellow Sea area.

• 한국항해항만학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국항해항만학회 2023년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.256-257
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• 2023

This paper aims to propose optimal method to assess and cumulate the daily profit for liner shipping to support the shipping lines in making optimal decision with the highest average daily profit. This paper not only explains the actual calculated results align with decision-makers' behavior from concepts indicated in cumulative prospect theory but also contributes to an easy-to-apply method for liner shipping network predictability in and provides optimal decision-making is helpful for shipping managers for the best effective selection of the most appropriate alternative under uncertainties.